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语言学复习试题及参考答案

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2021-02-06 02:01
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2021年2月6日发(作者:向巴平措)


语言学



复习试题及参考答案



I


.


Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)



1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?



A. Arbitrariness
















B. Displacement






C. Duality






D. Meaningfulness



2.


According


to F.


de


Saussure, _______ refers


to


the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members


of a speech community.


A. parole





B. performance




C. langue





D. Language



3.


The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequenti


al phoneme,


thus making the two phones ____________.



A. identical





B. same




C. exactly alike




D. similar


4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The


phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.



A. phonetic components






B. immediate constituents



C. suprasegmental features




D. semantic features


5.


The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.



A. bound morpheme



B. bound form




C. inflectional morpheme




D. free morpheme


6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.



A. lexical





B. morphemic





C. grammatical





D. semantic


7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.



A. recursive





B. grammatical





C. social





D. functional


8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.



A. large




B. small





C. finite





D. infinite


9.


“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.



A. the conceptualist view




















B. contexutalism



C. the naming theory























D. behaviourism


10.


“Alive” and “dead” are ______________.



A. gradable antonyms






















B. relational opposites



C. complementary antonyms
















D. None of the above


11.


What


essentially


distinguishes


semantics


and


pragmatics


is


whether


in


the


study


of


meaning


_________ is considered.



A. reference












B. speech act







C. practical usage







D. context


12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying somet


hing; it is the consequence of, or


the change brought about by the utterance.



A. A locutionary act
























B. An illocutionary act



C. A perlocutionary act





















D. A performative act


13. Language change is ______________.



A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematic



B. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universal



C. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematic



D. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous


14. In


Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern


English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________.



A. sound addition



























B. sound loss




1


C. sound shift






























D. sound movement


15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.



A. use of words



























B. use of structures



C. accent

































D. morphemes


16. _________


means that


certain


authorities,


such


as the


government choose,


a


particular


speech


variety, standardize it and spread the use of i


t


across regional boundaries.



A. Language interference



















B. Language changes



C. Language planning






















D. Language transfer


17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.



A. human brain


























B. human vocal cords



C. human memory























D. human


18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.



A. the neurons


























B. nerve pathways



C. cerebral cortex























D. sensory organs


19. The development


of


linguistic


skills


involves


the


acquisition


of


____


rules


rather than the


mere


memorization of words and sentences.



A. cultural





























B. grammatical


C. behavior




























D. pragmatic


20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language


involves, and is dependent on, the


acquisition of the culture of the target language communi


t


y.



A. accul


t


uration view




















B. mentalist view



C. behaviourist view




















D. conceptualist view






得分



II. Decide whether each of the following statements is T


rue or False (10 x1)





21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is


creative.


22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops



and the voiceless unaspirated stops


or environment.


23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or


another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.


24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure


of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.


25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they


originally


used


and


the


words


that


the


English


vocabulary


has


later


taken


in


from


other


languages are regarded as loan words.


26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called



cons tatives




and

< p>


performatives



.


27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the



2



occur in the same phonemic context


same


Indo-European


language


family.


The


language,


which


no


longer


exists,


is


called


Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this


language family from India to Europe.


28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns


something


,


somebody


, and


some


become the negative indefinites


nothing


,


nobody


, and


none


, as in :


He don’t know nothing.



He don’t like n


obody.


He ain’t got none.



29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the


sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.



the


two-word


stage


of


language


acquisition,


two-word


expressions


are


absent


of


syntactic or morphological markers.





得分



III. Define Six of the



following



ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).



31. allomorph


32. bound morpheme


33. semantics


34. reference



35. synonymy,



36. predication analysis,



37. critical period hypothesis



38.


linguistic competence




39. bilingualism


linguistics





得分



IV


.


Answer


the


following


questions


as


comprehensively


as


possible,


giving


examples


if


necessary ( 4x10 ):


1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?



2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?


3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:



1 ) The people



live a peaceful life in the countryside.


2) He



knows that I



will come the day after tomorrow.




3

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