石油工程专业英语下重点翻译完整版(精)

All petroleum reservoirs experience pressure declines, and most wells require

artificial lift at some point, most commonly where reservoir pressure is insufficient for

natural flow. Artificial lift systems may also be used to enhance production from flowing

wells with a reservoir pressure that is insufficient to produce a require amount of fluid.

所

有的油气储层都要经历压力降低的过程

,

大多

数井在某些阶段需要人工举升

,

通常

是在储层的

压力不足以自流自喷。

人工举升系统也可以用于

自喷井和储 层压力不

足以生产所需量时的增产。

Extensive research and field studies have been conducted on a range of artificial-lift

systems that have been developed and applied extensively to meet industry needs. These

systems include beam pumping, gas lift, electrical submersible pumps, progressive cavity

pumps, and hydraulic.

为满足行

业的 需求

,

广泛的研究和实地调查已经进行了

,

人工举

升系统得到了广泛的发展和应用。

这些系

统包括游梁抽油机

,

气举

,

电潜 泵

(ESP ,

螺

杆

泵

(PCP

的

,

和液压泵。

Gas lift lightens the fluid gravity to increase the flow and correspondingly lower the

sand-face pressure.

气举减轻流体的重力增加流量并相应地

降低砂表面压力。

One definition of lift system efficiency is found by dividing the power added to the

fluid stream by the amount of power needed from external sources such as motors or

compressors.

升降系统

效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以

外加能量

,

例

如电机或压缩机 所需的功率量。

Beam pumping systems actuate a downhole plunger pump with traveling and

standing valves. PCP pump rotate from rods or a downhole motor that spins a metal rotor

inside a rubber stator and moves a cavity of fluid upward as the pump spins.

< br>游梁式抽油

系统驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井

下柱塞泵。

螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下电机旋转橡

胶

定子内的金属转子

,

使一腔流体向上移 动

,

由于

泵的旋转。

ESP systems include a motor powered though a three-phase cable from the surface

to rotate a stack of impellers inside a stack of hydraulic reciprocating pump

is a rapidly reciprocating plunger pump with ball-and-seat check vavles.

电潜泵系统包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相

电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器

和里面的一堆分

离器。

液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀的高速

往复式柱塞泵。

In intermittent lift, the well is produced and is periodically shut in until sufficient

pressure builds in the casing to lift liquids and to produce the well for a brief time before

shutting the well in again. The same downhole equipment that was used for continuous

lift may be adapted to perform equally well intermittently.

在间歇 气举时

,

油井生产和定

期关闭

,

直到有足够的压力建立在套管上来举升

流体

,

并在一个短暂的时间里生产

,

在再次关井

之前。相同的井下设备用于连续

气举

,

同样也适

用于间歇气举。

Tubing pressure-sensitive valves are used in annulus flow situations and when a

particular tubing pressure is required, such as in an intermittent lift application where the

valve is designed to remain closed until a sufficient fluid load is present in the tubing.

The pressure-sensitive valves use either a dome charge or a spring to provide the closing

force. Normally a bellows is used to contain the dome charge or to otherwise provide the

operating area. All of the valves will include a reverse-flow check valve which prevents

backflow. Tubing pressure valves may be used in places where casing pressure is limited.

However, fluctuations in tubing pressure can cause periodic movement of the injection

point up and down between lower valves, leading to inefficient lift or multi-point

injection in some cases.

油管压力控制阀用于在环空环流的情况

下

,

以及当一个特定

的油管的压力是 必需的

,

如

在间歇气举的应用

,

控制阀保持关闭

,

直到有足

够的流体负载存在于油管

,

压力

控制阀使用一个

圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。

波纹管通常被

用来包含穹顶压

力包或以其他方式提供的区域。

所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀

,

防止了

回

流。

油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方是有

限的。

然而

,

油管压力波动会导致

注入点在较低

的阀之间上下周期性运动

,

从而导致低效的举升

或在某些情况下

,

多

点注入。

Hydraulic pumps provide another efficient artificial-lift candidates that

lack the bottomhole pressure to sustain acceptable flowrates and have low GLRS,but

which still have acceptable productivity capacity,are ideal candidates for hydraulic

pumps .Two basic pump types are piston pumps and jet pumps .Both pump types requir

similar surface ,offer good lift efficiencies ,and are serviceable with slickline well

servicing operations.

液压泵提供了另一种供选择

的有效的人工举升方式。

缺乏井

底压力来维持足

够的流速和低气液比

,

但仍有可接受的生产能力

的井

,

是理想的使

用液压泵的候选井。

两种基本

类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。

两种泵要求类似的

地面装置提供良好的举升效

率

,

便利的带绳索式

的井下维修作业。

PCPs are generally the preferred method for lifting cold viscous, sand laden fluids.

PCPs are a positive displacement pump with a helical metal rotor which rotates in an

elastomeric stator. The elastomeric stator is attached to metal tubing.

螺杆

泵 一般都是举

升冷粘性

,

含砂流体的首选 方法。

螺杆泵是一个正排量泵

,

带有在橡胶定子里旋转

的螺旋形金属转子。橡胶定子连接到金属油管。

Many challenges still in the design of artificial-lift systems. Modern well geometries

differ significantly from the vertical wellbores where artificial lift has historically been

applied. Horizontal wells, multilateral wells, high-temperature wells, wells with sand-

laden production, wells with corrosive fluids, and other

conditions all contribute problems which must be considered when using artificial

lift requirements may be for production of several thousands of barrels per day or may be

for a very few barrels of water per day to be lifted from a gas well so that gas can produce

efficiently.

Unique challenges also exist in applying lift systems in subsea wells. Subsea well

requirements do not significantly change the artificial-lift system but do emphasize the

need for reliability more than in other applications.

Even more complexity can be introduced if artificial-lift systems are considered in

combination as ESPs in combination discussed as an alternative to increasing

compression capabilities for the gas-lift system.

These and other design issues will provide the future advances in the application of

artificial-lift systems in well completions.

此处跟以上内容相似

故略去翻译。

Methods for Sand Exclusion

Four broad groups of sand exclusion methods are

available: (1 production restriction methods, (2 mechanical methods (3 in-situ

chemical consolidation methods, and (4 combination methods. With the exception of

production restriction methods, the remaining methods provide some means of

mechanical support for the formation and help prevent formation movement during

stressed that result from fluid flow or pressure drop in the reservoir.

四个应用广泛的防

砂方法是可用的< /p>

:(1

生产的限制的方法

, (2

机械的方法

(3

就地化学胶结方法

,

及

(4

相

结合的方法。

与生产限制的方法不同

,

其余的方

法提供了一些装置

,

用于形成机械

支撑

,

并有助

于防止地层在源于储层中由流体流动和压力下

降引起的应力下运移的

方法

Production Restriction

In a sandstone formation, stresses resulting from fluid production or pressure drop

act on the minerals that bond the sand grains together, resulting in sand production. One

means of reducing this sand production is to restrict the production rate. This method has

the lowest initial

cost and in some cases, may be a successful alternative to other available methods.

However, in most cases, it is not a durable or economical solution to formation sand

production.

在砂岩地层

中

,

源于流体的生产或压力下降的应力作用在胶

结了砂子颗

粒的矿物上

,

导致了出砂。

一种减少

这种出砂的方法是限制产量

,

这种方法成本最

< br>低

,

有时也许会很成功的替换其他方法

< br>,

然而

,

大多数情况下它也不 是一个持久的经济

的方法。

Mechanical Methods

Mechanical methods are the most common well treatments for excluding sand

production. Mechanical sand-control methods are diverse, but they always include some

type of device installed downhole that bridges or filters the sand out of the produced

fluids or gases. These devices include a wide array of slotted liners, wire-wrapped

screens, and prepacked screens, which are generally uses with gravel-pack procedures

机

械方

法是最为普通的井下防砂措施。

机械防砂法是多

样的

,

但它们总包含一些固

定在井下的装置桥堵

或把砂子从产夜或产气中过滤出来。

这些装置包

含割缝衬管

,

绕丝筛管

,

预充填筛管< /p>

(

广泛用于

砾石充填工艺

。

Screens and slotted liners encompass a broad range of downhole filtration devices.

These devices (1 filter out the formation sand, (2 retain any particular materials, graded

sand, or other proppants placed against the formation to support it, and (3 stain out the

naturally loose component grains. Variations in screen designs, which will be discussed

later, are affected by cost, durability, and flow- through characteristics.

筛管和割缝衬管

包

< br>括一系列的井下过滤设备

,

这些设备

(1

过滤

出地层的砂子