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1.
Q: What is the scope of
linguistics?
The scope of linguistics
can be illustrated as:
1) General
linguistics: the study of language as whole. It
deals with
the
basic
concepts,
theories,
descriptions,
models
and
methods
applicable in any linguistic study.
2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used
in communication.
3) Phonology: the
study about how sounds are put together and used
to convey meaning in communication.
4) Morphology: the study of the way in
which symbols/morphemes
are arranged to
form words.
5) Syntax: the study of the
rules about the combination of words to
form permisible sentences.
6) Semantics: the study of meaning.
7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in
the context of use.
And the
Interdisciplinary branches.
1)
Sociolinguistics
2)
Psycholingu
istics
……………
2.
Q:
What
makes
modern
linguistics
different
from
traditional
grammar?
Modern linguistics differs from
traditional grammar in several basic
ways:
firstly,
modern
linguistics
is
descriptive,
it
describes
the
language
as
it
is;
while
traditional
grammar
is
prescriptive,
it
1
prescribes
the
way
language
should
be
used.
Secondly,
modern
linguistics
regards
the
spoken
language
as
primary,
not
the
written.
Then, modern
linguistics differs from traditional grammar also
in that
it does not force languages
into a latin-based framework.
3. Q:
What is a phone? How is it different
from a phoneme? How are
allophones
related to a phoneme?
A
phone is a phonetic unit or segment.
A
phoneme
is
a
phonological
unit;
it
is
a
unit
that
is
of
distinctive
value. It is an abstract unit. It is
not any particular sound.
The
different
phones
which
can
represent
a
phoneme
in
different
phonetic
environments are called the allophones of that
phoneme.
4. Q:
Explain with examples the sequential
rule, the assimilation rule
and the
deletion rule?
1)
Sequential
rules
form
the
letters
as
“
k,
h
,l
,j”
into
all
possible
words
in
English.
We
might
order
them
as:
blik,
klib,
bilk,
kilb.
without other orders. So it indicates
that there are rules that govern
the
combination
of
sounds
in
a
particular
language.
One
special
sequential rule
that
……
2)
Assimilation rule:
it
assimilates one sound to another by copying
a
feather
of
a
sequential
phoneme,
thus
making
the
two
phones
similar. For example:
“
illegal
”
< br>, inlegal
3) Deletion rule: It can
be stated as: delete a [g] when it occurs before
2
a
final
nasal
consonant.
for
example:
“designation”,
the
[g]
represented by the letter “g” is
pronounced
, while in the word
“
sign
”
.
/g/
sound
is
deleted,
because
it
is
followed
by
and
ended
with
the
nasal
consonant /n/.
5. Q:
What
are the major types of synonyms in
English?
There
are
five
types
of
synonyms
in
English.
They
are
dialectal
synonyms--synonyms
used
in
different
regional
dialects;
stylistics
synonyms
–
synonyms differing in
style; synonyms that differ in their
emotive or evaluative meaning;
collocational synonyms; semantically
different synonyms.
6.
Q:
E
xplain
with
examples
“
H
omonymy”,
“
P
olysemy”,
and
“
H
yponymy”?
Homonymy
(
定义
)
…
. It includes homophones(
定义
)
(piecepeace) ,
homographs
(
定义
) (bow v. bow n.) and
complete homonyms (
定义
)
(scale v.) .
Polysemy
means
that
the
same
one
word
may
have
more
that
one
meaning. For example:
“table”, has at least seven meanings.
Hyponymy
means
that
the
sense
relation
between
a
more
general,
more
inclusive
word
and
a
more
specific
word.
For
example:
“furniture”
is
super
-ordinate,
its
hyponyms
are
bed,
table,
desk,
dresser, wardrobe, settee……
7. Q:
How can
words opposite in meaning be classified? To which
3
category does
each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?
There
are
three
types
oppositions
in
meaning.
They
are
gradable
antonyms,
complementary antonyms and relational opposites.
“
northsouth
”
,
“
widenar
row
”
and
< br>“
poorrich
”
belong
to
gradable
antonyms;
“
vacantoccupied
”
and
“
literateil
literate
”
belong
to
complementary
antonyms;
“above
below”,
“doctor
patient”
and
“father
daughter”
belong to relational opposites.
8. Q:
How are sentence
meaning and utterance meaning related, and
how do they differ?
The
meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-
contextualized, that of
an utterance is
concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an
utterance
is
based
on
sentence
meaning;
it
is
the
realization
of
the
abstract
meaning of a sentence in a real situation of
communication,
or simply in a context.
Difference
: Sentence meaning
includes locutionary act, but it doesn’t
include illocutionary act and
perlocutionary act.
9. Q:
According to Austin, what are the three
acts a person is possibly
performing
while making an utterance. Give an example?
They are locutionary act, illocutionary
act and perlocutionary act. For
example:
someone
utters
“you”
“have”
“door”
“open”!
The
locutionary
act
expresses
what
the
words
literally
mean
.
The
illocutionary
act expresses
the speaker’s
intention
: asking someone to
4
close the
door. T
he hearer gets the speaker’s
message
and sees that
the speaker means to tell him to close
the door, and then the hearer
closes
the door. Therefore, the utterance gets the effect
of losing the
door. And this is the
perlocutionary act.
10. Q:
What are the four maxims of the CP? Try
to give your own
examples
to
show
how
flouting
these
maxims
gives
rise
to
conversational implicature?
They are the maxim of quantity(
< br>具体说明其内容
)
…
the maxim of quality…
the maxim of
relation
…
and the
maxim of manner
…
.
For example:
A: When is J
erry’s birthday
party?
B: Sometime next
month.
So, B doesn’
t wish to
tell you when J
erry’s birthday party is
going to
be held.
A: Would
you like to attend our traveling at weekend?
B:
I’m afraid I have got an
invitation at weekend.
So, B
doesn’t
want to attend your traveling.
A: Shall we get something for our
brother?
B: Yes. But I veto G-U-N.
So,
B
doesn’t
want
their
brother
to
know
they
are
talking
about
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