-
上海版牛津英语
8B
第一章
学习辅导材料（
11.01
）
学
习
新
词
语
product
n.
产品
例如：
Our new product will go on the market.
我们的新产品即将上市。
【同根词】：
produce
，
production
produce
v.
生产；制造；产生
例如：
We produce vegetables.
我们生产蔬菜。
production
n.
生产；产生
例如：
The production
of television sets is very complex.
电视机制造非常复杂。
scientist
n.
科学家
例如：
My brother’s
ambition is to be a scientist.
我兄弟的志愿是成为一名科学家。
【同根词】：
science,
scientific
science
n.
科学
scientific
adj.
科学的
例如：
The scientists in this university are
interested in modern science and they spend most
of their time
on their scientific
research.
这所大学的
科学家们对现代科学感兴趣，他们把大部分时间用于科学研究。
breathe
v.
呼吸
例如：
He breathed
hard when he was ill yesterday.
他昨天生病时，费力地呼吸。
【同根词】：
breath,
呼吸
例如：
Smith’s heavy breath
disturbed his wife’s
sleep.
史密斯沉重的呼吸扰乱了他太太的睡眠。
hectare
n.
公顷
1 hectare =
10,000 square metres
(1
公顷
=
10,000
平方米
)
例如：
That factory
covers an area of 150 hectares.
那个工厂占地
150
公顷。
alive
adj.
（表语形容词）
活着；在世
【词义
辨析】：
alive
，
living
都是“活着”的意思，用法不同。例如：
alive
是表语形容词，一般在句子中放在系动词后面，用作表语。例如：
I am your
friend as long as I am alive.
只要我活着就是你的朋友。
living
是定语形容词，一般在句子中放在名词前用作定语。例如：
There are not
any living things in the mountain
area.
在这个山区里没有任何活着的东西。
warn
v.
警告：使警惕
例如：
Xiaofeng warned me against
pickpockets.
小峰警告我要提防扒手。
【同根词】：
warning
n.
警告；警示
例如：
There is a warning sign at the corner
of the street.
街角那儿有一块警示牌。
nature
n.
自然界；大自然
例如：
I am in favour of return to nature.
我赞成回归自然。
【同根词】：
natural
adj.
自然的
例如：
This mountain village has natural
beauty.
这个山村有自然的美。
【
词组
】：
(be) interested in
对……感兴趣
例如：
Are you interested in
movies?
你对电影感兴趣吗？
【词义辨析】：
interested
，
interesting
interested
adj.
感兴趣的。一般表示对某人或某物感兴趣。例如：
He is
interested in computers.
他对电脑感兴趣。
interesting
adj.
有趣的；令人感兴趣的。一般表示某样事物令人感兴趣。
He is an
interesting boy.
他是个有趣的男孩。
Chemistry is an interesting
subject. All of us are interested in it.
化学是一门有趣的学科，我们都对它感兴趣。
as well as
也，还
例如：
They study
French as well as Chinese.
他们既学法语也学中文。
【词义辨析】
：
as well
as,
not only … but also,
both … and…
都用于连接两个相同的语法部分。
as well as
强调的是两个相同语法部分的前者。例如：
He can play
violin as well as guitar.
他既能拉小提琴，也能弹吉他。（强调会小提琴）
not only … but
also …
强调的是两个相同语法部分的后者。例如：
He can play not
only violin but also guitar.
他不仅能拉小提琴
,
也能弹吉他。（强调会吉他）
both … and …
前后两个语法部分都注重。例如：
He can play both violin and
guitar.
他能演奏小提琴和吉他。（不分前后一样重要）
air conditioner
n.
空调
例如：
Air
conditioners make us feel more comfortable in
summer and winter.
夏天和冬天，空调使我们感到更加舒服。
one another
互相
例如：
We must help
one another and learn from one another.
我们必须互相帮助，互相学习。
【同义词】：
each other
互相；彼此
语
法
知
识
现在进行时
一
.
现在进行时表示的意义：
1.<
/p>
表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调动作发生的时间是此时此刻。例如；<
/p>
I am reading an English
book.
我正在看一本英语书。
She is watching TV.
她正在看电视。
2.
表示目前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：
What lessons are you studying this
week?
你们本周学哪些课了？
Tom’s parents are working in China this
year.
汤姆的父母今年一直在中国工作。
二
.
现在进行时的句子结构：
现在进行时由“助动词
be +
动词的现在分词”构成，
be (am, is, are)<
/p>
是助动词，不做联系动词用，
不解释“是”。其句子结构为：
1.
肯定句由“主语
+ be +
v.
-ing +
其他”构成。例如：
I am
cleaning the classroom.
我正在打扫教室。
They are
playing the piano.
2.
否定句由“主语
+ be +
not +
v.-
ing +
其他”构成。例如：
He is
not watching TV.
他没在看电视。
They are not writing.
他们没在写东西。
3.
一般疑问句由“
Be +
主语
+
v.
-ing +
其他？”构成，
其肯定答句为“
Yes,
主语
+
be
”否定答
句为“
No,
主语
+ be +
not
”。例如：
—
Is she listening to the
music?
她正在听音乐吗？
—
Yes, she is. / no, she
isn’t.
是的，她在听。
/
不，她不在听。
—
Are they running?
他们正在跑步吗？
—
Yes, they are. / No, they
aren’t.
是的，他们在跑。
/
不，他们不在跑。
4.
特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词
+ be
+
主语
+
v.
-ing +
其他？”构成。例如：
What
are you doing?
你们正在做什么？
Who is he talking to?
他正在和谁谈话？
三
.
现在分词的构成：
1.
直接在动词原形末尾加
-ing
。例如：
teach
—
teaching
play
—
playing
look
—
looking
go
—
going
2.
以不发音的字母
e
结尾的动词，先去掉
e
再加
-ing
。例如：
write
—
writing
take
—
taking
live
—
living
give
—
giving
3.
以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末
尾只有一个辅音字母时，应双写该辅音字母再加
-ing
。例如
：
put
—
putting
run
—
running
begin
—
beginning
swim
—
swimming
四
.
现在进
行时的标志：
1.
句中有副词
now
时，，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
The children are playing
football now.
孩子们现在正在踢足球。
2.
句首有
look, listen
提醒注意时，提示我们动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
Look! A train is coming.
看！火车来了。
Listen! He is reading.
听！他正在朗读。
3.
句首有表示钟点的时间时，提示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如：
It’s six o’clock. My mother is cooking
breakfast.
现在六点了，我妈妈正在做早餐。
<
/p>
4.
根据语境或上下文理解，如果是动作正在进行，这时要用现在
进行时。例如：
Don’t make
noise. The baby is sleeping.
不要吵，婴儿正在睡觉。
五
.
没有进行时态的动词：
在英语中有一些动词没有或很少有进行时态。
到目前为止，
我们学过的没有进行时态的动词可
分为以
下几类：
1.
表示感觉的感官动词，如
see
“看见”，
hear
“听见”，
find
“找到”，
notice
“留意”等。
例如：
Do you hear the noise of
a plane
？
你听到飞机的声音了吗？
We
see him.
我们看见他了。
注意：有些表示感观的动词，如
listen to,
look at
强调的是听和看的动作，而不是结果，所以可
用
于现在进行时态中。例如：
They are listening to the teacher.
他们在听老师讲课。
2.
表示态度和感情，心理状态等意
思的动词，如
like
“喜欢”，
lo
ve
“爱”，
know
“知道”，
want
“想要”，
hope
“希望”，
hate
“恨”，
< br>think
“认为”，
believe
< br>“相信”等。例如：
I like dog.
我喜欢狗。
I
want to go out for a walk now.
我现在想出去散步。
3.
当
have, has
表示“拥有”时。例如：
I
have a lot of books.
我有许多本书。
注意：当
have, has
表示“
吃饭；开会；玩得痛快”等意思时，可用于进行时态。例如：
We
are having a good time.
我们玩得很愉快。
4.
表示状态的
< br>be
动词“是”。例如：
He
is at home.
他在家里。
六
.
现在进行时和一般现在时的区别：
1.
时间状语：
（
1
）一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，强调的是经常性和习惯性，通常与
always,
often,
sometimes,
usually
等频度副词以及
in
the
day,
in
the
morning
/
afternoon
/
evening,
on
Sundays, at weekends
等短语连用。例如：
My father often reads books
after dinner.
我父亲经常饭后看书。
（
2
）现在进行时表示讲话时或目前一段时间内正在发生的事情，通常与
now, these days, at
this
time
等时间状语连用。例如：
He is playing
the piano now.
他现在正在弹钢琴。
Look! They are
watching TV.
看！他们正在看电视。
2.
谓语动词：
（
1
）一般现在时谓语动词的构成有三种情
况：
be
动词用
am,
is,
are
；实意动词用原形或第
三人
称单数形式；情态动词
+
动词原形。例如：
My
brother is a policeman.
我的哥哥是一名警察。（
be
动词用
is
）
She doesn’t wear a white un
iform.
她不穿白色工作服。（实意动词用单数第三人称形式）
He can speak
English.
他会说英语。（情态动词
+
动词原形）
（
2
）现在进行时的谓语动词构成为：
be (am, is,
are) +
v.
-ing
。例如：
Are you cleaning the
classroom?
你正在打扫教室吗？
She is eating
dinner.
她正在吃饭。
相
关
练
习
题
填空：
1. Now the students each
________ an English-Chinese dictionary. (have)
2.
—
What is Mum doing now?
—
She________
some clothes. (wash)
3.
—
Whose watch
is lost?
—
Mr. Smith’s. Look!
He ________ it everywhere. (look for)
4.
—
Cindy, dinner is
ready. Where’s John?
—
He ________ homework in his
room. (do)
5.
Don’t turn on the TV. Grandma ________ now.
(sleep)
自学题
1. How many kinds of pollution do you
know?
a)___________
b)__________ c) ________________
2. Think up some ways of fighting
pollution:
a)__________________________
______________________________________
b)________________________________________________
________________
c)____________________
____________________________________________
d)__________________________________________ _______________________
e)_____________
__________________________________________________
__
……
3. What can
we get from trees and that we use ,eat, drink or
wear in our daily lives?
a) use:_______
__________________________________________________
____________
b) eat:___________________
__________________________________________________
c) drink:______________________________
_____________________________________
d) wear:_______________________________
_____________________________________
4. When is Tree-planting Da
y
in China? Do you know any other
countries’?
________________
__________________________________________________
______________
_________________________
___________________________________________
2.
各个击破：
Words(
单词
)
1).
熟读课文中出现的新单词，掌握其音、形、义、；类及其搭配。
2).
查词典，了解下列词的意思
,
主要搭配
,
及抄下至少一个例句。
a
．
communicate
__________,
___________________________________________
b
．
hardly
__________,
_______________________________________________
c
．
i
nterview
__________,
_____________________________________________
d
．
protect
_________,
_________________________________________________
e
．
r
elease _________,
_________________________________________________
f
．
pure _________, _______________________
____________________________
3).
找出符合下列意思的单词
.
a.
n___________
made by nature, not by man
b.
n___________
unpleasant
c.
sip___________
drink in small amounts
d.
o___________
a life-giving gas found in
air
e.
a c________
something
produced by chemistry
f.
h_________
area
of 10,000 square metres
g.
w________ say that something bad or
dangerous may happen
3.
重难点突破
Phrases(
短语
)
把握下列短语
.
a.
be
interested in _______________
b.
in danger
___________________
c.
cut down ____________________
d.
let out
____________________
e.
belong to
______________________
f.
on earth _______________________
g.
keep…alive
_______________________
h.
communicate
with _______________________
i.
protect
oneself_______________________
4.
合作探究
Read
Protecting our environment “pollution
fighters”
first. Discuss what you can
learn from the text in
groups. Judy is
collecting information for a project on pollution.
What does she learn?
P1-2: ____________
__________________________________________________
___________
P3-12:_____________________
__________________________________________________
_
P13-14:______________________________
_________________________________________
< br>P15-16:________________________________________ _______________________________
5.
训练巩固
A.
Fill in the
blanks with correct words.
1.
The old man is
so weak. He can_______stand.
2.
The new park
covered an area of six _________.
3.
At the top of
high mountains, there is very little __________ in
the air.
4.
I
must _______you not to go out. There is a storm
coming.
5.
This
country has few _________ resources.
6.
The farmer
used a ________ to kill the insects in their
fields.
7. These days we can
_______________with pen-friends by e-mails.
8. The TV progarmme _____________ a
famous film director about his latest film.
9. There’s a _________smell coming from
the dustbin.
10. The water
in the stream was not polluted. It was _________.
11. The police ________ some prisoners
last year.
12. He forgot to turn off
the air conditioner, so it was ________ all night.
B. Do Part D. Find the facts by
yourselves.
C. Do Part E Read and think
6.
拓展延伸
In groups, make your own
poster about trees and the benefits of trees. Put
it up in your classroom or
school. Let
everyone know the importance of protecting trees.
Assignments:
1. remember the new phrases.
2. Search and
get more information about the benefits of trees.
课
后
测
评
题
Ⅰ
.Choose the best answer
1. We should have ________ fast food,
________ fresh vegetables and take enough
exercise.
A. fewer, fewer
B. less, more
C.
fewer, more
D. less, less
2. This cup of
water is very hot. You can only ________, or you
will be hurt.
A. eat
B. drink
C.
sip
D. have
3. Students will
make great progress if they ________ a subject.
A. are interested in
B.
are interesting
C. are interested
D.
are interesting in
4. The index page of
a book usually comes ________.
A. at
the beginning of a book
B. in the middle of a book
C. at the end of a book
D. at the
bottom of each page
5. Don’t ________
him ________ into the forest. We are not allowed
________ the big trees.
A.
let, goes, cut down
B. let, go, to cut down
C. lets, goes, cuts down
D. lets, to go,
cut down
6. Have you finished your
________ homework?
A. chemical
B. chemistry
C chemical’s
D.
chemistry’s
7. I ________
you again.
A. warned
B.
warn
C. won’t warn
D. am warning
8. They were warned ________ the
mountain in such bad weather.
A. to
climb
B. not to climb
C. climbing
D. not climbing
9. The room is ________ small ________
hold so many people.
A. so,
that
B. too, to
C. very, to
D. enough, to
mother asked
her where ________ holidays.
A. did you
spend
B. you spent your
C. she spent
her
D. did she spend
Ⅱ
.Choose the words or
expressions which are closest in meaning to
underlined parts
A. almost no
B. think it is
true
C. quite a lot
D. drink in small amount
of
E. unpleasant
F. made by
nature
G. working
1. Doctor Ray is a scientist about
trees. We suppose she knows everything about
trees.
2. My watch isn’t
running well.
3.
There is hardly any chance that we will win the
football match.
4. The tea
was so hot that she could not drink it fast, so
she had to sip it.
5. I don’t like the
cheese with the
nasty smell.
Ⅲ
. Fill in the blanks with
the words in the box in their p-roper forms
healthy
chemistry
pollution
communication
warn
dangerous
nature
1. He drove so fast
that I really felt my life was in _________.
2. Water is one kind of the
________ elements.
3. The workers used
a ________ to kill mice in the factory.
4. The Japanese can not speak English.
Would you please use Japanese to ________
with them?
5. There is a
________ before the film in each DVD.
6. We must stop that factory from
________ the river as soon as possible.
Ⅳ
.
Rewrite the
sentence as required
1.
Trees are communicating with one another.
（
改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答）
________ ________
communicating with one another? Yes, ________
________.
2. Judy is interviewing
Doctor Ray.
（改为否定句）
Judy ________ ________
Doctor Ray.
3. Scientists
are only now beginning to understand trees.
(
对划线部分提问
)
________
________ scientists only now beginning to
________?
4. We are destroying our best
fighters against pollution.
（对划线部分提问）
________ ________ you
________?
Ⅴ
. Reading
comprehension
A
A plant
makes its own food in its leaves. Water comes to
the leaves through the
roots.
Air
goes
into
the
leaves
through
very
small
holes.
The
green
coloring
in
the
leaves uses the water
and air to make the
food
for the plant.
It
also
needs sunshine
because a plant can make food only when
the sun is shining.
Animals
and
people
could
not
live
without
green
plants.
They
both
eat
plants.
People
and
some
animals
also
eat
the
meat
of
some
animals
and
these
animals
eat
plants.
T and F
1. A plant gets food from
its roots.
2. A plant has very small holes in its
leaves for air to come in.
3. A plant can make its
food when it is cloudy.
4. Water comes into a plant through its
roots.
5.
People could live without plants.
B
Deserts do not stay the
same size. Sometimes they grow bigger. Sometimes
they
get smaller. The world’s biggest
desert, the Sahara, is in Africa. Right now, the
Sahara
Desert is growing fast.
Why
is
the
Sahara
growing?
In
some
places,
people
farm
too
much.
In
other
places, animals eat all the grass.
Or
，
people cut down the
trees. This makes the soil
weak. Weak
soil lets the desert grow.
Why is it a
problem? People cannot grow food in the desert.
People cannot built
houses, hospitals,
or schools in
the desert. So, people
must leave their homes. They
must live
somewhere else.
What can
people do? They can plant trees. They can also
farm less. These things
make the soil
stronger. Maybe the Sahara will
stop
growing. It’s a big problem. Many
people must work together to solve it.
T and F
6. The
size of the deserts stay the same all the time.
7. One of the reasons for
the growing of Sahara is farming too much.
8. Deserts make trouble for
people.
9. Planting trees
can help people farm less.
10. Stopping the growing desert is not
a big problem.
上海版牛津英语
8B
第二章
学习辅导材料
学
习
新
词
语
daily
adv.
每天（
every
day
）
例如：
I want to
study English well, so I have to practise it
daily.
我想学好英语，因此我必须每天练习。
He plays football daily.
他每天都踢足球。
daily
adj.
每日的；日常的
n.
日报
例如：
There are great changes in
their daily lives.
他们的日常生活有巨大的变化。
This is a
People’s Daily
.
这是一份《人民日报》。
increase
v.
（
使）增加
例如：
The wheat production increased a great
deal this year.
今年的小麦产量大幅度增加。
We
have increased the price of paper.
我们提高了纸张的价格。
【反义词】：
decrease
v.
减少
例如：
The population in Germany decreased
last year.
去年德国的人口减少了。
Your hunger decreases as
you eat.
你的饥饿感在你吃饭时会渐渐消失。
impatient
adj.
不耐烦的
例如：
She is
becoming impatient.
她变得着急起来。
【同根词】：
patient;
impatient;
patience
t
adj.
有耐心的
,
例如：
She is so
kind and always patient with those naughty
children.
她对这些淘气的孩子们是如此的和蔼，有耐心。
ent
adj.
angry at having to wait
不耐烦的，急躁的，例如：
As a
nursery
teacher, you mustn’t be
impatient with the children.
作为幼儿园教师，你不该对孩子急躁。
3. patience
n.
容忍；耐心，例如：
I have
no patience with him again.
我对他不再有耐心了。
comfortably
adv.
舒服地
例如：
He is sitting comfortably in that
armchair.
他舒服地坐在那把扶手椅子里。
【同根词】：
comfort;
comfortable;
comfortably
1.
comfort
v.
安慰；鼓舞
n.
安乐；舒适；安逸，例如：
He
lives in comfort.
他过得很舒服。（
n.
）
I found comfort
in his words.
我从他的话中得到了安慰。（
n
.
）
She comforted
the sick child.
她安慰这个生病的孩子。（
v.
）
2.
comfortable
adj.
舒适的，舒服的，例如：
She lives a comfortable life.
她过着舒适的生活。
3. comfortably
adv.
with no
pain or worry
舒适地，安乐地
pump
1.
v.
push by machine
(
用泵）抽，抽吸；打气，例如：
The villagers had pumped the well dry
and could get no more water.
村民们已把水井抽干了，再也抽不出水来了。
He pumped up his tires.
他给车胎打足了气。
2.
n
.
泵；水泵，例如：
They are
watering the fields with many pumps.
他们正用许多泵浇灌着田地。
freeze
v.
（
froze
frozen
freezing
）
1. stop moving suddenly (
突然停
止，惊呆
)
，例如：
Fear made him freeze in his tracks.
恐惧使他突然停止前进。
He
froze in front of the audience.
他在观众面前吓呆了。
2.
冷冻，冷藏（食物），例如：
Not
all fruit and vegetables freeze well.
并非所有的水果和蔬菜都适合冷藏。
plant
n.
1.
building with machines in it
工厂，车间，
例如：
When the
plant closed down, many factory workers lost their
jobs.
工厂关门了，很多工人失业了。
2.
植物，例如：
Trees and
vegetables are plants.
树木和蔬菜是植物。
【词义辨析】：
speed;
hurry
1. speed
v.
(sped
sped
speeding)
move quickly
指快速运动或行动。例如：
The
ambulance sped to the hospital.
救护车快速开往医院。
He was
arrested for speeding.
他因超速行车而被捕。
The
train sped through the countryside.
火车从乡间飞驰而过。
Postal
workers labored overtime to speed delivery of the
Christmas mail.
邮政工人加班加点已加速圣诞期间新信件的发送。
2. hurry
v.
move or do sth. quickly or too quickly
意指比通常快得多的速度，经常伴随着混乱
< br>或骚动。例如：
If you don’t hurry, you’ll miss the
plane.
如果你不迅速些，你将会错过班机了。
Don’t let
anyone hurry you into making a decision you’ll
regret la
ter.
不要在任何人的催促下作出你以后会为之后悔的决定。
reply;
answer
（
v. &
n.
）
1. reply
和
answer
都表示“回答”，都可以做名词和动词。
answer
为一般用语；
reply
的用法比<
/p>
较正式，多用于经过深思熟虑后对对方问题和论点作出解释、辩论或陈述性回答。
这两个词在
做名词时都可以与
to
连用，指“……的答案或答复”。
answer
较常用，如：
answer a question
( the door bell, the phone, the letter,
etc.)
例如：
He
has answered my letter.
(
此句仅表明他回了我的信，说明他已经收到我的信。
)
Answer this question.
回答这个问题。（动词）
I
asked her the reason, but she didn’t reply.
我问她原因，她却没有回答。
(
动词
)
I received no reply / answer to
my request.
我的要求没有得到任何答复。（名词）
They did not reply to our new
suggestion.
他们对我们的新建议没有作出答复。
(
动词
)
I had no
reply to my letter.
我没收到回信。（名词）
2.
answer
是及物动词，后面可直接跟宾语；而
reply
是不及物动词，跟宾语须与
to
连用；
answer
可表示对电话、敲门等作出的应答，而
reply
则没有这种用法。例如：
He has replied
to my letter.
（此句表明他将我信中的问题都一一回答了。）
You must reply to / answer this letter
right away.
你必须马上回复这封信。
Who answered the telephone?
谁接的电话？
如果是指练习题的“答
案”，一般用
answer
。例如：
The answer to 6 multiplying 10 is 60.
六乘以十的答案是六十。
五
.
常用词组：
vanish
v.
disappear
消失，突然不见，
常用词组有：
vanish
into thin air
消失不见
vanish from
sight
消失不见
vanish in darkness
在黑暗中消失
vanish into nothing
化为乌有
reply
v. &
n.
常用词组有：
in reply
(to)
为答复……；作为对……的答复
make (no) reply
(
不
)
作答复
reply for sb.
代表某人作答辩
/
答谢祝酒
reply to
回答；答复
look
v.
use one’
s sight; turn the
eyes in some direction; try to see
看；视；望。常用词组有：
look
around
四周环顾
look round
环视
look at
看，朝……看
look after
照料，照顾
look back
（与
on,
to
连用）回想，想起
look down on
轻视，看不起
look for
寻找
look forward to
盼望，期待
look like
看起来像
look on / upon
看作
look out
注意，小心
look out of
朝……外看
look over
翻阅，浏览
look through
从头看完，透视
look up
在书中查到，查阅（词典）
look up and
down
上下打量
finish with
以……为结束，例如：
He
finished with the work.
他以这项工作做为结束。
He
finished the performance with a song.
他以一首歌曲结束表演。
remember not to do sth.
记得不要做某事，例如：
You
must remember not to pollute the water.
你们必须记住，不能把水污染了。
Remember not to make the same mistake
again.
记住不要再犯相同的错误了。
mean by ...
意思是，例如：
What do
you mean by saying that?
你那样说是什么意思？
语
法
知
识
一
.
句型
It is + adj. + for sb. (of
sb.) to do sth.
（对事加以评论
/
对人加以评论）
不定式短语作主语时
,
常用形式主语
< br>it
来代替
,
而真正的主语放在
句子的谓语后面。例如：
It is difficult
for you to read through this book a week or so.
对你来说一星期左右看完这本书有困难。
It is useful for you to learn how to
use the computer.
学习使用计算机对你有好处。
It
was brave of you to go into the burning building
to save the child.
你冲入火场救那个孩子，真勇敢。
It’s necessary for us to learn English
today.
现在对我们来讲，学英语非常重要。
二
.
（
a
）<
/p>
few
和（
a
）
little
的用法
1. (a) few
用在可数名词
n..[C]
之前，
(a) little
用在不可数名词
n.[U]
之前。例如：
He took a
few biscuits.
(a few =
several)
他拿了几块饼干。
He took
few biscuits.
(few = not
many)
他拿的饼干不多。
He took a little butter. (a little =
some)
他拿了点黄油。
He took little butter. (little = not
much)
他拿的黄油不多。
2. few
可由
hardly
any
或
almost no
所替代，含否定的意味。例如：
The
composition is well written; it has few mistakes.
= The composition is well written; it has hardly
any mistakes.
这篇作文很好写，几乎没有多少错误。
Few men can solve it. = Almost no men
can solve it.
几乎没有人能解决它。
3. a
few
相当于
some, several,
含肯定的意味。例如：
He
has a few friends. = He has some friends. = He has
several friends.
他有一些朋友。
4. a
little
和
little
之间的
差别，就和
a few
和
few
的差别一样，只是
(a) little
修饰不可数名词
,
表量
或程度。例如：
He grows worse; there is
little hope of his recovery.
他病情恶化了，恢复的希望很小了。
He
is not much better, but there is a little hope.
他病情不是那么好，但是有点希望。
三
.
其它的数量形容词
1. plenty of, a lot of, lots of
都表示许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。例如：
The room contained plenty of / a lot of
/ lots of students.
这个房间容纳了
许多学生。（
students
是复数名词）
< br>
The room contained plenty
of / a lot of / lots of furniture.
这个房间容纳了许多家具。
(furniture
是
不可数名词
)
2. a great deal of, a good deal of, a
large quantity of, a small quantity of, a large
amount of, a small
amount of
均表量，修饰不可数名词。例如：
The room contained a large quantity of
furniture. (
不可数名词
)
The room contained a large amount of
furniture. (
不可数名词
)
The room contained a small quantity of
furniture. (
不可数名词
)
The room contained a small amount of
furniture. (
不可数名词
)
3. a number of
“许多；一些”；
a great number of, a
large number of, a good number of
“许多”，
修饰复数可数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。例如：
A number of books are missing from the
library.
图书馆的许多书丢失了。
The
number of books from the library is large.
图书馆的图书数量很大。
[the number of
+
复数名词
+
单数
(be)
动词
]
The room contained a great / large /
good / number of students.
（复数可数名词）
这个房间容纳了许多学生。
相
关
练
习
题
1.
—
If there are ________
people driving, there will be ________ air
pollution.
—
Yes, the air will be
fresher.
A.
less; less
B. less; fewer
C. fewer; fewer
D. fewer; less
2.
—
Shall we leave now?
—
Don’t hurry. We
still have ________ time left.
A. little
B.
a little
C. few
D. a few
3.
—
Would you like some milk in
your tea?
—
Yes,
please. But just ________.
A. little
B. a little
C. a few
D.
few
4. There’s
_______
_ milk at home. We have to buy
some this afternoon.
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D.
few
5.
—
Oh, dear.
We have ________ food left. What should we do?
—
Don’t worry. I’ll go and
buy some.
A. a few
B. a little
C. few
D.
little
自学练习题
I.
根据汉语提示写单词
1. You
should dress neatly and _________.
（整洁地）
2. We will
_______
（举行）
a sports meeting
next Monday.
3. They _________
（选举）
me to be the president
of the students’ Union yesterday.
4. Newspaper remain ___________
(
受欢迎的
) because they give the
news in more details than either
radios
or TVs.
5. Who won the
_________
（
竞赛）
, do you know?
II.
句型转换
1. They work hard to get more money.
_____________ __________ they work
hard? (
就画线部分提问
)
2. My mother will visit England next
week.
__________ __________ your mother
visit next week? (
就画线部分提问
)
3. You ought to be more careful.
You ________ ________ to be more
careful.
should finish
their homework first.
________ ________
finish their homework first.
(
改为一般疑问句
)
match
between China and Korea couldn’t
go on
because it was raining heavily.
The match between China and Korea
couldn’t go on _______ ______ the heavy rain.
(
改为同义句
)
III.
选择填空
1. They all
have _______.
A. the different ideas
B. different ideas
C. the
different idea
D. different
idea
2. The visitors _____ our school
in two days.
A. came to
B.
will come to
C. come to
D. has come to
3. ---____do
you see a film?
---Once
a week.
A. How far
B. How long
C. How soon
D. How often
4. We can
find_____ students in the classroom now. They are
playing on the playground.
A. much
B. few
C. a little
D. little
5. They want him _______the chief
speaker.
A. to be
B. be
C. being
D. is
6. You
must _______for the lost books.
A. pay
B. cost
C. spend
D. take
7. ---
What
happened _______you? You don’t look
fine.
---I
have a cold.
A. in
B. on
C. from
D. to
8. You may go to the police and
_______help.
A .ask
B. ask for
C. asking
D. to ask for
she do her homework by ______?
A. himself
B. ourselves
C.
herself
D. themselves
10. Have you finished _________ the
picture?
A. draw
B. to draw
C. drew
D. drawing
课
后
测
试
题
Ⅰ
.
Choose the best
answer
（选择最佳的答案）：
1. The girl at the ________ desk gave
the tourists their room keys.
A. report
B. refrigerator
C.
reception
D. receiver
2. It’s already
8 o’clock in the morning. It’s time ________ to
school.
A. for
B. to go
C. for go
D.
going
3. Sometimes we
change ice into a liquid. We ________ water.
A.
call it
B. call
C. are call it
D. called
4. Water poured ________ the sink an
vanished ________ the drain.
A. in; into
B. into; up
C.
into; down
D. on; down
5. We can save electricity
by _______ the lights before we leave the flat.
A.
turn on
B. turning on
C. turn off
D. turning off
6. I saw a car _______ away
just now.
A. speeds
B. sped
C. speeding
D.
was speeding
7. I ________
here ________ the end of the month.
A. won’t stay;
until
B. will stay; until
C. will leave;
until
D. left; until
8.
It’s important ________ us ________ English
well.
A. for; to study
B. for;
studying
C. of; to study
D. of; studying
9. I think health is ________ than
money.
A.
precious
B. valuable
C. more valuable
D. valuable
10. There is only ________ bread left.
A. little
B.
a little
C. few
D. a few
11. It’s wrong to ________ dirty water
into the river.
A. bring
B. take
C. pour
D.
rush
12. Mr Back needs ________ money
to buy a new flat.
A. great amounts of
B. quite a lot
C.
a great amount of
D. a large number of
13. A small goldfish
________ about a gram.
A. weigh
B. weight
C. weighs
D. weights
14.
It’s already 11:30 p.m. It’s time
________.
A. to bed
B. for go to sleep
C.
to asleep
D. for bed
15. It’s not
________ for us to work out 100 maths problems in
an hour.
A. difficult
B. important
C. interesting
D.
easy
16. I think health is ________
than beauty.
A.
less important
B. more precious
C. as important
D.
much precious
17. The population of
China has ________ these years.
A. increases
B. decreases
C.
increased
D. decreased
18. It’s so
cold today that the
re are ________ in
the pool.
A. a
few swimmers
B. few swimmer
C. a little swimmers
D.
few swimmers
Ⅱ
.Replace the words
underlined in the sentences with the words given
in the box (
选择与下列各句
中画线部分意思相近
的单词
)
：
A. vanished
B. moved fast
C. pump
D. in addition
E. Be impatient
F.
precious
1.
After giving three wishes to the poor man, the god
disappeared.
2. We take the water from
the river which runs under the hill by machine.
3. The water sped down the mountain
into the river.
4.
To
day
is
my
birthday,
my
father
gives
me
a
book
about
how
to
learn
better
as
a
gift.
I
think
it’s
a
valuable present.
5. Learning is a thing
which need you get deep into, be quietly, my boy.
Don’t be angry to do so
.
6. He grows flowers as well as
vegetables.
Ⅲ
.Fill in the blanks with
the given words in their proper forms
（用所给单词的适当形式填空）：
1. What ________ (freeze) weather we’ve
got today!
2. She’s such a
nice and ________ (patience) lady that we all like
her.
3. We cleaned our
________ (chemical) lab yesterday afternoon.
4. How ________ (excite) the children
were when they got the second prize!
5.
The ________ (police) over there go to work very
early every day.
6. I’m ________ (true)
sorry.
Ⅳ
.Rewrite the sentences as
required
（按要求改写句子）：
1. You must do some reading every
morning.
（保持原意不变）
It is ________
for you ________ ________ some reading every
morning.
2. ‘Do your homework right
now,’ a voice said loudly.
（保持原意不变）
‘Do your homework
immediately,’ he said ________ a loud
________.
3. My grandma said
to m
e, ‘The sun rises in the east and
sets in the west.’
（改成宾语从句）
My grandma
________ me ________ the sun rises in the east and
sets in the west.
Ⅴ
.Reading comprehension
（阅读理解）：
Put an
ice cube from your fridge into a glass of water.
You have a piece of string 10 centimeters long.
The problem is to take out that piece
of ice with the help of the string. But you must
not touch the ice with
your fingers.
You may ask your friends to try to do
that when you are having dinner together. There is
a saltcellar
on the table. You must use
salt when you carry out this experiment.
First you put the string across the
piece of ice. Then put some salt on the ice. Salt
makes ice melt.
The ice round the
string will begin to melt. But when it melts, it
will lose heat. The cold ice cube will
make the salt water freeze again.
After a minute or two you may raise
your piece of ice!
This experiment can
be very useful to you. If, for example, there is
ice near the door of your house,
you
must use very much salt to melt all the ice. If
you put enough salt, the water will freeze again.
1. We must use ________ when we carry
out this experiment.
A. a fridge
B. some food
C. a table
D.
some salt
2. How long will it take to
carry out this experiment?
A. More than three minutes.
B. Five minutes
or so.
C. Only one or two minutes.
D. About ten minutes.
3. What is the purpose of this
experiment?
A.
Put the ice cube into the glass of water with the
help of the string.
B. Take out the ice cube in the glass
of water with the help of the string.
C Take out the ice cube in
the glass of water with your fingers.
D. Put some salt on the ice
cube and then put the string across it.
4. How many things at least are used in
this experiment?
A. Three.
B. Four.
C. Six.
D. Seven.
5. We can learn something about
________ from the passage.
A. physics and biology
B. biology and
science
C. chemistry and biology
D. physics and chemistry
Ⅵ
.Read the
passage and fill in the blanks with proper words
（用适当的单词填空，完成短文）：
90% of the water on the Earth that
human being can drink right now is underground. It
is very easy to
pollute
____1____.
For
example,
4.5
liters
of
paint
can
seep
（渗入）
into
the
earth
and
____2____
1,125,000 liters
of drinking water.
If you
leave the water ____3____ while you wash the
dishes, you can waste 135 liters of
water
—
enough to ____4____ 65
cans of soft drink.
____5____ it or
not, the water we flush down our toilet starts as
fresh water! ____6____ time you
flush,
your toilet uses about 22.5 to 31.5 liters of
water which does not have to.
上海版牛津英语
8B
第三章
学习辅导材料
学
习
新
词
语
一
.
同根词
serve;
service;
servant:
serve
v.
意为：“为…服务；待客”。例如：
They served the guests a wonderful
dinner.
他们以盛宴招待客人们。
Service
n.
意为“服务”。例如：
The
train service to the capital is very good.
去首都的火车服务设施非常好。
Servant
n.
意为“仆人；佣人”。例如：
Fire and water may be good servants,
but bad masters.(
谚语
)
< br>水火是忠仆，用之不慎成灾主。
A
politician should be a servant of the people.
政治家应当是人民的公仆。
electric;
electrician;
electricity:
electric
adj.
意为“发电的；由电产生的；电动的”。例如：
They build electric automobiles.
他们制造电动汽车。
electrician
n.
意为“电工”。例如：
Master
Wang is an electrician.
王师傅是电工。
electricity
n.
意为：“电”。例如：
The
power station supplies electricity to this area.
这个点站供应这个区域的电。
explain;
explanation:
explain
v.
意为
“解释；说明”。例如：
Can
you explain why you were late?
你能解释一下你为什么迟到吗？
explanation
n.
意为“解释；解说；说明”。例如：
The
only explanation for his behaviour is that he is
mad.
对他行为的唯一解释就是他疯了。
visible;
vision
；
invisible:
visible
adj.
意为“看得见的；显著的；明显的”。例如：
Air isn’t a visible object.
空气不是可见物体。
vision
n.
意为“视力”。例如：
She
has good vision.
她的视力很好。
invisible
adj.
意为“看不见的；无形的”。例如：
When I called, their head was
invisible.
我去拜访时，他们的负责人没有露面。
二
.
词义辨析：
contain
hold:
contain
和
hold
都有“包含；容纳”的意思。
contain
着重“其中确实包含有”。例如：
The bottle contains water.
这个瓶子里有水。
hold
指“能容纳”，现在有没有不一定。例如
;
The house holds
20 people.
这房子能住下二十个人。
三
.
常用词组：
trick out of
意为“骗走；恶作剧”。例如：
His partner tried to trick him out of
his money.
他的合伙人企图骗走他的钱财。
(
此句
trick
作动词
)
注意
：
trick
也可以作名词，意为“诡计；骗术；花招”。例如：
The children played a trick on their
brother.
孩子们捉弄了他们的兄弟。
She got the money from him by a trick.
她用计谋从他那儿得到了那笔钱。
magic trick
意为“魔术”。例如：
I can do magic
trick.
我会玩魔术。
flow
v.
意为“流动”。例如：
The cars flowed in a steady stream
along the main road.
汽车在主干道上不停地驶过。
flow
的常用搭配有：
flow
away
流走；流逝
flow down
流下
flow into
流入
例如：
Time flows away quickly.
时光飞逝。
Waterfall flows down to the
bottom of the hill.
瀑布飞流直下到山脚。
Rivers flow into the sea.
江河流入海中。
语
法
知
识
情态动词的基本用法
1.
情态动词
can/ could
的用法
表示“能力；许可；可能性”等，在口语中可以代替
may
表示许可，而
may
比较正式。
could
为
can
的
过去式，
可以表示语气较委婉，
用于否定句中，
表示推测，
“不可能”
之意。
例如：
Many people
can use the
computer now, but we
couldn
’
t ten years ago.
现在许多人能使用电脑，但十年前我们不能。
2.
情态动词
would
和
should
的用法
（
1
）情态动词
would
是
will
的过去式，表
示的语气比较缓和、委婉。例如：
Would you
please pass me the salt?
请递
给我盐好吗？
(
表示语气委婉，希望得到对方的肯定回答
)
I would like /
love to help you.
我愿意帮助你。（表示缓和）
（
2
）
should
表示义务，可用于各种句式，通常指将来。例如：
You should do what your teacher tells
you.
你应该照你老师的话办。
He should do some work, but he
doesn
’
t want to.
他应该做些工作，但是他不想做。
用于第一人称疑问句，表示征询意见。例如：
Should I open the window?
我可以开窗户吗？
3. may <
/p>
和
might
的用法
（
1
）情态动词
may
是现在时，
might
是
may
的过去式，表示“许可”或征求对方意见。表示“可
以”之意时，用
may,
它的否定形式
是
may not ,
表示“不可以；禁止；阻止”等意思时，常用
must
not / mustn
’
t
代替
may
not
。例如：
You may
go home now.
你现在可以回家了。
—
May I watch TV after super,
Mum
？
妈妈，晚饭后我可以看电视吗？
—
Yes ,you may.
/
No, you
mustn
’
t.
/
No, you may
not.
/
No, you
’
d better
not.
是的，你可以。
不，你不可以。
不，你不可以。
不，你最好不。
We may
have a lot of work to do.
我们可能有许多工作要做。
（
2
）
might
为<
/p>
may
的过去式，它表示“可能”时，其含义更不确定。例如：<
/p>
He might be ill.
他也许生病了吧。
My brother might come here
soon.
我哥哥也许马上就会来这里。
4. must
的用法
must
表示“必须；应该”，否定式为
must not / mus
tn
’
t,
表示“不应该；不许可；不
准；禁止”
等。在回答带有
must
的
问句时，否定式常用
needn
’
t
/ need not
或
don
’
t
have to,
表示“不必”，而
不用
must
not / mustn
’
t
。例如：
You
mustn
’
t speak like this.
你不应该这样说话。
—
Must I stay here now?
我现在必须呆在这儿吗？
—
Yes, you must.
/
No, you
needn
’
t.
/
No, you
don
’
t have to.
是，你必须。
不，不必。
不，你不一定要去。
情态动词用法的基本练习
1.
—
May I take my pet dog with
me into the cinema?
—
The
rule says no. So you ________.
A. can
B.
mustn
’
t
C. may
D.
needn
’
t
2. We
hope that as many people as possible ________ join
us for the charity show tomorrow.
A. need
B.
can
C. must
D. should
3.
—
Must I get up early
tomorrow?
—
No,
________.
A.
you mustn
’
t
B. I
don
’
t think you have to
C.
you can
’
t
D. you need
4.
—
May I play
computer games, mum?
—
No. You ________ finish
your homework first.
A. will
B. can
C. would
D.
must
5.
—
Let
’
s
go to the concert tonight, Michael!
—
Sorry, I
________ . I have to help my mother with the
housework.
A. mustn
’
t
B.
may not
C. needn
’
t
D.
can
’
t
6.
—
Can you finish the work in
two days?
—
Sorry, I ________. My
computer doesn
’
t work.
A.
don
’
t
B.
can
’
t
C.
mustn
’
t
D.
needn
’
t
7.
—
________ you
speak Japanese?
—
No, I
can
’
t.
A. Can
B. Must
C.
May
D. Should
8. If the traffic
light is red, you ________ cross the road.
It
’
s very dangerous.
A.
don
’
t
B.
mustn
’
t
C.
needn
’
t
D.
wouldn
’
t
9.
—
May I use your ruler?
—
________.
A. Yes, please
B.
You are nice
C. It doesn
’
t
matter
D. It was a pleasure
宾
语
从
句
一、当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用
that
引导，
that
无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：
She said that she would
leave the message on the headmaster's desk.
He said that he
could finish his work before supper.
二、
当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用
if
或
whether
引导，意为
“
是否
”
。如：
Alice wanted to know
if/whether her grandmother liked the bag.
I don't know whether he'll come the day
after tomorrow.
但直接与
or not
连用时
,
往往用
w
hether
如：
Let me know whether he will
come or not.(= Let me know whether or not he will
come )
I
don't
know
whether
he
does
any
washing
or
not.(=
I
don't
know
whether
or
not
he
does
any
washing. )
I
wonder whether we stay or whether we go.
三、如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的疑问词引导。如：
Could you tell
me where we will have the meeting this afternoon?
I don't know
who bought the present for me. Is it Jack?
宾语从
句是初中阶段一个非常重要的语法项目。宾语从句也是历年全国各地中考必考项目之一
,
考
查点涉及到
语序
、
时态<
/p>
、
引导词
三个要素。而宾语从句的时态。语序是中考题的热点。
宾语从句热点问题：
①宾
语从句一般要用陈述句语序
,
即主语之后接谓语动词
?
例如
:Can
you
find
out
where
he
lives(
不说
where
does he live)
。
②主
句谓语动词为一般过去时
,
则宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态
。不过
,
若宾语从句所叙述
的是客观事
实
,
普遍真理
,
自然现象等时
,
要用一般现在时
.<
/p>
例如
:Our teacher said light
travels faster than
sound.
③
连词
that
引导由陈述句充当的宾语从句
,that
在句中不充当任何成分
,
在口语和非正式文体中
常可省略
;
④主句谓语是一般现在时
,
宾语从句可根据需要使用任何时态。
例如
:Nobody
knows
where
he
was
born.
没有人知道他出生在哪儿。
⑤主句谓语动词是
guess,
th
ink
或
believe
等
,
且主句主语是第一人称时
,
从句的否定概念一般要
转移到主句中去
,
< br>即
否定转移
。例如
:I don't think he is a good
student. (
不说
I think he isn't
a good
student.)
我认为他不是个好学生。<
/p>
⑥不少中考题是将两类从句
(
宾语从句与状语从句的区别
)
综合起来考查的。
这时要注意
:
A.
从句式看
,
宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后
,
而状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后
面
;
B.
从引导词看
,if
充当宾语从句的引导词时
,
相当于
whether,
词义为
是否
充当从属连词
,
引
导
条件状语从句时
,
词义为
如果
。
< br>when
充当宾语从句的连接词时
,
词义为
什么时候
< br>充当从属连词
,
引导时间状语从句时
,
词义为
当
……
的时候
。
C.
从时态看
,if
和
when
作连接词
,
引导宾语从句时
,
其谓语动词的时态应根据
主句的谓语动词
的时态作相应的变化
;if
和
when
充当从属连词
,
引导表示将来动作或状态的条件状语从句或时间状
语从句时
,
若主句中的谓语动词用了一般将来时
,
则从句中的谓语动词通常用一般现在时表示将来。
例如
:1. I don't know if it
will rain tomorrow. 2. If it rains, I will not go
fishing.
专项精选试题
1
The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink
with them.
A. took B. take
C. takes D. will take
2 Catherine said
that she ___ to Guangzhou.
A. has never gone B. had never gone C.
has never been D. had never been
3 .The
students want to know whether they___ dictation
today.
A. had B. has C.
will have D. are
4 She asked Linda
if___ go and get some.
A.
could she B. she could C. she can D. she may
5 Linda said the moon___ round the
earth.
A. traveled B. has
traveled C. travels D. had traveled
6.
Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty?
A. who B. what C. when D.
that
7. I don't know ___ they have
passed the exam.
A. what B.
if C. when D. where
8. I hardly
understand. ___ he has told me.
B. what
C. which
D. who
9. She didn't know___ back soon.
A. whether he would be
B. if would he be
C. he will be
10.
I don't know
_____ he still lives here after so many years.
A. whether B where C. what
D. when
11. Do you know _____ they
listened to yesterday evening?
A. what B when C why D how
12. He asked me _____told me the
accident.
A whom B which C
who D whose
13. They don't know
________ their parents are.
A that B what C why D which
14. Please tell me ______ last year.
A. where does your sister
work
B where
did your sister work
C
where your sister works
D where your sister worked
15. She asked me if I knew ______.
A. whose pen is it B. whose
pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it
16. You must remember ________.
A. what your mother said
B. what did
your mother say
C. your
mother said what
D. what has your mother said
17. Did you know ____?
A. who he was looking after
B. who was he looking for
C. who he is looking for
D. who he is looking after
18. Could you tell me ___?
A. when will they leave Beijing
B. when would
they leave Beijing
C. when
they will leave Beijing
D. when did they leave Beijing
19. In the bookshop, a reader asked the
shop keeper _____
Who Moved My
Cheese
was an interesting
book.
A. that
B. how
C. what
D. if
20.
—
I don't know _____ Mr.
Green will come to see us.
—
He will help us with our
English.
A. why B. when C.
how D. where
21.
—
We never know _____ the old
man is.
—
They
say he is a teacher.
A.
what
B. who C.
which D. where
22. I was
told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to
play with computers.
A.
that how
B. how that
C. when that
D. that when
23.
—
Do you know _____ ? I'm
going to see him.
—
Sorry, I don't know.
A. where does Mr. Li live
B. where did
Mr. Li live
C. where Mr. Li
lives
D. where
Mr. Li lived
24.
—
W here do you think _____
he _____ the computer?
—
Sorry, I have no idea.
A.
／
;
bought B. has; bought C. did; buy D. does; buy
25. I don't feel very well.
Mum asked me _____ this morning.
A. what the matter is
B. what is wrong
C. what the
matter was
D.
what wrong was
26.
—
Where is Jack?
—
He is away to spend his
holiday. He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,
but I'm not sure _____ .
A. that
B. which
C.
where D.
there
课
后
测
试
题
Ⅰ
.Choose the best answer
(
选择最佳的答案
)
：
1. Benny is going to buy
________.
A. some electricities
B. an
electricity
C. a packet of electricity
D.
two packets of electricities
2. Some rich men like to ______ their
treasure under the ground in order not to let
others know it.
A. buried
B. bury
C. are buried
D.
to be buried
3. Everyone
must be ________ electricity.
A. care to
B. careful to
C.
careful with
D. careful for
4. We can
________ forms of energy that we can see, hear or
feel.
A. change
them to
B. change it to
C. change them into
D.
change it into
5.
Don
’
t forget ________ the
light before you leave the house.
A. to turn on
B.
to turn off
C. turning on
D. turning off
6. He
’
s ________
electrician, he can deal with the ________
problem.
A. a,
electrical
B. an, electrical
C.
the electrical
D. the, electric
7. These
________ thick wires that are buried under the
street.
A. connect to
B. connect with
C. are
connected
D. are connected to
8. Jane saw a bank robbery
________.
A. on
her way to there
B. on her way back home
C.
in her way home
D. at the way
to home
9. Anyone can
answer that question, ________?
A. can he
B.
can
’
t they
C.
can
’
t he
D.
doesn
’
t he
10.
—
Can I leave this door open
at night?
—
You ________
better not.
A.
should
B. would
C. could
D. had
11. John ________ come to
see us tonight, but he isn
’
t
very sure yet.
A. may
B. can
C. has to
D.
must
12. They ________ do well in the
exam.
A. can be
able to
B. be able to
C. can be able
D.
are able to
13. You
________ be late for school again next time.
A.
mustn
’
t
B.
needn
’
t
C.
don
’
t have to
D.
don
’
t need to
14.
—
Must I do my homework at
once?
—
No, you
_________.
A.
needn
’
t
B.
mustn
’
t
C.
can
’
t
D. may not
15. My brother always _________ his
head when he
’
s in trouble.
A. hits
B.
knocks
C. scratches
D. washes
16.
Water changes ________ ice when
it
’
s frozen.
A. in
B. to
C.
into
D. onto
17. The father
________ the toy box under a tree and asked the
children to look for it.
A. put
B. buried
C. laid
D.
set
18. Jane is a shy girl.
She always ________ but seldom speaks.
A. grins
B. laughs
C.
joke
D. smiles
19. Oh, my god!
Our light is broken. Let
’
s
change the _________ quickly!
A.
cable
B. bulb
C. wire
D. battery
20. Which one can produce movement
energy?
A. A
radio
B. A torch
C. A fan
D. A kettle
Ⅱ
.Choose the right words to
complete the sentences
(
选择适当
的单词完成句子
)
：
1.
Playing with fire is very
________. (danger, dangerous)
2. Cables
are connected ________ a power station. (with, to)
3. Everyone ________ keep quiet in the
library. (must, can)
4. You need
________ energy to play squash. (a lot of, many)
5. We get electricity from power
station ________ wires and cable. (through,
across)
Ⅲ
.Fill in the blanks
with the words in the box in their proper forms
(
用方框中动词的适当形式填
空
)
：
trick
bury
explain
connect
1.
“I
didn
’
t catch the six fifty
bus this morning, sir.
”
Sandy ________ why he was late for school.
2. Captain King ________
Gork
’
s friends now.
3. My mobile phone is ________ to my
computer to come on line.
4. My father ________ my grandpa
personally. We all felt very sad at that time.
Ⅳ
.
Rewrite the
sentences as required
(
按要求改写
句子
)
：
1. Grandpa
doesn
’
t even know What WTO
is.
（写出同义句）
Grandpa
doesn
’
t know what WTO is
________ ________.
2. Where are we
going next? I forget it.
（合并成一句）
I forget where ________
________ next.
3. Tony is so fat that
he can
’
t jump high.
(
写出同义句
)
Tony is ________ fat
________ jump.
4.
Gork
’
s eye is red, glowing
and huge. (
对划线部分提问
)
________
________ Gork
’
s eye?
5. Everyone likes to be visited late at
night.
（改为否定句）
________ ________ like to
be visited late at night.
Ⅴ
.
Cloze
(
完形填空
)
：
Scientists
have
____1____
wanted
to
know
more
about
the
universe.
Years
ago
they
know
many
things
about
the
moon.
They
knew
how
big
it
was
and
how
far
away
it
was
from
the
earth.
But
they
wanted to know
____
2__
__ about it. They
thought the best way ____3____ men to the moon.
The moon is about 38,400
kilometers away from the earth. A plane cannot fly
to the moon because
the air ____4____
only 240 kilometers away from the earth. But
____5____ can fly even when there is no
air. That is a rocket.
1. A.
ever
B. never
C. always
D. already
2. A. much
B. more
C. many things
D.
a lot
3. A. to send
B. to take
C.
to carry
D. to have
4. A. is
B. are
C. travels
D.
reaches
5. A. it
B. that
C.
something
D. someone
Ⅵ
.Reading comprehension
(
阅读理解
)
：
Most of our
energy come from burning coal, oil or gas. But
what will happen when we run out of
those things?
We
’
ll have to find other
ways to get energy.
Here are
some types of energy that
we
’
ll need
to use more of one day:
Solar energy: Solar technology uses
energy from sun
’
s light.
Solar cells like silicon(
硅
)
can take in
sunlight and turn it into
electricity. Small solar cells are used in things
like calculators. Bigger ones can be
used to light houses or heat building.
Hydro energy: This is sometimes called
hydroelectric
（水电的）
energy.
The name comes from the
word
“
hydrogen(
氢
)
”
,
which
is
found
in
water.
When
water
moves
fast,
it
has
lots
of
energy.
When
moving
water
goes
through
hydroelectric
dams,
it
turns
a
turbine
(
涡轮
),
and
the
turbine
turns
a
generator(
发电机
).
China is now building the
world
’
s largest
hydroelectric dam at Three
Gorges(
三峡
).
Nuclear energy: This kind
of energy is not renewable, but it is more
efficient to make than fossil fuel
energy. We get nuclear energy by
putting uranium or plutonium into a nuclear
reactor (
核反应堆
).
That
’
s
a big
machine that breaks atoms apart. When atoms break,
lots of heat comes out. This heats up water to
make steam. The steam turn a turbine.,
which then turns
a
generator to make electricity, much like in a
hydroelectric dam.
Answer the questions
(
根据短文内容，回答问题
)
：
1. What can bigger solar cells be
used for?
They
can be _________________________ or
___________________________________.
2.
Which dam will be the largest hydroelectric one in
the world?
____
__________________________________________________
___________________.
3. How can we get
nuclear energy?
We can get it by ______________________
_____________________________________.
上海版牛津英语
8B
第四章
学习辅导材料
学
习
新
词
语
一
.
同根词：
publish;
publishing
publish
v.
prepare and print a
magazine, book, etc.
出版，例如：
T
he company publishes
children’s books.
这个公司出版儿童书籍。
The
book was published in 1988.
这本书是一九八八年出版的。
publishing
adj.
出版的，出版业的，例如：
There is a publishing house over there.
那边有一家出版社。
elect;
election
elect
v.
choose by voting
选举，例如：
The government is made up of men and
women elected by the people of the country.
政府是由这个国家的人民选出的人员组成的。
election
n.
选举，例如：
Tom is
standing for election. We elect him chairman of
the club.
汤姆是候选人，我们选他为俱乐部主席。
editor;
edit
editor
n.
a
person whose job is to prepare or control a
magazine, newspaper, book or film etc.
编
辑；
编
者，例如：
She is a fashion editor.
她是一名时装栏编辑。
edit
v.
prepare or control a magazine,
newspaper, book or film etc.
编辑；校订，例如：
He is
editing a Shakespeare play for use in school.
他正在编辑一部莎士比亚剧本供学校使用。
experience
(
n.[C] & [U]; vt.
);
experienced
experience (1)
n.
[C]
skill and knowledge
gained from doing sth.
经历，例如：
Please
tell me your experiences in America.
请告诉我你在美国的经历。
experience (2)
n.
[U]
things / events that happen to us
经验，例如：
Experience is their preparation for
giving advice.
经验为他们进行咨询作了准备。
experience (3)
vt.
have experience of; feel; meet with
有……之经验；感受；体验，例如：
They have experienced the difficulties
for playing football.
他们感受到了踢足球的难处。
experienced
adj.
having
experience;
having knowledge or skill
as
the result of
experience
有经验
的；有从经验获得的知识或技
术的，例如：
She is an experienced
nurse.
她是位有经验的护士。
free;
freedom
free
adj.
(1)
not having to pay for it
免费的，例如：
Anyone
who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a
fine greeting card.
购买这份早餐事务的人都可得到一张免费的精美贺卡。
fere
adj.
(2)
(of a person) not a slave
自由的，例如：
The
prisoners were pardoned and set free.
那些囚犯获赦并被释放。
freedom
n.
condition of being free
自由，例如：
The
prisoner has no freedom in the jail. He can’t walk
freely there.
囚犯在监狱中没有自由，他不可以随便走动。
brief;
briefly
brief
adj
.
short or quick
简短的，短暂的，例如：
a
warm and brief welcome
热烈而简短的欢迎
make a brief visit
作短暂的访问
Can you
give us a brief introduction?
你能简短的介绍一下你自己吗？
briefly
adv.
shortly or quickly
简要地
I ‘d like to
comment very briefly on that last
statem
ent.
我想就最后一句简要地谈谈我的看法。
Briefly, you are fired.
一句话，你被解雇了。
conclude
；
conclusion
conclude
v.
finish; come to the end of
结束；决定，例如：
To
conclude, I wish you all good health and a long
life.
最后，祝大家健康长寿。
The
doctor concluded that the patient’s disease was
c
ancer.
医生断定病人患的是癌症。
conclusion
n.
end; the result of reasoning
结束，结论，例如：
I found the conclusion of her story
very exciting.
我觉得她那故事的结尾很激动人心。
二
.
兼性词：
vote
v.
show which person or thing you want to
choose, by putting up your hand or making a piece
of
paper
投票选举，例如：
Vote for Johnson
—
the people’s
friend!
请投约翰逊一票——他是人民的支持者！
vote
n.
投票选举，例如：
secret
vote
不记名投票
I give my vote
to Mr Wang.
我投王先生的票。
He won
the election because he got most votes.
他选举获胜了，因为他得了大多数的选票。
< br>三
.
词义辨析：
consider...(as)...;
regard...as...;
treat...as...
这三个词组都含“认为……是……”的意思。
(1)
consider
think
about
carefully
考虑，认为，
侧重“经过考虑而认为”，表示一种比较客观的
看法。例如：
I consider what he said (as)
reasonable.
我认为她说的有道理。
(2)
regard
指“把……认为，把……看作”，表示以外部形象得出认识或个人的主观
认识。例如：
He was regarded as the foremost
authority on chemistry.
他被认为是化学最高权威。
(3)
treat
表示在某种认识的基础上看待或对待，重在行动，而不在认识。例如：
They will not be treated as
enemies.
他们不会被当作敌人对待。
四
.
常用词组：
suggestion
n.
idea for others to consider
提议；建议
at one’s
suggestion
根据某人的建议
on one’s
suggestion
根据某人的建议
make a
suggestion
提议；建议
offer a suggestion
提议；建议
on the
suggestion of...
在……的建议下
decision
n.
choosing something after thinking;
deciding
决心；决定
come to a decision / arrive at a
decision / reach a decision
做出决定
give a
decision for
判决对……有利
give a decision against
判决对……不利
make a
decision
决定下来；做出决定；下决心。例如：
Have they arrived a decision yet?
他们是否已有所决定？
charge
n.
主管，看管
v.
使承担（任务、责任）
take
charge of
负责
,
看管
;
under the charge of
在…看管
(
负责
)
之下
;in
charge of
负责
例如：
Mr Smith will take charge
of our class next term.
史密斯先生下学期将负责我们班。
The
chief engineer was in charge of directing the
building of the subway.
主任工程师负责指挥地铁的建造工程。
This ward is under the charge of Dr
Green.
这件病房是有格林大夫负责的。
Don’t forget the to charge the money of
the shoes to my
account.
别忘了把鞋钱记在我账上。
agree
on
同意，达成协议
例如：
We couldn’t agree on when to start.
我们对何时出发不能达成共识。
We couldn’t agree on when to meet.
关于什么时候见面，我们未能取得一致意见。
语
法
知
识
情态动词
should
、
ought to
ought to
是客观的，
should
是主观的。
ought to<
/p>
表示我不做不行，是责任，虽然可能我不想去
做但是还要去做。<
/p>
should
是主观想去做。有点像<
/p>
have to
和
must
的关系。
（
ought to
是两个可加
to
的情态动词之一，另一个是
< br>used to
）。
ought
to do
语气更强，常用于长辈对小辈的用语，或某规
则上的要求。而
should do
可用于平辈朋友间，较为客气与口语化。
（一）
should
的用法：
should
用作情态动词，三种人称单、复数通用，后面跟
动词原形。其否定式为：
should
not
(shouldn’t)
1.
表示“义务或责任”，意思是“应该”。例如：
We
should keep our promise.
我们应该遵守诺言。
You shouldn’t
be so careless.
你不应如此粗心大意。
【注意】
should
后面跟：“
have
+
过去分词”结构，其肯定句表示过去应该做而未做的事，其
否定句则表示过
去不该做但做了的事情。
例如：
You should have started 5 minutes
earlier.
你应该早五分钟动身。（却没早动身）
I should have thought of that.
这一点我是应当想到的。（却没想到）
She looks very ill. She should have
stayed at home.
她看样子病得很重，
本应呆
在家里。
（却没呆
在家里）
You should not have gone back to work
without the doctor’s permission.
你不应该未经医生许可就回去工作。（却去工作了）
2.
表示可能性、推测、估计，意思是“可能”、“该”。例如：
She should be home by now, I think.
我想，她现在可能（该）到家了。
It’s two o’clock, the football game
should begin soon.
已经是两点钟了，足球比赛不久就该开始了。
3.
表示说话人用委婉、谦虚的语气，提出意见、请求或建议
，意思是“可”、“倒是”、“想”
等。例如：
I should say it would be better to try
it again.
我以为可以再试试。（提出建议）
I should advise you to pay more
attention to your health.
我倒是想劝你多注意身体
(
建议
)
I
should like to have a talk with you.
我想跟你谈一谈。（请求）
（二）
ought to
的用法：
ought
无时态和人称变化，后面跟
(
带
to
的）动词不定式，其疑问式为：
Ought I /
you
to...?
其否定式
为
ought
not to...
1.
表示有义务必须做某事
,
意思是
“
应该
”;
其语气比
should
强
,
带有责备或督促的含义。例如：
You ought to punctual.
你应该守时。
—
Ought he to do it at once?
—
Yes, he ought
(to).
—他应该立刻就做吗？—是的，应该立刻就做。
They ought to go tomorrow.
他们应该明天去。
You
ought not / oughtn’t to drink too much.
你不应该喝太多酒。
She
said such a thing ought not to be allowed to happe
n.
她说
,
这样的事不应当允许发生。
【注意】
ought to
后面跟“
have +
过去分词”结
构，表示对过去该做而未做之事的责难、后悔
或遗憾的心情。例如：
You ought to have helped her.
你本该帮助她的。（却没有帮助她）
He ought to have returned these books
to the library last week.
他上星期就应该把这些书还给图书馆。（却没有还书）
I ought not to have done it.
我本不该做这件事。（却做了）
2.
表示非常可能的事，意思是“一定会”、“该……”
We ought to win.
我们一定会赢。
If he
started at ten, he ought to be there by time.
假如他十点出发，现在该到那里了。
相
关
练
习
题
1. We ________
fight against pollution.
A. may
B. should
C. mustn’t
D.
needn’t
2. Thomas, please be
quiet. The others ________ hear very well.
A. can’t
B. mustn’t
C. shouldn’t
D.
needn’t
用
should<
/p>
或
ought to
填空：
1. We
________drink about eight cups of water a day.
2. John _________ take a
rest after hours of hard work.
3. We ________ keep our home clean and
tidy.
4. You
________________(not/tell)lies to your parents.
5. You ________ listen to the doctor's
advice if you want to recover soon.
6. Such things ____________ (not) be
allowed.
7. I missed the
class. I _________ have come earlier.
8. I ________ (not) have made such a
foolish mistake.
直接引语和间接引语
<
/p>
一
.
直接引语和间接引语概述
我们把引述别人的话语可归纳为两种方
式，一种时直接引述别人的话语，并置于引号之内的称
为直接引语，
另一种是用自己的语言转述别人的话语，
称为间接引语，
间
接引语一般构成宾语从句。
例如：
The teacher asked,
“
Do you like English?
老师问：“你喜欢英语吗？”（直接引语）
The girl
said that she liked English very much.
女孩说她非常喜欢英语。（间接引语）
一般在直接引语或间接引语当中都有一个引述动词，如
tell,
ask,
say
等。这些引述动词和它们
的主语所放位置比较灵活，可以放在直接引
语之前、之后或其中。主语如果是名词时，可以倒装。
“主语
+
引述动词”放在间接引语当中就相当于宾语从句的主句部分。例如：
He told
me,
“
I am going to Changchun
tomorrow.
”
他告诉我：“明天我打算去长春。”
”
asked Linda.
“你来自哪里？”琳达问。
二
.
直接引语变间接引语的变化形式
1.
人称代词和指示代词的变化
指示代词
this
和
these
通常变为
t
hat
和
those
。人称代词也要根
据情况做适当调整。从句中的第
一人称多变为第三人称，
第二人
称根据情况改为第一人称或第三人称，
第三人称不变。
例如：<
/p>
He said,
“
I came
to help you.
”
他说：“我是来帮助你的。”
→
He said that he had come to
help me.
他说他是来帮助我的。
2.
时态的变化
引述动词如果用一般现在时或一般将来时，间接引语的
时态不变。
引述动词如果用
一般过去时，间接引语的时态要变成相应的过去时态的一种。具体变化如下：
一般现在时→一般过去时
一般过去时→过去完成时
现在进行时→过去进行时
现在完成时→过去完成时
一般将来时→过去将来时
【注意】
< br>含有情态动词的直接引语变成间接引语是，情态动词也要相应地变成过去时态。
若直接引语为客观真理或自然规律，变为间接引语时，
时态不变。
有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语，变为间
接引语时，时态不变。
时间状语的变化
now
→
then
last month
→
the month before
today
→
that day three
days ago
→
three
days before
tonight
→
that night
tomorrow
→
the
next day
this week
→
that week
next month
→
the next month
yesterday
→
the day before
the day after tomorrow
→
in two days
地点状语的变化
here
→
there
谓语动词的变化
come
→
go
三
.
直接引语变为间接引语的情况
1.
直接引语为陈述句
(1)
将直接引语变为由
that
引导的宾语从句，接在谓语动词之后
(that
可以省略。
)
例如：
He said,
“
I forgot to call you
yesterday.
”
他说：“我昨天忘记给你打电话了。”
→
He said that he
had forgotten to call me the day before.
他说她前一天忘记给我打电话了。
(2)
如果引述动词是
say to
sb.,
则通常改为
tell sb. sth.
结构。例如：
He
said to me,
“
Your bike is
broken.
”
她对我说：“你的自行车坏了。”
→
He told me that my bike was
broken.
他对我说我的自行车坏了。
2.
直接引语为一般疑问句
直接引语为一般疑问句，将直接引语变为由
if
/whether
引导的宾语从句，句中时态、人称、指
示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应的变化。其语序为陈述语序，若直接引语的引述动词
为
say
，应改为
ask.
例如：
Mary asked me,
“
Is Helen from the United
States?
”
玛丽问我，“凯伦是美国人吗？”
→
Mary asked me whether/if
Helen was from the United States.
玛丽问我海伦是否是美国人。
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