初中英语语法总复习

（一般加

er / est

，不规则见表）

A

（四）

1

now

?

○

1

原级的用法：

“??和??相同”

A

．

肯定句：

A

＋

动词

＋

as

＋

形容词原级

＋

as

＋

B . He is as tall as me .

B

．

否定句：

A

?

＋

not as

＋形容词原级

＋

as

＋

B

（即

A

不如

B

那么?）

?

＋

not so

＋形容词原级

＋

as

＋

B = A

?

+ less +

形容词原级＋

than + B .

○

2

比较级的用法：

A

．

A

＋

动词

＋

形容词的比较级

＋

than

＋

B

.

（

A

比

B

更?

，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用

much,

even,

still,

a little, a bit, a lot, any, far

等修饰，表示“? 得多”

，

“甚至?”

，

“更?”

，

“?一点儿”

。< /p>

B

．

“比较级

＋

and

＋

比较级”

、

“

more and more

＋

部分双音节或多音节的原级”

译为“越来越?”

。

○

3

最高级的用法：

（个体用－

of

，范围用－

in

，最高级前面要用定冠词－

the

）

A

．

三种最高级表示法。

最高级：

Shanghai is the largest city in China .

比较级：

Shanghai

is

larger

than

any

other

city

in

China

.

/

Shanghai

is

larger

than

the

other

cities

in

China

.

原级：

No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .

副词

．副词的种类：

○

1

时间副词：

often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just

○

2

地点副词：

here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere

?

○

3

方式副词：

hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully

?

5

○

4

程度副词：

very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough

?

○

5

疑问副词：

how, when, where, why

?

○

6

关系副词：

when, where, why

?

（引导定语从句）

○

7

连接副词：

how, when, where, why, whether

?

○

8

频率副词：

often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly

?

○

9

其他副词：

really, certainly, surely, maybe

?

2

．副词的用法：

○

1

作状语

：

He can finish the work easily .

○

2

作定语（要后置）

：

The students here are from Harbin .

○

3

作表语

：

I must be off now .

○

4

作宾补，构成复合宾语

：

Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .

3

．副词的比较级和最高级。

（一般加

er / est ,

不规则见表）

○

1

副词的原级：

A

．

as +

副词的原级

+ as

“与?一样”

B

．

not as(so) +

副词的原级

+ as

“与?不一样”

C

．

too +

副词的原级

+ to do sth .

“太?而不能”

D

．

so +

副词的原级

+ that

从句

“如此?以致于?”

6

E

．

副词的原级

+ enough to do sth .

“足够?能做?”

○

2

副词的比较级：

A

．

A +

动词

+

副词比较级

+ than + B

B

．副词比较级前也可以用

much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot

等修饰。

C

．比较级

＋

and +

比较级，表示“越来越?”

，

the more

?

the more

?

表示“越?就越?”

D

．副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词

the .

（五）数词

1

．基数词：

1

－

12

13

－

19

20

－

90

100

－

1 one

13 thirteen

20 twenty

100 a hundred

2 two

14 fourteen

21 twenty-one

300 three hundred

3 three

15 fifteen

22 twenty-two

1,000 a thousand

4 four

16 sixteen

30 thirty

5,000 five thousand

5 five

17 seventeen

40 forty

1,000,000 a million

6 six

18 eighteen

50 fifty

1,000,000,000 a billion

7 seven

19 nineteen

60 sixty

8 eight

70 seventy

9 nine

80 eighty

10 ten

90 ninety

11 eleven

12 twelve

2

．序数词：

1-10

11-19

20-90

100-

1 first 1

st

11 eleventh 11

th

20 twentieth 20

th

100 one hundredth 100

th

2 second 2

nd

12 twelfth 12

th

21 twenty- first 21

st

103 one hundred and third

103

rd

3 third 3

rd

13 thirteenth 13

th

30 thirtieth 30

th

134 one hundred and

7

4 fourth 4

th

5 fifth 5

th

6 sixth 6

th

7 seventh 7

th

14 fourteenth 14

th

15 fifteenth 15

th

16 sixteenth 16

th

17 seventeenth 17

th

18 eighteenth 18

th

19 nineteenth 19

th

37 thirty-seventh 37

th

40 fortieth 40

th

50 fiftieth 50

th

60 sixtieth 60

th

70 seventieth 70

th

80 eightieth 80

th

90 ninetieth 90

th

8 eighth 8

th

9 ninth 9

th

10 tenth 10

th

thirty-fourth 134

th

200 two hundredth 200

th

1000 one thousandth 1,000

th

1,000,000 one millionth

th

1,000,000

1,000,000,000 one

billionth 1,000,000,000

th

1

作主语：

The first is better than the second .

○

○

2

作宾语：

He was among the first to arrive .

○

3

作表语：

He is the first to come to school .

○

4

作定语：

The

ninth

letter

of

the

word

“

restaurant< /p>

”

is

“

n

”

./

There

are

three

thousand

workers

in

the

factory

.

（六）代词

类

别

作

用

数

格

人

称

主

格

宾

格

一

例

词

单

数

二

三

一

例

句

复

数

二

三

they

them

他们

的

I am a teacher .

They are students .

We all like him .

He gave the book to me .

My book is there.

Her father is a worker.

This bike is yours, ours is

8

人称代词

代替人或事物，主格作

主语，宾客作宾语

形容词性只作定语，名

词义

物主代词

词性可以作主、宾、表

类型

语等，表示所属关系

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

me

you

him

he

t

us

you

我

我

你

他

她

它

你们

们

的

的

的

的

的

的

的

形容词

性

my

you

r

his

her

it

ou

s

r

your

their

broken .

名词词

min

you

性

e

rs

his

hers

ou

your

s

rs

s

theirs

数

人称

第一人称

第二人称

第三人称

反身代词

起强调作用，只作同位

him

herse

We ourselves did the work.

语和宾语

单

数

myself

yourself

sel

itself

f

lf

He did the work by himself.

复

数

ourselves

yourselve

s

themselves

宾

格

所

有

格

相互代词

表示相互关系，作宾语

each other

（两者相互）

each other

’

s

（相互的）

We should help each other.

one

another

（三者或三者 以

Please correct each other

’

上）

one another

’

s

（相互的）

s mistakes .

指示代词

起指示作用，作定语、

Take this book to his room.

主语、宾语、表语等

This, that, these, those, it, such, same

My point is this .

代替或修饰任何不定数

some,

any,

no,

none,

many,

few,

little,

all,

both,

every,

不定代词

量及不定范围的人或事

one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another,

I

have

something

to

tell

you.

物

somebody, nobody, nothing, each

Neither answer is right.

疑问代词

表示疑问，构成特殊问

句

who, what, whose, which, whom

Whom did you see ?

关系代词

引导定语从句

which, that, who, whom, whose

The

book

that

I

lost

was

new.

引导名词性从句（主语

连接代词

从句、宾语从句、表语

what, who, that

I know what you are doing .

从句、同位语从句）

That

’

s what I hope .

（七）动词

类

别

意

义

例

子

例

句

9

含有实在的意义，表示

及物动词

后面一定接宾语

Open, visit, hear

?

He

visited

Gaozhou

行为动词

动作或状态，在句中能

yesterday.

独立作谓语。

不及物动

后面可以不接宾

词

语

Laugh, cry, live

?

He

lives

in Beijing .

Be,

become,

grow,

get,

连系动词（

link v

）

本身有一定的词义，

turn, look, sound,

The meat smells bad .

谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。

smell, taste, feel,

He is a student .

seem

?

本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，

Do,

does,

did,

am,

is,

助动词（

.

）

只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动

are, have, has, had,

He doesn

’

t speak English .

词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他

shall, will, should,

We are playing football .

语法形式

would

?

He had gone to Beijing .

本身有一定的意义，

但不能独立作

谓语，

只能和主要动词一起构成谓

Can, may, must,

She can speak English .

情态动词（

Modal Verbs

）

语动词，表示说话人的语气和情

should, need, dear,

May I speak to Ann, please

、

态。情态动词没有人称和数的变

shall, will, have

化。

to

?

We must go now .

注：动词（除情态动词，只有原形和过 去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动词－

ing

、动词过去式、动 词过去分词五种形式。

（八）介词

1

．介词的种类：

○

1

简单介词：

in, at, of, from, since, around, to

?

○

2

合成介词：

onto, into, without, upon, within

?

○

3

短语介词：

because of, in front of, according to

?

○

4

分词介词：

regarding, following, concerning

?

10

2

．介词短语在句子中的作用：

○

1

作定语。

I know the answer to the question .

○

2

作状语。

The children are playing basketball in the playground .

○

3

作表语。

Mike is in the classroom .

○

4

作宾语补足语。

He found himself in the middle of the river .

○

5

作主语补足语。

Tom was seen inside the cinema .

3

．常用介词的基本用法：

○

1

表示时间的介词（

at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within

?）

○

2

表示位置，方位的介词（

in, at, on, to

?）

○

3

表示交通方式的常用介词（

by, on, in

?）

○

4

其他一些词组搭配介词（

be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth

?）

（九）连词

1

．并列连词：

○

1

表联合关系连词。

（

and, or, but, for, not only

?

but also, as well as, both

?

and

< br>?

, neither

?

nor .

）

○

2

转折连词。

（

but, while, yet, however .

）

○

3

选择连词。

（

or, or else, either

?

or

?< /p>

, otherwise .

）

11

2

．从属连词：

○

1

引导主 语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用，主要有三个：

that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .

○

2

引导状语从句的从属连词：

A

．

连接时间状语从句：

when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since

?

B

．

连接让步状语从句：

although, though, even if, however

?

C

．

连接原因状语从句：

as, because, since, now that, for

?

D

．

连接目的状语从句：

that, so that, in order that

?

E

．

连接条件状语从句：

if, unless, once, in case

?

F

．

连接结 果状语从句：

so

?

that, such

?

that

?

G

．

连接方式状语从句：

as, as if, as though

?

H

．

连接地点状语从句：

where .

I

．

连接比较状语从句：

as, as

?

as, not as/so

?

as, than

?

（十）非谓语动词

1

．定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、 表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，

这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式 、分词和动名词。

2

．动词不定式：

to

＋

动词原形（在某些情况下可以不带

to

）

。

（没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以 有时态

和语态的变化）

○

1

一般式：主动语态：

to do ,

被动语态：

to be +

动词过去分词

(

表示动作或状态与谓 语动词的动作或状态同时发生或

之后发生

)

○

2

进行式：主动语态：

to be doing ,

被动语态：无

(

表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生

)

○

3

完成式：主动语态：

to have +

动词过去分词，被动语态：

to have been +

动词过去分词

(

表示动作或状态在 谓语动作之

前就发生

)

○

4

用法：

12

A

．

作主语：

To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It

’

s not easy to learn a foreign language .

B

．

作表语：

The most important thing is to finish the work on time .

C

．

作宾语：

a.

动词＋

to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan,

try, start, afford

?

)

b.

动词＋疑问词＋

to do I don

’

t know where to put the bike .

c.

动词＋形式宾语

(it)

＋宾补＋

to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .

D

．

作补语：

a.

动词＋宾语＋

to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite,

allow, encourage

?

)

b.

动词＋宾语＋不带

to

的动词

He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make,

let

?

)

E

．

作状语：

a.

表示目的：

He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .

b.

表示结果：

He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren

’

t old enough to go to school .

c.

表示原因：

He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .

F

．作定语：

I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .

○

5

动词不定式

to

的省略：

A

．

在感官动词

feel, hear, see, watch, notice

及使役动词

have, let, make< /p>

等后面要省

to

，但在变被动语态时要还 原

不定式

to

。

I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .

B

．在

had better, would rather, do nothing but

等后面常省

to

。

○

6

动词不定式的否定形式：

not + to do

，有时也可以用－

never + to do

结构。

3

．动名词：动词原形＋

ing

。具有名词、动词一些特征。

○

1

一般式：主动语态：

doing

，被动语态：

being +

动词过 去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或

13

之后发生

)

○

2

完成式：主动语态：

having +

动词过去分词，被动语态：

having been +

动词过去分词

（表示动作或状态在 谓语动词的

动作或状态之前就发生）

Children

enjoy

watching

animated

cartoon

. I

don

’

t

remember

having

ever

seen

the film .

○

3

动名词的否定形式：

not +

动名 词（

v-ing

）

I regret not being able to help you .

○

4

用法：

A

．

作主语：

a.

动名词作主语如果太长，可以用 形式主语

it

代替。

Learning

English

is

very

important

.---

It

’

s

very

important

to learn English .

b.

No +

动名词表示“禁止”

。

No smoking, No parking .

B

．

作宾语：

He finished doing his homework .

C

．

作表语：

His favourite sport is playing basketball .

D

．

作定语：

shopping basket, finishing line .

（表明名词的用途、功能等）

E

．

动名词 的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词＋动名词。

Do you mind

my / Wei Fang

’

s

opening the window ?

4

．分词：动词原形＋

ing

。具有 形容词、副词和动词一些特征。

（可分为现在分词、过去分词）

现在分词

○

1

一般式：主动语态：

doing

，被动语态：

being +

动词过 去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生

)

○

2

完成式：主动语态：

having +

动词过去分词，被动语态：

having been +

动词过去分词

（表示动作或状态在 谓语动词的动

作或状

态之前就发生）

○

3

动名词的否定形式：

not

+

动名词（

v-ing

）

No

understanding

the

meaning

of

the

words,

he

couldn

’

t

explain

the

sentence .

14

○

4

用法：

A

．

作表语。

The result is surprising .

B

．

作定语。

Developing country (

主谓关系

) sleeping boy (boy

所做的动作

)

C

．

作状语。

Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he

saw a girl playing the piano .

D

．

作宾补。

I found him lying on the grass.

过去分词

○

1

形式： 规则动词＋

ed

，和不规则动词的过去分词。

< br>

○

2

过去分词的否定形式：

not +

动词过去分词。

3

用法：

○

A

．

作表语：

My bike is broken . He is very worried .

B

．

作定语：

developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .

C

．

作状语：

Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he

was ill .

D

．

作宾补：

You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .

（十一）动词的语态

1

．

语态定 义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示

主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

We teach English in our school .(

主动

) English is taught

in our school .

（被动）

2

．

被动语态：助动词

Be +

及物动词的过去分词（

be +p.p.

）

，

be

有人称、时态和数的变化。 见下表：

时

态

谓语动词的形式

例

子

一般现在时

Am / is / are +

动词过去分词

Colour TVs are made in the factory .

一般过去时

Was / were +

动词过去分词

My hometown was liberated in 1949 .

一般将来时

Shall / will + be +

动词过去分词

The film will be shown again .

15