-
Architecture of China
中国建筑
Although
the
ancient
Chinese
never
considered
architecture
a fine art, in China as in the West it
has been the mother of
the fine arts.
It was through the medium of architectural
decoration that painting and sculpture
matured and gained
recognition as
independent arts.
虽然中国古代没有考虑建筑艺术，
在中国和西方一直是艺术之母。
它是通过作为建筑装饰，绘画和雕塑的成熟，
被认作是独立的艺术。
Technique and
Forms
. The architecture of China is an
indigenous system of construction which
was conceived in the
dawn
of
Chinese
civilization
and
has
been
developing
ever
since.
Its characteristic
form is a timber skeleton or framework
standing on a masonry platform and
covered by a pitched roof
with
overhanging eaves. The spaces between the posts
and
lintels of the framework may be
filled in with curtain walls
whose
sole
function
is
to
separate
one
portion
of
the
building
from another, or
the interior from the exterior. The walls of
Chinese building, unlike those of the
conventional European
building, are
free from
the
weight
of
the
upper
floors and the
roof,
and
may
be
installed
or
omitted
as
required.
By
adjusting
the
proportion
of
the
open
and
walled-
in
spaces,
the
architect
1
may admit or exclude just the amount of
light and air
appropriate
to
any
purpose
and
to
any
climate.
This
high
degree
of adaptability has enabled Chinese
architecture to follow
Chinese
civilization
wherever
it
has
spread
—
to
Korea
and
Japan
in
the
east,
to
Sinkiang
in
the
west,
to
Indochina
in
the
south,
and to the Siberian
border in the north.
技术与形式。
中
国建筑是建筑是孕育中华文明的曙光自主系统已
经发展自。
其特
点是木骨架或框架，
站在一个砖石平台和覆盖的坡屋
顶和飞檐。
柱子和梁的框架之间的空间可以填充幕墙的唯一功能是单
独的一
部分，从另一个建筑，或内部与外部。中国的建筑物的墙壁，
不像那些传统的欧式建筑，
不受上层地板和屋顶的重量，
并可以安装
或略的要求。
通过调整比例和围墙的开放空间，
建筑师可以承
认或排
除光和空气适合任何目的和任何气候量。
这种高度的适应
性使中国建
筑随着中华文明无论在东传到朝鲜和日本，
在西部的
新疆，
在南印度
支那，和西伯利亚北部边境。
< br>
As
the
Chinese
system
of
construction
evolved
and
matured
,
rules and the orders of classical
European architecture were
developed to
govern the proportion of the different members
of the building .In buildings of a
monumental character the
order is
enriched by tou- kung, sets of brackets on top of
the
columns
supporting
the
beams
within
and
roof
of
eaves
without.
Each set consists of tiers of
outstretching arms called Kung,
2
cushioned
with
trapezoidal
blocks
called
tou.
The
tou-
kung
are
functional members of the structure,
carrying the beams and
permitting
the
deep
overhang
of
the
eaves.
As
they
evolved,
they
assumed different
shapes and proportions. In earlier periods
they were simple and large in
proportion to the size of the
building;
later
they
became
smaller
and
complicated.
Hence
they
serve as a convenient
index to the date of construction.
作为建设
发展成熟的汉字系统，
规则和欧洲古典建筑的命令来控
制建筑物
的各部分的比例。
在纪念性的建筑是由以栱丰富，
套架顶部
的支撑梁柱和屋顶内檐无。
每个组由外伸的武器称为西贡层，
梯形的
垫块称为头。斗栱是结构的功能构件，承载梁，使屋檐深悬。它
们的
进化，
它们具有不同的形状和比例。
在更早的时期他们在建筑物的大
小比例简单大；后来他们变得越来越复杂。因此，他们
作为施工日期
方便指数。
The
planning problem of the Chinese architect is not
that
of partitioning a single building,
since the framing system
makes
the
interior
partitions
more
screens,
but
of
the
placing
the
various buildings of which a Chinese house is
composed.
These are usually grouped
around courtyards, and a house may
consist of an indefinite number of such
courtyard. The
principal
buildings
usually
oriented
toward
the
south,
so
that
a maximum amount of
sunlight can be admitted in winter, while
3
the summer sun
is
cut off by the
overhanging
eaves.
Apart
from
the variations required by special
topographical conditions,
the same
general principles apply to all domestic,
official,
and religious architecture. <
/p>
对中国建筑师的规划问题，
分配一个单一的建筑，
由于框架结构
使室内分区更多的屏幕，但放置各种建筑，中国的房子是由。这些
通
常是围绕庭院，
和房子可以由这样的庭院不定数。
主建筑物通常面向
南方，
使阳光可以最大限度进入
冬季，
而夏天的太阳是由飞檐的切断。
除了特殊的地形条件的变
化，
相同的一般原则适用于所有国内，
官员，
< br>和宗教建筑。
Historical
Development
. The oldest architectural
remains
in China are some tombs of the
Handynasty. Both the burial
chamber
and
the
ch
,
ueh,
or
gate
piers,
include
translations
into
stone of timber
construction, showing a highly accomplished
carpenter
’
s art
rendered by an equally masterful touch of the
sculptor
’
s
chisel. The important role played by the tou-kung
is seen even in that early period.
历史发展。
在中国最古老的建筑仍然是汉代一些坟墓。
< br>无论是墓
室和
CH
，用户出口处
理程序，或墩，包括翻译成木建筑石材，呈现
出高度熟练的木工艺术由雕塑家凿一个同样
熟练的触摸渲染。
通过斗
栱扮演了重要的角色，甚至在早期出现
。
No timber structure built
during the long interval up to
4
the middle of the 8th
century A. D. has as yet been found
standing in China. Yet glimpses of the
outward appearance of
such
structure
may
be
gathered
from
the
details
of
construction
in
some
of
the
cave
temples
and
from
the
paintings
on
their
walls.
In
the
cave
of
Yunkang,
near
Tatung,
Shansi,
constructed
about
452-494 A. D., and in those of
Hsiangtang Shan, on the border
of Honan
and Hopeh provinces, and Tienlung Shan, near Yanku
(Taiyuan), Shansi, which were built
about 550-618 A. D., the
facades
and
interiors
are
treated
architecturally,
carved
from
the
rock
cliffs
to
emulate
the
contemporary
timber
structures.
On the tympanum
of the west portal of the Tzu-en Si pagoda
(701-704A. D.), in Sian (Changan),
Shensi, is an engraving
showing
in
accurate
detail
a
Buddhist
temple
hall.
The
frescoes
on
the
walls
of
the
6th
to
11th
century
caves
at
Tunhwang,
Kansu,
are
paradise
scenes
with
elaborate
architectural
backgrounds.
These
relics
are
graphic
records
of
the
architecture
of
a
period
that has left us on
standing specimens, Here, too, we notice
the important of the tou-kung, whose
evolution may be clearly
traced.
没有木结构建在长间隔到公元第八世纪的有中尚未发现站在中
国。然而，这
种结构的外观也可从一些的石窟寺庙建筑的细节，从墙
上的画聚集。
在山洞里晕康，
近大同，
山西，
建
造约
452
公元
494
年，
5
在那些
hsiangtang
山，对河南、河北省交界，与天龙山附近，眼库
（太原），山西，建于公元
618
年的约<
/p>
550
，立面和室内建筑处理，
雕刻从岩
石峭壁效仿现代木结构。在慈西门户的鼓室恩寺宝塔（
701
704a
。
D
），陕西西安（长安），
是一种以精确的细节，雕刻佛教寺
庙大厅展示。壁画上的第六壁第十一世纪的洞穴
tunhwang
，甘肃，
天堂的场景与精致
的建筑背景。
这些文物是一个时期，
我们留在这里，
也站在标本，建筑平面的记录，我们注意到斗栱的重要，其发展可以
清楚地
看出。
Such indirect
evidence of the character of early Chinese
architecture is well supported by
groups of buildings still
standing in
Japan. They were erected in the Suiko (Asuka),
Hakuho,
and
Konin
(Jogan)
periods,
corresponding
to
the
Sui
and
Tang
dynasties
in
China. In
fact,
until the middle
of
the 19th
century
the
architecture
of
Japan
reflected
as
in
a
mirror
the
changing style of continental builders.
The early Japanese
structures
may
justifiably
be
called
colonial
Chinese,
and
some
are
actually known to have been erected by continental
architects.
Earliest
of
these
is
the
Horyuji
group,
near
Nara,
which
was
constructed
by
Korean
builders
and
completed
in
607,
Another
is
the
Kondo
of
the
Todaiji,
Nara,
built
by
the
Chinese
monk
Ganjin (Chien-chen, died 736) in 759.
这种间接证据的特点中国早期建筑的建筑依然屹立在日本团体
6
支持。他们竖立在推古朝（明日香），白凤，与弘仁（年）时
期，中
国隋唐对应。
事实上，
直到第十
九世纪的日本建筑中反映在镜子大陆
建设者的风格转变。
日本早
期的结构可能是被称为殖民地的中国，
有
的实际上是众所周知的
已经由大陆建筑师建造。最早的是法隆寺组，
奈良附近，是由韩国的建设者和完成
607
，另一个是奈良的东大寺，
Kondo
，由中国和尚鉴真建（渐陈，死于
736
）
759
。
The oldest extant wooden structure in
China itself is the
main hall of the
Buddhist temple Fo-kuang Si, Wutai, Shansi.
It is a one-story buildings of seven
bays, with tu-kung of
gigantic size,
showing an unparalleled vigor and dignity in
proportion and design. The temple was
built in 857, shortly
after
the
nationwide
Buddhist
persecution
of
845.
It
is
the
only
wooden
structure
known
to
date
from
the
Tang
dynasty,
the
golden
age
of
Chinese
art.
The
hall
houses
specimens
of
sculpture
and
calligraphy and a fresco frieze, all of
the same period. The
congregation
in
one
spot
of
all
the
major
arts
of
Tang
date
makes
this temple and its contents a unique
treasure in China.
现存最古老的木结构在中国本身是佛教寺院佛
光寺大殿，
五台山，
山西。这是七开间一一层的楼房，与屠公的
巨大规模，显示比例和设
计一个无与伦比的活力和尊严。该寺建于
857
，
845
全国佛教迫害后
不久。这是唯一的木结构已知的日期从唐朝，中国艺术的黄金时代。
雕塑与书法和壁画装饰房屋大厅的标本，
所有同期。
在一个地方
所有
7
的唐日大艺术众使这殿，其内容在中国独一无二的珍宝。
Wooden
structures
of
later
periods
are
found
in
increasing
numbers.
A
few
of
the
more
outstanding monuments
may
be
chosen
to
represent the Sung dynasty, together with the
contemporaneous Liao and Chin
dynasties.
后期的木结构越来越多的发现。
一些更
优秀的古迹可以选择代表
宋代，连同当时的辽秦。
The hall of Kuan-yin (Goddess of Mercy)
of the Tu-lo Si,
Chihsien, Hopeh, was
built I 984. It is a two-story structure
containing an eleven- headed Kuan-yin,
standing upright. A
mezzanine story is
inserted between the two main stories, so
that the structure is actually built of
three superposed
“orders.”
Here
the
function
of
the
tou
-kung
is
shown
to
best
advantage.
观音殿（观音）的涂罗寺，
chihsien
，河北，建我
984
。它是一
二层结构中含有一个十一头的观音，
站直
。
夹层的故事插两主之间的
故事，这样的结构实际上是建立三叠
加”命令。
“这里的斗栱的作用
是证明最好的优势。
The group of buildings at
Tsintzu, near Yanku, was built
about
1025. The two principal buildings are each one
story in
height,
but
the
main
hall
has
double-decked
eaves.
The
main
hall
of Hua-yen Si, Tatung,
is a huge single-story structure with
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