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.
中国传统节日
Traditional Chinese
Festivals
The
Spring Festival
春节
The Chinese Spring Festival falls on
the very first day of the Chinese Lunar
year
. The celebration of
the
Spring Festival, otherwise known as the Chinese
New Year, starts from the first day of the first
lunar
month
and
ends
on
the
Lantern
Festival,
that
is,
the
fifteenth
of
the
month.
T
he
Spring
Festival to the
Chinese is what Christmas to the Westerners
(
中国人过春节相当于西方人过圣诞
节
).
The
Spring Festival Eve
除夕
The Spring Festival Eve
, or
the Chinese New Year’s Eve, is call the
Danian Sanshi
(大年三十)
in
Chinese.
It is a time of jubilance, with eyeful of Spring
Festival couplets, earful of loud firecrackers,
and the kitchen full of yummy stuff
cooking on the stove. Wherever they are, people
will hurry
back home for their family
reunion on the eve.
The Spring Festival Eve Dinner
年夜饭
The Spring
Festival Eve Dinner is known as the Dinner of
Reunion
.
On the Eve,
children away from
home will all come
back to enjoy a tableful of delicacies together
with their parents
. People in the
north
prefer
jiaozi
,
the
southerners
like
tangyuan
,
sweet
round
dumplings
to
indicate
family
reunion
,
and
niangao
, which means
“
going higher and higher in the coming
year
”.
Spring Festival Couples
贴春联
It has been a
tradition for the Chinese to paste Spring Festival
couples on the doors during the
Festival
. Words of
auspiciousness are written in the couples, which
are called
duilian
对联
, or the
Pair Couplets, b
ecause the
words on both couplets should be equal in number,
parallel in form,
and attuned in
meaning
. Sometimes people also paste a
hengpi
横批
, a
horizontal scroll bearing
an
inscription, above the couples.
Gift Money
压岁钱
On the
festive occasion, young children will pay New Year
calls on and express their best wishes to
their elders who, in return, will offer
them yasuiqian
压岁钱
, money
given to children as a Spring
Festival
gift.
The money is usually
wrapped up in red paper
–
a
symbol of good fortune.
Setting off firecrackers
放鞭炮
Part of the
Spring Festival celebration is to
set
off firecracker
,
which is
meant to add joy to the
festivity
.
People
wish
that,
by
setting
off
firecrackers,
good
luck
would
come
to
them
in
the
coming year.
Paying New Year Calls
拜年
The Spring
Festival is also a time to pay festive visits and
say good wishes to one another among
relatives, friends and neighbours.
.
.
Vising Temple
Fairs
赶庙会
During
the Festival, people visit temple fairs, where an
assortment of entertaining performances
takes place, including
Yandko
秧歌
(a rirual folk dance popular in north
China),
acrobatics
(杂
< br>技)
and folk art
shows
. Varieties of snacks and
commodity exchanges
(商品交易)
are also the
integral parts of the fair.
The Lantern Festival
元宵节
The
15
th
day of the first lunar
month is the Chinese Lantern Festival,
which coincides with the first
full-moon night of the year
(
这一天正好是新年的第一个月圆之夜
). The
major activities of the
day include
watching painted lanterns
,
solving riddles
,
setting off fireworks
, and
eating
yuanxiao
元宵
(sweet
dumplings) made of
glutinous
[
?
glu:tin
?
s](
粘的,胶装的
)
rice flour
(糯米面,糯米
粉)
.
Eating Yuanxiao
吃元宵
Eating
yuanxiao
元宵
on the day of the Lantern
Festival symbolizes
family reunion and
happiness
.
Yuanxiao are made
with glutinous rice flour dough, stuffed with a
variety of food such as red bean
paste,
sesame, mixed nutlets with sugar. Minced meat is
another favored flavor
(
元宵用糯
米粉包
馅制成,
馅儿有豆沙、
芝麻、<
/p>
各类果仁加白糖,
还有肉糜馅等
).
In southern China, people also
eat
tangyuan
汤圆
(like
yuanxiao
元宵
).
Watching Painted Lanterns
赏花灯
On the night
of the Lantern Festival, lines of painted lanterns
are hung around the courtyard and
along
both sides of the street.
The colorful
lights against the full moon create quite a visual
feast
for people to enjoy
(
人们观灯赏月,其乐融融
).
Solving Lantern Riddles
猜灯谜
Solving
riddles written or printed on lanterns is another
way of entertaining visitors on the night.
The Dragon Boat Festival
端午节
The Chinese
Dragon Boat Festival falls on the fifth day of the
fifth month on the Chinese Lunar
Calendar
. The story goes
that the day is kept in memory of
the
patriotic poet Qu Yuan
屈原
who
died more
than 2000 years ago.
It’s also a day to
pray for agricultural harvests as well as to drive
pestilences [
?
pes
til
?
ns] away
(
同时也是人们祈求农业丰收,驱除瘟疫的节日
).
Qu Yuan (339BC?
~
278BC?)
屈原
Qu Yuan
屈原
,
a patriotic
poet
of the Chu State
楚国
in ancient China, is
greatly respected by
people of all
times, for both
his fine poetry and
noble character
. It was on the fifth
day of the fifth
lunar month in the
year 278 BC
after the falling of the
Chu State
(楚国)
that Qu Yuan
(屈原)
gave his life to his
beloved motherland by drowning himself in the
river
(
因楚国国都失陷,屈原
悲愤地投江而死
).
.
.
Dragon Boat Racing
赛龙舟
The dragon
boat is made of wood, with mythical dragon head
and dragon tail decorations on it.
Dragon boat racing
originally showed people’
s
wish to rescue Qu
Yuan
(屈原)
from drowning, and
gradually became a popular competitive
mass sport
(
赛龙舟最初是表达屈原投江后,人们
寻救
他的迫切心情,后来逐渐成为端午节流行的一项民间体育竞技活动
< br>).
Eating Zongzi
吃粽子
Legend has it
that
in order to keep the fish away
from eating Q
u Yuan’s body, people
would throw
rice wrapped in bamboo or
reed [ri:d]
(芦苇)
leaves into the water to feed the
fish.
That’s how
the tradition of eating zongzi
粽子
(rice dumplings wrapped in
leaves) around the Dragon Boat
Festival
started. A zongzi
(粽子)
is
usually made in the shape of a triangular or
square lump
(
粽
子外形为三角形或四角形
),
wrapped
in
large
bamboo
leaves
.
The
ingredients
are
mostly
glutinous rice, beans, Chinese dates,
or pork
.
Hanging
Moxa
挂艾蒿
Moxa
leaves
are
hung
in
front
of
every
household
during
the
Dragon
Boat
Festival
in
order
to
expel
[
?
k'sp
?
p>
l]
(驱逐)
evil spirits and to relieve people’s
internal heat or fever
(
驱邪解毒
). The
sweet
scent of the herb, however, can also repel flies
and mosquitoes, and
purify the
air
around
the house.
The Moon
Festival
中秋节
The
Moon Festival or the Mid-autumn Festival falls on
the 15
th
of the eighth month
of the Chinese
Lunar year
.
It is also called the Festival of Family Reunion
团圆节
, as the full moon around
that
time very well
symbolizes harvests and
reunion
. It is a time for family
members to get together
and
savour
['seiv
?
]
尽情享受
moon cakes as they admire
the full moon
.
The Moon Cake
月饼
The Cake of Reunion
团圆饼
is another
name for the moon cakes. Made by wheat flour dough
and stuffed with a wide variety, sweet
or salty
,
moon
cakes are both the must-eat food and major
gift items around the Moon
Festival
(
月饼是中秋节人们互赠的主要礼品,也是
节日的重要食
品
).
The Doubl
e Ninth Festival
重阳节
Chongyang
重阳
—
the Double Ninth Festival, also known
as the Senior Citizens’ Day
老人节
, is
on the
ninth of the ninth lunar month.
As
“nine” is regarded as a number of the Yang
(positive or
masculine by nature in
Chinese philosophy), two “nines” together makes a
Chongyang, or Double
Yang
(<
/p>
中国古人把九称为阳数,阳在中国哲学中属阳性,代表男性阳刚特质,所以九月九叫
做重阳
). On this day, people will
go climbing mountains, drinking, and admiring
chrysanthemum
[kri's?nθ?
m
?
m]
菊花
flowers. More importantly, it’s a time
for children to
show some tender
loving care to the seniors or to show
filial
['f
?
l
?
?
l]
piety
['pa
?
?
t
?
]
for
their parents
.
(
filial peity
孝
顺,孝心)
.
.
Climbing the Heights to Keep Away
Troubles
登高避灾
The
Double Ninth Festival is in autumn, when
married women are supposed to observe
the ritual
of visiting their
parents
and taking them to do some
mountain-climbing, so that they could enjoy
the seasonal beauty together.
Appreciating the
Chrysanthemums
赏菊
The
chrysanthemums
are
in
full
blossom
at
this
time
of
the
year,
and
the
great
variety
of
the
flower has long been the
object of admiration for the Chinese
(<
/p>
品种繁多的菊花在秋日盛开,观
赏菊花是流传已久的节日风俗
p>
).
Offering
Sacrifices to the Goddess of the Sea
祭海神
The ninth of
the ninth lunar month happens to be the day when
Mazu
妈祖
, the Goddess of the
Sea,
ascended
to
the
heaven
.
Grand
ceremonies
are
held
for
her
on
the
day
in
China’s
coastal
cities including the
Taiwan Region.
The God of
Longevity
[l
?
n'd<
/p>
?
ev
?
ti]
寿星老
the guardian of long-
life
长寿的保护神
Chinese Tea
中国茶
In China,
tea-drinking is part of the Chinese culture: Tea
Culture.
To drink tea is not only a way
of
life, it is also a custom
(
喝茶不仅是人们生活中的一种习惯,也是待客的一种习俗
).
Teahouses
where tea-drinkers could also
socialize and entertain
themselves
are all over the country.
Tea-sauteing
(
炒茶
), the important part of
tea processing, determines the quality of the
product.
The Home of Tea
茶叶的故乡
Processed
tea leaves picked from tea trees become the tea we
prepare with water and then drink
(
茶是一种植物,称茶树,它的芽叶经过加工就成了可供冲泡的茶叶
). Originally a product of
China, tea was exported to parts of
Asia as early as some 1500 years ago, and it
arrived in Europe
about 400 years ago.
Varieties of Tea
茶叶的品种
With
different
ways
of
processing,
tea
can
be
classified
into
such
varieties
as
green
tea
绿茶
,
black tea
红茶
, oolong tea
p>
['u
?
l
?
p>
?]
乌龙茶
, and
scented tea
花茶
,
etc. and under each category,
there’re
different
brand
names
such
as
the
Xihu
Longjing
西湖龙井
(West
Lake
Longjing
Tea,
green tea produced in Hangzhou,
Zhejiang
浙江杭州
),
Biluochun
碧螺春
(green tea, produced in
Jiangsu Prov.
江苏
).
Tea Ceremony
茶艺
In
the
Chinese
tea
culture,
there
are
certain
rituals
and
rules
to
follow,
either
at
the
stage
of
preparing, drinking or
treating a guest
(
沏茶,敬茶,饮茶
). There’s also a
set of criteria for the
quality of
water, tea, and tea-making utensils.
.
.
中国书法绘画
Chinese
calligraphy and painting
The Four
Treasures of the Study
文房四宝
Wenfang
文房
refers to the study for a
man of letters, and the tools and materials for
calligraphy
and painting include
the writing brush, ink stick, ink slab
and paper
(
笔、墨、纸、砚
), so they are
jointly
called
“the
four
treasures
of
the
study”.
In
addition
to
these,
there
may
also
be
other
accessories for calligraphy and
painting in the study, such as brush pots, brush
racks, ink boxes,
brush rinsing dishes,
seals and seal boxes, ets
(
还
有笔筒、笔架、墨盒、笔洗、印章、印盒等多
种书法和绘画用品
).
The Writing Brush
毛笔
Writing
brushes are the traditional writing tools in
China, dating from 1600 BC to 1066 BC. The
point of the brush is usually made with
hair from animal tails and the shaft of bamboo
sticks.
The
sizes
of
writing
brushes
fall
into
three
types,
namely
large,
medium
and
small
for
writing
characters of different sizes
respectively
(
根据书写字体大小不同,毛笔有大、中、小号
).
There
are also larger ones called
Dou
brush
斗笔
or
Ti
brush
提笔
, and the largest one is
called
Zha
brush
揸笔
.
The Ink Stick
墨(块)
In ancient
China, people had to grind
(
[gra
?
nd]
磨碎,
碾碎)
the ink
stick into ink liquid and then
dip the
writing brush into it to write and paint. For
grinding the ink stick, some fresh water should
be poured into the ink slab first,
then,
grind the ink stick round in one
direction
(
用墨块在砚台上
顺着一个方向研磨
), and gradually, the fresh
water turn into ink liquid.
The Ink Slab
砚
The ink slab,
as a tool for grinding ink sticks and usually made
of stone, is very important to an
ancient
man
of
letters
in
his
study.
The
most
famous
is
the
Duan
Ink
Slab
端砚
produced
in
Zhaoqing, Guangdong
Province
广东肇庆
, which is
called Duanzhou
端州
in ancient
times.
This
kind
of
ink
slabs
has
a fine,
soft
and
smooth
texture
and
the
ink
liquid
ground
in
them
is
well
mixed and
durable
(
端砚质地细密柔润,研出的墨汁均匀耐用
).
Ink slabs can also be engraved
with exquisite designs as treasures of
art
(
砚台上还能雕出精美的花纹,成为艺术珍品
).
Traditional Chinese
Paintings
中国画
As
a traditional art in China, traditional Chinese
paintings are created through special manners of
presentation and artistic principles,
with writing brushes, ink, and
pigment
(色素颜料)
which are
all unique to the
Chinese
(
国画是中国传统的绘画艺术,
它用中国所独有的毛笔、
水墨、
颜料,
以特有的表现形式和艺术法则创作而成
).
They
can
be
classified,
according
to
subject
matter,
into landscape,
flower-and-bird and figure paintings.
Landscape Paintings
山水画
Landscape
paintings mainly depict natural scenery of
mountains and rivers, which first came into
.
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