-
初中语法以及相应练习题
一、名
词
表示某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。
< br>
强调:不可数名词都默认为单数,所以总是用
is
p>
或者
was
;最好不要根据
some
、
any
、
a lot
of
等词去作
判断,以免受误导。
<
/p>
1
、可数名词如何变
“
< br>复数形式
”
:
a
.一般情况下,直接加
-s
,如:
book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-
beds
;读音:清辅音后读,浊辅音
和元音后读
[z]
。
b
.以
s. x. sh. ch
p>
结尾,加
-es
,如:
bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch- watches
;读音:
[iz]
。
c
.以
“<
/p>
辅音字母
+y”
结尾,变
y
为
i,
再加
-es
,如:
family-families,
strawberry-strawberries
;读音:
[z]
。
d
.以
“f
或
fe”
结尾,变
f
或
fe
为
v,
再加
-es
,如:
knife-knives
,
thief-thieves
;读音
:
[z]
。
e
.以
“o”
结尾的词,分两种情况<
/p>
1
)有生命的
+es
读音:
[z]
如:
mango-mangoes
tomato-tomatoes
hero-
heroes
2)
无生命的
+s
读音:
[z]
如:
photo-photos radio-radios
f.
不规则名词复数:
man-
men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,
policewoman-policewomen,snowman-
snowmen,mouse-mice,child-children,foot-feet,
tooth-teeth,
fish-fish, people-people,
Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
2
、不可数名词没有复数。如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量,就得在数词和不可数名词之间加
上
“
量词
+of”
。例如:
a glass of water, a piece of
paper, a bottle of juice
判断步骤:
↗如是
am
、
is
或
was
< br>→原形
读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看
be
动词
↘如是
are
< br>或
were
→加
s
或
es
练一练:
1
、写出下列各词的复数。
I _________ him _________ this _______
her ______ watch _______ mango____child _______
photo
________ diary ______
day_______ foot________ dress ________
tooth_______ sheep
______ box_______
strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______
peach______ sandwich
______ man
______woman _______leaf_______
people________
2
、用所给名词的正确形式填空。
(
1
)
Are
there two( box ) on the table?
(
2
)
I
can see some ( people ) in the cinema.
(
3
)
How
many ( day ) are there in a week?
(
4
)
Here’re five(
bottle ) of
( juice ) for
you.
(
5
)
This( violin ) is hers. Those( grape ) are over there.
二、冠
词
冠词是一种虚词,不能独立使用,
通常放在名词的前面,分为
“
不定冠词
”
和
“
定冠词
”
两种。
1
、不定冠词:
a
、
an
。用在单数名词前,表示
“
一个,一件
……”
。
an
用在以元音
p>
“
音素
”
开头的单
词前。如:
an e-
mail,
an orange, an old man, an English watch, an
hour…
2
、定冠词:
the
。用在单数或者复数名词前。
the
没有具体意思,有时翻译为这、那。它的基本用法:
(
1
)用
来表示特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如:
The map on the wall
is new.
(
2
)表示说话者双方都知道的人或事物。如:
Look at the
picture, please.
(
< br>3
)表示再次提到前面谈过的人或事物。如:
This
is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
<
/p>
(
4
)用在表示世界上独一无二的事物前
。如:
the sun
太阳
the
moon
月亮
the
earth
地球
(
5
)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:
the Great Wall
长城
1
(
6
)用在江河、湖海等专有名词前。
如:
the Changjiang
River
长江
(
7
)此外,序数词、形容词最高级、乐器名称等词前
面和一些习惯用语中一般都用定冠词
the
。如:
the
first day, the best boy, play
the piano, in the same class
确定用
a
、
an
还是
the
时可根据汉语意思。
练一练:
1
、用
a
或
an
填空。
____ “U”
____ ice-cream
____ goalkeeper
____ teapot
____apple ____office ____English
book ____umbrella____ unit ____hour
2
、根据需要,填写冠词
a
,
an
或
the
。
(
1
)
Who
is ____girl behind ____tree?
(
2
)
____old man has two children, ____ son
and ____daughter.
(
3
< br>)
This is ____ orange.
____ orange is Lucy’s.
(
4
)
He
likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
(
5
)
We
all had____good time last Sunday.
(
6
)
She
wants to be____doctor.
三,数
词
我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。
基数用于表示数量多少,而基数词用于表示次序,常在日期中出现。区
别:基数词前面没
有
“the”
;序数词前一定要有
“t
he”
。
1
、超过二十以上的两位数需要在个位和十位之间加上
“
-
”
。如:
21 twenty-one <
/p>
2
、三位数以上的则需要在百位数后再加上
and
。如:
101 a/one hundred
and one
3
、用基数词来修饰可数名词时,一定别忘了
它的复数形式。如:十八个男孩
eighteen boys
4
、用基数词修饰不可数名词时,如是复数,变它的量词为复数。
< br>
如:两碗米饭
two bowls of
rice
5
、序数词一般加
“th”
,特殊的有:
first, second, third,
fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth
以及二十及二十以外的
整十:
twentieth, thirtieth,
fortieth… “
第几十几
”
:
前面整十不变,后面
“
几
”
改为序
数词。如:
88
eighty-eighth
练一练:
1
、请翻译下列短语。
(
1
)
60
名学生
(
2
)
p>
15
本英语书
(
3
)<
/p>
九杯凉水
(
4
)
4
个孩子
(
5
)
12
月
31
(
6
)
p>
6
月
2
日
(
7
)第九周
p>
(
8
)
40
年前
(
9
)
11+7
(
10
)
上学第一天
2
、把下列基数词改成序数词。
one---
two---
three---
nine---
fourteen---
twenty---
thirty-five---
eighty-one
四、代
词
代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。
1
、人称代词分为:第一、第二、第三人称,且有单复数之分。
2
、人称代词的主格在句中做主语,一般用在动词前(疑问句除
外);宾格在句中做宾语,多
用于动词、介词后。
3
、形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用,后面一定要跟名词,表示该名词是属于谁的。
< br>
4
、名词性物主代词
=
形容词性物主代词
+
名词。如:
This is my bag. =
This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.
一般看后面有没有名词,如有,就用形容词性物主代词;如无,就用名词性物主代词。<
/p>
2
请牢记下表:
人称代
主格
词
宾格
物主
代词
单数
I
me
you
you
your
he
she
it
it
its
复数
we
us
our
you
you
your
they
them
their
him
her
his
her
形容词性
my
名词性
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
练一练:
1
、按要求写出相应人称代词。
I
(宾格)
_______
she
(形容词性物主代词)
_______
we
(名词性物主代词)
_______ he
(复数)
_______
us
(单数)
_______
theirs
(主格)
_______
its
(宾格)
_______
2
、想一想,把下表补充完整。
人称代词
单数
主格
第一人称
第二人称
you
he
第三人称
复数
宾格
主格
me
her
it
you
物主代词
单数
复数
宾格
形容词性
名词性
形容词性
名词性
us
his
them
its
their
our
3
、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1
)
That is not
_________ kite. That kite is very small, but
_________ is very big. ( I )
2
)
The dress is
_________. Give it to _________. ( she )
3
)
Is this
_________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ .
( I )
4
)
_________ is my
brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps
are _________. ( he )
5
)
_________
dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________?
( you )
6
)
Show
_________ your kite, OK? ( they )
7
)
I have a
beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes
are _________. ( it )
8
)
Are these
________ tickets? No, ________
are not
_________. ________ aren’t here. ( they
)
9
)
Shall _________
have a look at that classroom? That is _________
classroom. ( we )
10
)
_________ is
my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a
nurse. ( she )
11
)
Where are
_________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call
_________ parents. ( they )
12
)
Don’t touch
_________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a
tiger! ( it )
13
)
_________
sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she
)
14
)
The girl
behind _________ is our friend. ( she )
五、形容词、副词
1
、形容词表示某一事物或人的特征,副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词有三种形式:原形、比较<
/p>
级、最高级。比较级:
+er
最高级:
the …+est
两个重要
特征:
as……as
中间一定用原形,
than
的前面一
定要
+er
。
2
、形容词、副词
比较级的规则变化如下:
(
1
)一般直接
+er
。如:
tall - taller, fast - faster
单音节词如果以<
/p>
-e
结尾,只加
-r
。如:
late - later
(
2
)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,须双写这个字母,再加
-er
。如:
big - bigger,
fat - fatter
3
(
3
)以辅
音字母加
-y
结尾的词,变
y
为
i
,再加
-er
p>
。如:
heavy - heavier, early -
earlier
(
4
)双音节和多音
节词的比较级应在原级前加
more
构成。如:
beautiful - more beautiful,
careful
- more careful, quietly - more quietly,
interesting - more interesting
(
5
)有些不规则变化的,须逐一加以记忆。如:
goo
d/well
–
better, bad/ill
–
worse, many/much
–
more,
far
–
farther/further, old
–
older/elder…
练一练:
1
、写出下列形容词、副词的比较级。
big
good
long
tall
old
short
thin
heavy
young
fat
light
strong
high
f
ar
low
early
late
well
fast
slow
2<
/p>
、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as
the fish, I think.
2) Look! His hands
are _______ ( big ) than mine.
3) I
think you do these things_______ ( well ) than
your classmates.
4) Whose bag is
_______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
5)
Does Jim run as _______
(
slow
) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow )
than them.
6) You have seven books, but
I have _______ ( many ) than you. I have ten.
7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of
the boys in my class.
8) I’m
very_______ ( thin ), but she’
s _______
( thin ) than me.
9) It gets
_______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.
六、介
词
1
、一种虚词。不能单独作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一
起构成介词短语,才能在句子中起作用。
有:
in, on, under, with,
behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up,
down, from, in front of, out of,
from…to…, at the back of…
2
、表示时间的介词有:
at,
on, in
。
(
< br>1
)
at
表示
< br>“
在某一个具体的时间点上
”
,
或用在固定词组中。如:
at ten o’clock, at 9:30
a.m., at night, at
the
weekend…
(
2
)
on
表示
“
在某日或某日的时间段
”
。如:
on Friday, on the first of October, on Monday morning…
(
3
)
in
表示
“
在某一段时间(月份、季节)里
”
。如:
in the afternoon, in Se
ptember,
in summer, in 2005…
3
、
in
一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:
in blue
(穿着蓝色的衣服),
in
English
(用英语表达),
take part
in
(参加)。
练一练:
1
、选用括号内恰当的介词填空。
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in )
English?
2) Christmas is
_______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.
3) The man_______ ( with,
o
n, in ) black is Su Hai’s
father.
4) He doesn’t do
well
_______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
5) Look at those birds _______ ( on,
in ) the tree.
6) We are going to meet
_______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop _______ ( at,
on, in ) half past ten.
7) Is there a
cat
_______ ( under,
behind, in ) the door?
8) Helen’s
writing paper is
_______ ( in, in
front of ) her computer.
9) We live
_______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
10) Does it often rain
_______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?
2<
/p>
、圈出下列句子中运用不恰当的介词,并将正确的答案写在横线上。
1) Jim is good in English and Maths.
2) The films were in
the ground just now.
3) They are talking to
their plans.
4) How many students have
their birthdays on May?
5) Women’s Day
is at the third of March.
6) I can jog to school on the morning.
7) Did you water trees at the farm?
8) Can you
come and help me on my English?
9) I
usually take photos in Sunday morning. 10) What
did you do on the Spring Festival?
4
七、动
词
这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称,其中包括
be
动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词(就是我们平时总
说的那种动词)。动词
、名词和形容词不太容易区分,如不能一眼看出,可用如下方法:先用
“
一(量词)
”
(如:
一个、<
/p>
一张等)
和这个词连起来说,
如说得通,
一般认为是名词;
说不通再用
“
很
”
去判断,
就是把
“
很
”
和为个
词连起来说,
说得通一般就是形容词;
都说不通就是动词。
p>
(目前我们学过的,
以后可能不同)
(另<
/p>
外一些很明显的,如人称代词、数词、情态动词等一下就可以知道)
1
、
be
动词(
am, is, are, was, were
)
1
)
p>
am
—
was, is
–
was, are--were
口诀:我用
am,
你用
are, is
用在他她它,所有
复数全用
are
。
2
)肯定和否定句
I am (not) from London. He is(not) a
teacher. She is(not) in the dining room. My hair
is(not)long. Her eyes are(not) small.
3
)一般疑问句
Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you
aren’t. Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they
aren’t.
Is
the cat fat? Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.
4
)<
/p>
be
动词的否定形式:
am
not
(没有缩写形式),
are not = aren’t
,
is not = isn’t
。
用恰当的
be
动词填空。
练一练:
1
、用
b
e
动词的适当形式填空。
1
)
I ______ a boy.
______ you a boy? No, I _____ not.
2
)
The girl______
Jack's sister.
3
)
The dog _______
tall and fat.
4
)
The man with big eyes
_______ a teacher.
5
)
______ your
brother in the classroom?
6
)
How _______
your father?
7
)
Mike and Liu
Tao ______ at school.
8
)
Whose dress
______ this?
9
)
Whose socks
______ they?
10
)
Who ______ I?
11
)
The jeans
______ on the desk.
12
)
Here ______ a scarf for
you.
13
)
Here
______ some sweaters for you.
14
)
The black gloves ______
for Su Yang.
15
)
This pair of
gloves ______ for Yang Ling.
16
)
The two cups
of milk _____ for me.
17
)
Some tea
______ in the glass.
18
)
Gao shan's shirt _______
over there.
19
)
My sister's
name ______Nancy.
20
)
______ David
and Helen from England?
21
)
There
______ a
girl in the room.
22
)
There ______
some apples on the tree.
23
)
_______
there any apple juice in the bottle?
24
)
There _______ some bread
on the plate.
25
)
You, he and I
______ from China.
26
)
There _______
a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the
park.
2
、助动词(
do, does, did
)
do, does
用于一般现在时,其过去式
< br>did
用于一般过去时。它们通常用在疑问句和否定句中。它们的否定
形式:
do not = don’t, does not =
doesn’t, did not = didn’t
。
<
/p>
注意:在一般现在时中,
does
用于第
三人称单数,其余一律用助动词
do
;助动词
< br>do, does, did
后面一定
要用动词原形。
练习
1
、用适当的助动词填空。
1) ______you like this magazine?
2) The girl______like
bread for breakfast.
3) ---What ______
she ______ at the weekends? ---She usually plays
games with her friends.
4) ---Wha______
you do last Sunday? ---I wrote to my friend.
5) ---Did you see a Beijing opera?
---No, I ______.
6) He ______not visit
a farm last National Day holiday.
7)
They______ not like playing volleyball.
8) --- ______Jim have a picnic with his
family every Saturday? ---Yes, he
.
9) ______Helen and Yang Ling go to
school on foot every day?
10) ---How
many kites ______we have? ---We have ten.
< br>2
、找出下列句子中的错误,将序号填入题前括号内,并改正。
< br>
5
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