核电专业英语词汇

（失水事故）

Loss-of-coolant

Accident (LOCA)

反

应

性

引

入

事< /p>

故

Reactivity

Insertion

Accident (RIA)

未

能

紧

急

堆

的

预

计

瞬

变

Anticipated

Transient Without Scram (A

TWS)

失电

Loss of Power

失流

Loss of flow

先漏后破

leak before break (LBB)

故障安全，失效保护

fail- safe

单一故障准则

single-failure criterion

共因故障

common cause failure

固有安全性

inherent safety

非能动安全

passive safety

冗余性

redundancy

多样性

diversity

多层屏障

multiple barrier

纵深防御

defense in depth

工作不正常，故障

malfunction

失效

failure

假设始发事件

postulated initiating events

事故工况

accident condition

严重事故

severe accident

事故处理

accident management

设计基准事故

design basis accident

负荷丧失事故

loss

of

electrical

load

潜热

latent heat

accident

焓，热函

sensible heat, enthalpy

主

给

水丧

失事

故

loss

of

main

定期安全检查

periodic safety inspection

water

accident

许可证

license

卡棒事故

stuck rod accident

监管

regulation

弹棒事故

rod ejection accident

核安全准则

nuclear safety criteria

堵管裕量

tube plugging margin

三

哩

岛

事

故

Three

Mile

Island

(TMI)

管道甩摆限制

pipe whip restraint

accident

在役检查

inservice inspection

切尔诺贝利事故

Chernobyl accident

承压热冲击

pressurized thermal shock

1.8.

放射性与辐射防护

radioactivity

放射性

shielding

屏蔽

scatter

散射

biological shield

生物屏蔽

deflect, deflection

折射

剂量

dose

衍射

diffraction

dose equivalent

剂量当量

穿透

penetrate, penetration

collective dose

集体剂量

交互作用

interact, interaction

individual dose

个人剂量

ionization

电离

ingest, ingestion

摄入，摄取

湮灭

annihilate (v.), annihilation (n.)

inhale, inhalation

吸入

衰减

attenuate(v.), attenuation(n.)

coma

昏迷

projectile

入射离子

cramp

绞痛

radiation protection

辐射防护

diarrhea

腹泻

radiation, ray

辐射，射线

tremor

颤抖

< br>irradiation

辐照，

（向外）辐射

vomit

呕吐

internal exposure

内照射

somatic

身体的

external exposure

外照射

somatic effect

躯体反应

occupational dose

职业照射（剂量）

radiation sickness

辐照病变

fluence

注量

symptom

征兆

cosmic ray

宇宙射线

therapy

治疗

x-ray X

射线

survivor

幸存者

?

/

?

/

?

射线

?

/

?

/

?

ray

activation product

活化产物

health physics

保健物理

effluent

废水

6

feed

natural background

天然本底

sivert

希弗

spectrum

谱

雷姆

rem

氡

radon

as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)

合

理可行尽量低

radioactive waste disposal

放射性废物处理

high-level (radioactive) waste

高放废物

low- level (radioactive) waste

低放废物

1.9.

有关机构

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

国际原子能机构

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

美国机械工程师学会

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC/USNRC)

美国核管会

Department Of Energy (DOE)

美国能源部

World Association of Nuclear Operators (W

ANO)

世界核电运营者协会

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

国际辐射防护委员会

China Atomic Energy Authority

（

CAE A

）中国国家原子能机构

State Environment Protection Administration of China

国家环保总局

1.10.

其它术语

1.10.1.

表示方向

lateral

横向

longitudinal

纵向

radial

径向

perpendicular to

垂直于

vertically mounted

垂直

/

立式安装

circumferential

环向

axial

轴向

periphery

周边

1.10.2.

材料失效术语

corrosion

腐蚀

stress corrosion cracking

应力腐蚀开裂

rapture, fracture, break

断裂

breach

破口

肿胀

swelling

cavitation

气蚀

pitting

点蚀

/

孔蚀

crevice corrosion

缝隙腐蚀

erosion

冲蚀

FAC

flow

accelerated

corrosion

流动加速腐

蚀

wastage

耗蚀

(SG tube)

dent

凹陷，凹痕

fatigue

疲劳

ageing

老化

7

degradation

降级

wear

磨损

fretting wear

微动磨损

creep

蠕变

stress

应力

strain

应变

creep strength

蠕变强度

tensile strength

抗拉强度

yield strength

屈服强度

rapture strength

断裂强度

nil- ductility

transition

tempera ture

零延性转

变温度

thermal stress

热应力

irradiation swelling

辐照肿胀

deposit welding, overlaying, build-up welding,

surface welding

堆焊

seal weld

密封焊

heat affected zone (HAZ)

焊接热影响区

1.10.3.

核电工程术语

procurement

征购

site

厂址

call for bid, call for tender

招标

commercial offer

商务标

technical offer

技术标

commencement

开工

contract

合同

firm contract

不可更改的合同

subcontract

分包合同

commitment

承诺，任务

job site

工地，工作现场

technical requirement

技术要求

技术规格

technical specification

non- conformance

不符合项

delivery

交货

warehouse

仓库

construction schedule

施工计划

Free on Board (FOB)

离岸价格

Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF)

到岸价格

Engineering,

Procurement

&

Construction

EPC

合 同

-

设计采购建造

power grid

电网

distribution system

输变电系统

1.10.4.

其它

compound

化合物

mixture

混合物

mass

质量

momentum

动量

energy

能量

potential (energy)

势能

kinetic energy

动能

inertia

惯性

half-life

半衰期

mean free path

平均自由程

fuel cycle

燃料循环

hot spot

热点

hot- channel factor

热管因子

departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR)

偏离泡核沸腾比

heat transfer

传热

heat exchanger

换热器

heat conduction

导热

convection

对流

热辐射

thermal / heat radiation

干度

quality

蒸汽

steam

预

应

力

钢

筋混

凝

土

prestressed

reinforced

8

concrete / prestressed concrete

钢筋混凝土

reinforced concrete

铁钢沙混凝土

Steel shot concret

筋，钢筋束

tendon

流量分配

flow distribution

电网

power grid

业主

utility

承包商

contractor

分包商

sub-contractor

压降

pressure drop

压差

differential pressure

水位

(water) level

规定，条款；保障；装备

provision

地震

earthquake

地震的

seismic

飓风

tornado

暖

通

空

调

Heating,

V

entilation

and

Air

Conditioning (HV

AC)

热阱

heat sink

惰转

coastdown

惰转流量

coastdown flow

功率失常激增，功率漂移

power excursion

减轻，缓解

v. mitigate, n. mitigation

公差、容差

allowance

间隙，公差

clearance

权重因子

weighting factor

1.11.

有必要了解的词汇与短语

as a rule of thumb

根据经验

by orders of magnitude

以数量级

incipient failure

早期故障

,

初期故障

eliminate, elimination

消除

derive, derivation, deduce, deduction

导出，

起

源

mechanism, approach, principle, theory

机理，

原理

susceptible

敏感的

susceptibility

敏感性

toxic

有毒的

acute

急剧的

inherit

遗传

hereditary

遗传性的

altitude

高度

postulate, postulation

假定，假设

permeable

可渗透的

,

有渗透性的

impermeable

不可渗透的

brittle fracture

脆性破裂

embrittlement

脆化

toughness

韧性

ductility

延展性

第

2

章

阅读理解题练习

2.1. Passage 1

As a result reactor

designers have paid great attention to the inherent safety

of

reactors

which

can

be

achieved

by

negative

temperature

and

power

coefficients

and

fail-safe

control

systems.

It

can

be

said

with

some

confidence

that present-day thermal reactors are safe in the sense that under no conceivable

circumstance

can

they

explode

like

a

bomb,

and

control

systems

have

been

designed which can, in the event of any malfunction on the part of the reactor or

its associated plant, automatically and rapidly shut down the reactor

, i.e. make it

subcritical by a substantial amount, in a very few seconds.

1.

According

to

the

paragraph,

inherent

safety

of

reactors

can

be

achieved

by

.

（

C

）

A. the operators;

B. positive temperature and positive power coefficients;

C. negative temperature and negative power coefficients;

D. passive safety system and positive power coefficients.

2. The best title of the passage may probably be

.

（

D

）

9

A. fail-safe control system

；

B. thermal reactor safety and operation;

C. automatic protective system;

D. inherent safety design of reactors.

2.2. Passage II

The biological shield should contain some hydrogen compound to slow down

fast

neutrons,

and

be

dense

enough

to

attenuate

gamma

radiation

effectively.

Concrete satisfies both these requirements fairly well and is suitable for landbase

reactors.

Barytes

(

重晶石

)

concrete,

containing

the

heavy

element

barium,

and

steel-shot

concrete

have

been

used

for

biological

shields.

They

are

more

dense

than

ordinary

concrete,

with

improved

shielding

properties,

however

their

higher

cost

offsets

this

advantage.

The

biological

shield

for

a

marine

reactor

,

which

is

usually

a

fairly

compact

pressurized

water

reactor

,

must

satisfy

a

minimum

space

and

weight

requirement.

This

leads

to

a

shield

design

which

consists typically of alternate layers of

water (for fast

neutron slowing) and steel

(for gamma ray attenuation).

3.

According

to

the

above

passage,

is

not

possible

for

constructing biological shield?

（

C

）

A. steel;

B. concrete;

C. graphite;

D. paraffin wax.

4. Which of the following sentences is not true?

（

D

）

A.

The biological shield is

designed

mainly to slow

down

fast

neutrons and

attenuate gamma radiation.

B. The marine reactor uses alternative steel and water layers as its biological

shield.

C. The combination of heavy element concrete and steel bars could improve

the shielding properties.

D.

The

biological

shield

should

use

hydrogen

element

to

slow

down

fast

neutron and attenuate gamma radiations.

2.3. Passage III

In

order

to

mitigate

the

effects

of

large

release

of

steam

(an

potentially

of

radioactivity)

in

the

containment,

two

full

capacity

independent

safety

systems

10