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【英国】
Chapter 5
The Modern
Period
现代时期
1.
The once sun-never-set Empire finally
collapsed.
日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。
2.
Arthur
Schopenhauer,
a
pessimistic
philosopher,
started
a
rebellion
against
rationalism,
stressing the
importance of will and intuition.
德国哲学家亚
瑟
.
叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学
强
调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。
3.
Friedrich
Nietzsche
advocated
the
doctrines
of
power
and
superman
and
by
completely
rejecting the
Christian morality.
尼采继承了叔本华的理论后，
更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督
教精神，推崇强权与霸权。
4.
Henry Bergson
established his irrational philosophy, which put
the emphasis on creation,
intuition,
irrationality and unconsciousness.
亨利
.
伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学，
强
调
创造力，直觉，非理性与无意识。
5.
The
appalling
shock
of
the
First
World
War
severely
destroyed
people
’
s
faith
in
the
Victorian values.
一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了
人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。
6.
The French symbolism, appearing in the
late 19th century, heralded modernism.19
世纪晚
期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。
7.
literary trends of
modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism,
Dadaism, imagism and
stream of consciou
sness.
一战后，
所有的现代主义文学潮流都产生了：
表现主义
（强调自我表
现，反对艺术的目的
性）
，超现实主义，未来主义，达达主义（颓废派文艺）
，意象
主义以及
意识流等等。
8.
The
major
figures
were
Kafka,
Picasso,
Pound,
Webern,
Ts
Eliot,
Joyce
and
Virginia
Woolf.
这场
运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡，毕加索，庞德，韦伯恩，
T.S.
埃略特，乔伊斯及
费洛尼亚
.
沃尔夫
。
9.
After
the
Second
World
War,
a
variety
of
modernism,
or
post-modernism,
like
existentialist literature, theater of
the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with
the spur of
the existentialist idea
that “the world was absurd, and the human life
wa
s an agony.
”二战后，另
一种形式的现实主义，
即后现代主义，
比如存在主义文学，
荒诞派戏剧，
新小说及黑色幽默，
如雨
后春笋涌现出来，
其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的
“世界是荒谬
的，
人生则是巨大的痛
苦”
。
10. Modernism takes the
irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-
analysis as its theoretical
base.
现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。
11. The major themes of the modernist
literature are the distorted, alienated and ill
relationships
between man and nature,
man and society, man and man, and man and himself.
现代派文学的主
题便是反映人与自然，人与社会，人与人，人与
自我之间被扭曲的，渐渐疏远的，病态的关
系。
12.
As
a
result,
the
works
created
by
the
modernist
writers
are
often
labeled
as
anti-novel,
anti-poetry and anti-drama.
这
样一来，现代主义作品常被称为反小说，反诗歌与反戏剧。
13. With the coming of the 1950s, there
was a return of realistic poetry again.50
年代，现实主义
诗歌又开始回溯。
14. ce is regarded as revolutionary as
Joyce in novel writing. His interest lay in his
tracing
of
the
psychological
development
of
his
characters
and
in
his
energetic
criticism
of
the
dehumanizing effect of the capitalist
Industrialization on human nature. In his best
novels like The
Rainbow
and
Women
in
Love,
he
made
a
bold
psychological
exploration
of
various
human
relationships.
D.H.
劳
伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法，与乔伊斯不同，劳
伦斯对写作技巧的改
革不感兴趣，
依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节，
但他极力展现角
色的心
理发
展，尖锐的批判了资本主
义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中，如
《虹》
，
《恋爱中的女人》
，
劳伦斯大胆的
探索了各种人性心理，
人际关系，尤
其是男人与女
人之间的关系。
15. by the whole capitalist mechanical
civilization, which turned men into inhuman machin
es.
资
本主义机器工业文明将人变成了无性的机器。
16. Oscar
Wilde,
his
masterpiece,
The
importance
of
Being
Earnest.
奥斯卡
.
王尔德的代表作是
《认真的重要性》
。
17. Shaw is
considered to be the best-known English dramatist
since Shakespeare.
萧伯纳在戏剧
方面被公
认为自莎士比亚后，英国最优秀的戏剧大师。
18. The
Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which
Galsworthy presents not only realistic
picture of social injustice, but also
the workers
’
heroic struggles
against their employers.
《银盒》
与《抗争》
便是很好的例子，其中高尔斯华绥不仅真实地展示了社会的不公平，还生动描
写
了工人与资本家的英勇抗争。
19. The 1930s witnessed a revival of
poetic drama in England. One of the early
experimenters was
who regarded drama
as the best medium of poetry.30
年代，英国的戏剧
复兴了，最早
的改革试验者
T.S.
埃
略特说，戏剧是诗歌传播与普及的最佳媒介。
20.
This
revolution
developed
in
two
directions:
the
working-class
drama
and
the
Theater
of
Absurd.(The English
dramatic revolution)
戏剧发展为两派：工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派戏
剧。
21. The most original
playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel
Beckett, who wrote about
human
beings
living
a
meaningless
life
in
an
alien,
decaying
world.
He
first
play,
Waiting
fro
Godot
.
荒诞派戏剧代表人物是塞缪尔
.
贝克
特。
他擅长描写生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫
无意义的人生
。
(I). George Bernard Shaw
乔治
..
萧伯纳
22.
Shaw
held
that
art
should
serve
social
purposes
by
reflecting
human
life,
revealing
social
contradictions and
educating the common people.
萧主张艺术应该为社会服
务，
应该反映人的生
活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。
23. The mission of his drama was
to reveal the moral, political and economic truth
from a radical
reformist point of view.
His works contain
Widowers
’
House, Mrs.
Warren
’
s Profession, is a
play
about the economic oppression of w
omen.
他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会，
经济，
道德，
宗教中
的罪恶，
表现
了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。
他的早期代表作品包括
《鳏夫的房产》
，
《沃伦夫人的职业》的主题是对妇女们经济上
的压迫。
24. Shaw also produced
several plays, exploring his idea
of
“
Life
Force,
”
the power that would
create
superior
beings
to
be
equal
to
God
and
to
solve
all
the
social,
moral,
and
metaphysical
problems of
human society.
萧伯纳还创作了一系列话剧，
探
索了
“生命的力量”
---
一种能够与
上帝齐平，解决各种社会，道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。
25. Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous
subject. The Apple Cart is about politics;
John Bull
’
s
Other Island is about racial problems.<
/p>
萧伯纳的作品还有关于政治的《苹果车》
，关于种族问题
的《约翰
.
布尔的另外岛屿》
< br>。
26. Too True to be Good
is a better play of the later period, with the
author
’
s almost nihilistic
bitterness
on
the
subjects
of
the
cruelty
and
madness
of
World
War
I
and
the
aimlessness
and
disillusion of the young
.
出色的作品《难以置信》
，主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大
战近乎
虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。
27. One feature of
Shaw
’
s characterization is
that he makes the trick of showing up one
character
vividly at the expense of ano
ther.
萧伯纳人物塑造方面的特点是他经常不惜贬低另一些角色来
< br>极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。
28.
Much
of
Shavian
drama
is
constructed
around
the
inversion
of
a
conventional
theatrical
situation.
萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。
29. The forward motion consists not in
the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the
spirit of
discourse.
动作的进行不仅体
现在情节的铺展中，也体现在对白的内涵中。
（情节丰富，但不
以情节取胜，生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩）
(II).
John Galsworthy
约翰
.
高尔斯华绥
30. The Forsyte Saga,
his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In
Chancery and To Let. His second
Forsyte
trilogy,
A
Modern
Comedy,
appeared
in
1929,
and
the
third,
End
of
the
chapter,
posthumously
in
1
934.
一战之后他完成了第一部费尔塞特世家三部曲，包括《财主》
< br>，
《骑虎
难下》
，
《出租》
。第二部费尔塞特三部曲《现代喜剧》于
1
929
年问世，第三部《篇章末尾》
，
则在他去世后的
1934
年出版。
31.
Galsworthy
was
a
conventional
writer,
having
inherited
the
fine
traditions
of
the
great
Victorian novelists of
the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray
.
高尔斯华绥是传统型作
家，继承了狄更斯，萨克雷等维多利亚
时期文学家的优良风格。
32. He wrote in
a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and
straightforward king1970uage.
他
的语言与风格都是同样的清晰，直白，毫无做作。
33.
The Man of Property: The theme of this novel is
that of the predominant possessive instinct of
the Forsytes and its effects upon the
personal relationships.
《财主》
：
这部小说展示了费尔塞特
家族盛行的占有欲与唯利是图，这种占有欲深刻影响到家族内的
人际关系。
（
III
）
.William Butler Yeats
威廉
.
巴特勒
.
叶
芝
34. In 1923, he was
awarded Nobel Prize for
literature.1923
年他获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
35. He came to see that literature
should not be an end in itself but the expression
of conviction
and the garment of noble
emotion.
他认为艺术的最终目的并非它本身，
而是对社
会成员的说教
及对高尚情感的抒发。
36.
His
poetic
achievement
stands
at
the
center
of
modern
literat
ure.
他是最优秀的英文诗人之
一，是现代文学的中流砥柱。
37. Yeats has achieved
suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful
counterpointing of contrasting
ideas or
images.
叶芝还实现了意义的深邃暗含，因为他将反差极大的意象对应起来。
38.
“
The Lake Isle of
Innisfree
”
is just a popular
representative of such poems.
“伊尼斯弗利的
湖中沙洲”一诗便是这样的典范。
39.
Yeats came to realize that eternal beauty could
only live in the realm of art.
他渐渐意识到永恒<
/p>
的美只存在于艺术王国。
(IV).
T.S.
埃略特
40. His
first important poem,
“
The
Love Song of J. Alfred
Prufrock,
”
appeared in
1915.
他的第一
首重要诗作“
J.
A.
布鲁富克劳的情歌”于
1915
年
问世。
41. He won various
awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of
Merit in 1948.
他一生荣获
许多大奖，包括
1948
年的诺贝尔文学奖与功绩勋位。
42. As a young man with bitter
disillusionment and with boldness in the handling
of king1970uage,
Eliot had explore in
his early poetry
various aspects of
decay of culture in the modern Western
world, expressing a sense of the
disintegration of life.
作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年，凭
借着
灵活运用语言的勇气，
埃略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代化西
方文明在各方个面的衰败，
传达
出一种生命崩溃的悲观。
43.
The
poem
is
heavily
indebted
to
James
Joyce
in
terms
of
the
stream-of-
consciousness
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