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段落翻译
中国工艺美术
-
剪纸
-
历史
中文：
剪纸是中国人民历史悠久的民间医术。汉代
(the
Han
Dynasty)
的司马迁在
?
史记
?
(<
/p>
Historical Records)
中对剪纸已经有记载。
剪纸起源于古人祭祖祈神的活动。
现
在剪纸逐渐
成为节日或特殊仪式的装饰。例如，在农历新年初一，每家都会挂春联
(spring
festival
cou
plets)
、贴窗花，烘托节日氛围。在农历正月十五的元宵节
(Lantern Festival)
，贴有剪纸的
灯笼，
更花哨迷人。在结婚的日子，门上、窗子上都会贴上大‘喜’字来渲染喜庆气氛。
语言要点：
folk
art;
worshipping
gods;
sacrificing
to
the
dead;
spring
festival
couplets;
the
festive
atmosphere;
译文：
Paper-cut
is
a
folk
art
with
a
long
history
for
the
Chinese
people,
and
it
has
been
recorded
in
Historical
Records
by
Sima
Qian
in
the
Han
Dynasty.
The
early
Paper-cut
might
be
related
to
worshipping gods and
sacrificing to the dead. Paper-cut has gradually
become a decoration for the
festivals
and
ceremonies
nowadays.
For
example,
on
the
first
day
of
the
new
lunar
year,
every
household
will
hang
spring
festival
couplets
and
paste
paper-
cuts,
which
shows
the
festive
atmosphere; on the Lantern Festival on
the 15th day of the first lunar month, the
lanterns will be
pasted with Paper-cut,
which is even more flowery and attractive; and on
a wedding day, the door
and
windows
will
be
pasted
with
a
large
red
Chinese
character
of
喜
(Xi)
to
show
people's
happiness.
段落翻译
中国工艺美术
-
剪纸
< br>-
扬州剪纸
中文：
中国的剪纸大多出自农村妇女
之手。她们用剪子（
scissor
）
、刻刀在大红纸上可以剪刻
出各种装饰性的花样和图案。
中国人
认为在门上贴剪纸可以给全家人带来好运和幸福。
扬州
是中国剪
纸艺术流行最早的地区之一。扬州剪纸
(Yangzhou paper-cut)
线条流畅
(fluent)
，构图
(composition)
精巧雅致，形象夸张简洁，成为中国南方民
间剪纸艺术的代表之一。
语言要点：
a wide
variety of patterns; prevalent; exaggerated and
compact images
译文：
Chinese
paper-cuts are
mostly created by women
in rural areas. They could turn
a
piece of red
paper into any
of a wide variety of patterns with the help of a
knife or a pair of scissors.
Chinese
people believe that
the red paper-cuts on the door can bring good luck
and happiness to the whole
family.
Yangzhou
City is one of the earliest regions in China
prevalent with the paper-cut art. The
Yangzhou paper-cut is fluent in lines,
refined and exquisite in composition with
exaggerated and
compact images,
constituting one of the representatives of folk
paper-cut art in South China.
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段落翻译
中国工艺美术
-
蜡染
-
简介
中文：
蜡染
（
Batik printing
）
，
是我国古老的民间传统纺织印染手
工艺，
它与扎染
（
tie dyein
g
）
、
镂空印花（
stencil
printing
）并称为我国古代三大
印花技艺（
craft
）
。由于蜡染图
案丰富，色
调高雅，风格独特，用于制作服装服饰和各种生活实用品，显得朴实大方、清
新悦目，富有
民族特色。蜡染工艺在我国西南少数民族地区（
m
inority regions
）世代相传，尤其是贵州少
数
民族地区，继承和发扬（
carried
forward
）了传统的蜡染工艺，已成为少数民族妇女生活
中不可缺少的一种艺
术
语言要点：
traditional
folk
handicraf
；
Three
Major
Printing
Cr
afts
；
feature
；
ethnic
characteristics
；
carry
forward
译文：
Batik
printing is a sort of age-old traditional folk
handicraft for fabric printing and dyeing in
China.
It
was
named
together
with
tie
dyeing
and
stencil
printing
as
Major
Printing
Crafts
in
Ancient
China
to
make
costumes,
outfits
and
various
living
utensils
with
primitive,
novel,
eye-catching
and
ethnic characteristics.
The traditional craft for batik printing has been
spreading in some minority
regions
in
Southwest
China
and
has
been
inherited
and
carried
forward
in
minority
regions
in
Guizhou
Province.
By
now,
it
has
served
as
an
indispensable
art
in
the
life
of
women
in
these
regions.
段落翻译
中国工艺美术
-
蜡染
-
艺术价值
中文：
蜡染的历史可以追溯到西汉时期（
Western
Han
Dynasty
）
。过去蜡染在中国中部和西南
部都十分盛行。不知何故，中部的技术已经失
传。蜡染艺术在西南少数民族地区世代相传，
形成了独特的民族艺术风格。
蜡染享有
“极富中国特色的一株民族艺术之花”
的美
誉。
目前，
民间艺人和农村妇女自给自绘自用（
self-sufficient
）的蜡染制品已经进入国际市场并展现出
独特的中国艺术的魅力（
enchantment
< br>）
。
语言要点：
Trace
back
to
；
traditional
folk
handicraft
；
handed
down
from
generation
to
generation
；
be
endowed
with
；
ethnic artistic flower
of distinctive Chinese
features
；
self-
sufficient wax printed
products
；
unique
enchantment of Chinese art.
2
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译文：
The history
of batik can be traced back to the Western Han
Dynasty. It used to be popular in both
central and southwest China. Somehow,
the technique was lost in central China, but it
has been
handed down from generation to
generation in minority regions in Southwest China.
The art of
batik printing has been
endowed with peculiar artistic style and enjoys
the fame of
flower
of
distinctive
Chinese
features
Currently,
the
primarily
self-sufficient
wax
printed
products made by
handicraftsmen and women have extended to global
market and displayed the
unique
enchantment of Chinese art.
段落翻译
中国工艺美术
-
蜡染
-
苗族蜡染
中文：
蜡
染是世代相传的苗族传统。
按照习俗规定，
所有的女子都要学习
蜡染。
很多女孩从小
就和妈妈学习蜡染。
很多文化习俗都和蜡染艺术有关，例如婚礼、
葬礼及节日。各少数民族
（
ethnic minorities
）所流行的蜡
染各有特色。例如苗族的蜡染主要图案有的还沿用古代铜鼓
（
b
ronze drum
patterns
）的花纹和民间传说（
folk tale<
/p>
）中的题材，有的是日常生活中接触的
花、鸟、虫、鱼。蜡染制品
无论是做成外套（
garments
）
、围巾、书包、桌布、床单、窗帘，
还是其它的装饰物，风格都是那么简朴优雅。
语言要点：
passed
on
for
many
generations
；
be
connected
with
；
prevalent
；
ethnic
minorities
；
diversif
ied
features
；
subject
matter
；
decorative items
译文：
Batik
printing
is
a
Miao
tradition
that
has
been
passed
on
for
many
generations.
According
to
Miao
customs, all women must learn Batik pringtin. Many
learn from their mothers from a young
age.
Many
cultural
customs
have
come
to
be
connected
with
the
art
of
Batik
printing
such
as
weddings,
funerals,
and
festivals.
Batik
printing
prevalent
in
different
ethnic
minorities
is
provided with diversified
features. For instance, wax printed patterns
prevailing in the Miao ethnic
group are
of bronze drum patterns passed down from ancient
times. Such patterns also take folk
tales or commonly seen flowers, birds,
insects and fish as the subject matter. Wherever
it appears
on garments, scarves, bags,
tablecloths, bedspreads, curtains, and other
decorative items, the style
is always
simple and elegant.
段落翻译
中国工艺美术
-
刺绣
-
历史
中文：
中国的手工刺绣工艺，已经有
2000
多年历史了。据记载，秦汉时期（
Qin-Han Period
）
，
3
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刺绣和丝绸是在丝绸之路上运输的主要商品。
此外，
在悠久的封建帝国，
帝王皇袍及官员长
袍上的刺绣不仅是一种装饰，
而且代表着穿衣人的地位和官职。
在明清时期
（
Ming and Qing
Dynasties
）
，极具表现力（
with strong expressive force
）的刺绣制品成为一种艺术品，在此阶
段，四大名绣（
Four
Major
Famous
Embr
oideries
）
（苏绣、粤绣、湘绣和蜀绣）接踵出现。<
/p>
中国刺绣艺术家制成的精美刺绣物品吸引了世界的注意力并在世界博览会
< br>（
the World
Expo
）
上获得认可。
语言要点：
According
to
records
；
principal
commodities
；
serve
d
as
decorations
；
Four
Major
Famous
Embroideries
；
come
into being
译文：
The art craft
of embroidery has a history of over 2000 years.
According to records, in the Qin-Han
Period,
embroidery
and
silk
were
the
principal
commodities
transported
on
the
Silk
Road.
Moreover, during the
long time of feudal empire, embroidery on the
gowns worn by the emperor
and empress
as well as officials of all ranks not only served
as decorations, but also symbolized
the
wearer's
status
and
ranks.
Embroidered
articles
became
a
sort
of
artwork
with
strong
expressive
force
in
the
Ming
and
Qing
Dynasties
during
which
the
Major
Famous
Embroideries
after another.
Exquisite embroidered articles made by Chinese
embroidery artists have drawn the
world's attention and won recognition
at the World Expo.
段落翻译
中国工艺美术
-
刺绣
-
图案
中文：
图案是一种特殊的语言，是文
化范畴的分支。图案的构成可以显示出深奥的思想内涵
（
ide
ological connotations
）
。不同的国家
、少数民族、审美品味（
aesthetic taste
）<
/p>
，会产生不
同的图案。
传统的中国刺绣图
案是在中国文化的基础上形成的，
深深受到了包括政治、
经济、
宗教、
哲学、
民俗等中国社会因素的影
响。
其中，
传统中国宗法制度
(Chi
nese patriarch system)
和观念决定了刺绣作品的装饰图案，这
些图案成为衡量一个人社会地位的标准。
语言要点：
cultural
categories
；
as a
result of
；
folk
customs
；
decorative patterns<
/p>
；
criterion
译文：
Patterns
are
a
special
language
and
a
branch
of
cultural
categories.
Profound
ideological
connotations are
contained in the composition of patterns.
Different patterns emerged as a result of
differences
in
country,
ethnic
group
and
aesthetic
taste.
The
traditional
Chinese
embroidery
patterns
were
fostered
on
the
foundation
of
Chinese
culture,
which
is
deeply
affected
by
many
factors
in
Chinese
society,
including
politics,
economy,
religion,
philosophy
and
folk
customs.
Among
them,
the
decorative
patterns
in
the
embroidered
articles
are
based
on
the
traditional
Chinese patriarch system and ideas,
becoming a criterion to judge one
’s
social status.
4
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Fans
are
not
only
tools
for
cooling
oneself,
but
also
artworks
symbols
for
status
and
taste.
Scholars would wave
their fans to show off their grace as they
composed poetry or sat deep in
thought.
When not in use, fans were sometimes concealed
inside sleeves or hung from the waist.
For aristocratic young women, fans made
from silk or other precious cloth -- especially
flat round
ones -- were a kind of prop
to show off grace and beauty. Whenever they met a
strange man,
they would use their fans
to hide their faces. So women's fans also have
another name:
mian,
扇子在中国已经有三
四千年的历史。
最初，
扇子并不是用来纳凉，
< br>而是用于皇帝外出视察时，
遮荫或遮挡沙尘。后来，
文人
墨客经常一边摇扇一边吟诗或沉思。
经过几千年的发展，
扇子<
/p>
已经发展成几百种。
例如人们所熟悉的折扇、
羽扇、真丝扇。
制作一把精致的扇子需要集合
各种艺术技巧
。
经过熟练技师的精致雕刻或者名人作画题字，
一把普通扇子的
价钱会涨到原
来的上百倍。
Fans enjoy a long history of about 3 to
4 thousand years in China. Fans, originally, were
not used
for cooling oneself, but for
sheltering from the sun and keeping off sands for
emperors during
their
outgoing
inspections.
Scholars
would
wave
their
fans
to
show
off
their
grace
as
they
composed poetry or sat
deep in thought. After several thousand years of
development, fans were
developed into
several-hundred types, like familiar ones as
folding fans, feather fans and silk fans.
To
produce
an
exquisite
fan,
various
artistic
techniques
should
be
integrated.
The
price
of
an
ordinary
fan
will
rise
hundredfold
as
long
as
it
is
elaborately
carved
by
a
skillful
craftsman,
or
painted or written by a
famous person.
扇子起初的功能并不是用来纳凉，
而是统治阶级为了彰显自己的地位与特权的仪仗扇。<
/p>
因扇
子多见于皇宫中，所以扇子又叫
“<
/p>
宫扇
”
。
隋唐之后，羽扇与纨扇大量出现，而这时期的文
人墨客喜爱把玩扇子
，视其为
“
怀袖雅物
”
，一些诗人词人，除了饮酒作诗，经常边摇纨扇边
吟诗作赋，在这一时期，与扇
子有关的诗词大量出现，像李峤的《》
、的《》
、唐怡的《咏破
扇》等等。古代文人墨客要是手中无扇，就像小资不养宠物狗一样，显得有些没品位。到
了
清代，
不光是文人墨客，
就连踏入仕
途的官员、账房先生，甚至是处于社会底层的各色人等
也喜欢摇扇
“
摆造型
For
example,
there
are
more
than
100
types
of
fan
head
at
the
bottom
of
the
fan,
such
as
bamboo
nodes, plum blossoms, small vases, big catches,
round heads of chufa, and so on. The
surfaces of such fans as sandalwood
fans, bone fans, ivory fans and shell fans are
usually carved
with
elaborate
patterns.
The
price
of
an
ordinary
fan
will
rise
hundredfold
as
long
as
it
is
elaborately carved by a
skillful craftsman, or painted or written by a
famous person.
无人确切地知道中国扇子是如何发明的。扇子的发明或者扇子扇风功能的发现可能出于偶
然。有个古代人无法忍受成群的苍蝇和蚊子，就拿起旁边植物的一片大叶子还驱赶臭虫子。
使他惊喜的是，
叶子摇动生成了微风。
后来人们开始用各种材
料制作扇子。
扇子又很多功能。
除了在夏天纳凉
(cooling)
，扇子还能做为评弹
(pingt
ai)
（苏州艺术）
、戏剧、舞蹈等其它民间
< br>5
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艺术表演的道具。在古代，舞蹈
家喜欢拿着彩扇跳舞，这种偏好一直延续到现在。
扇子舞已
经成
为具有中国特色的舞蹈艺术。
No one knows
exactly how fans in China were invented. The
invention or rather the discovery of
the fanning function could have been as
accidental as follows: a primitive man irritated
with lots
of flies and mosquitoes,
picks up a big leaf off a plant next to him to
drive the pests away. To his
delight,
his effort resulted in cooling air movements.
Hence, people started to make fans out of
various materials. Fans have many
functions. Other than cooling in summer, they can
act as tools
during the artistic
performance like pingtan (an art of Suzhou City),
drama, dance and other folk
arts. In
the ancient times, dancers liked to hold fans
while dancing, and the preference has been
handed
down
until
now.
The
fan
dance
has
become
a
dancing
art
with
distinctive
Chinese
characteristics.
段落翻译
中国工艺美术
-
扇子
-
扇子趣事
中文：
艺术家们经常在扇面上题诗写
字作画。
题有著名艺术家的字画的扇子是珍品。
晋代
（
Jin
Dynasty
）著名书法家（
calligrapher
）王羲之曾经在街
上遇见一位卖折扇（
folding fans
）的老
婆婆。那种竹扇很简陋，没有什么装饰，引不起过路人的兴趣，看样子卖不出去了，老婆婆
十分着急。王羲之看到这情形，很同情那老婆婆，打算帮助她。于是，他在每个扇子上分别
题了五个字。起初，
老奶以为所有的扇子都被他毁了，非常气愤。<
/p>
但是当人们发现普通的扇
子上题有王羲之的字，扇子很快以高价卖
光了。
语言要点：
calligraphy
；
highly prized
possessions
；
arouse the
interest
译文：
Fans
sometimes were decorated on both sides with
artists’ paintings, poems or calligraphy. Those
that held a famous artist's
paintings or calligraphy were highly
prized
possessions. The famous
calligrapher
Wang
Xizhi
of
the
Jin
Dynasty
once
met
an
old
woman
selling
folding
fans
in
the
street. The ordinary
fans with no decoration did not arouse the
interest of the passers-by. The old
woman was worried that it was difficult
to sell the fans out. Wang Xizhi was quite
sympathetic
with
her
and
decided
to
help
her
out.
He
wrote
five
characters
on
each
fan.
This
made
the
woman
angry because she thought all her fans had been
ruined. But when people discovered the
artist's words on the otherwise
ordinary fans, they sold like hot cakes and at
high prices.
6