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英语词汇学复习题重点

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2021-02-10 05:51
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2021年2月10日发(作者:瑟缩)




英语词汇学



1.


Word



--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a gi


ven sound and meaning and syntactic function.


2.


Vocabulary


--- Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the tot


al sum of the words of a language. It can also refer to all the word


s of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all the words


possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current i


n a particular period of time in history.


The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1


million words.


3.


argot



words used by sub-cultured groups, specialized vocabulary


used by criminals


can-opener, dip, persuader


cant, jargon , argot are associated with, or most available to, speci


fic groups of the population.


4.


Content word


(notional word)



denote clear notions and thus are k


nown as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverb


s and numerals.


5.


Borrowed words


(loan words, borrowings)



words taken over from fo


reign language are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowing


s in simple terms.


6.


Semantic loans



are not borrowed with reference to the form, but


their meaning are borrowed from another language. In other words, Eng


lish has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in language. e.


g. stupid old dump


7


.what is the importance of basic word stock


?


The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated


over centuries and forms the common core of the language. five charac


teristics: all national character, stability , productivity,


polysemy , collocability


8.


9.


What are


neologisms


? Give one example to illustrate it.




Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have


taken on new meanings. Here is one example: E-mail: electronic mail,



chapter 2


Three modes of


vocabulary development



1.


Creation



the formation of new words by using the existing mater


ials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. (This is the most imp


ortant way of vocabulary expansion.)


2.


Semantic change


- an old form which take on a new meaning to meet


the new need.


3.


Borrowing



to take in words from other languages.(particularly i


n earlier time)


4.


Old English



(450-1150)


The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was


Celtic.


The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. after the Rom


ans


After the Romans,The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes


and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic.


Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. Old English has a vo


cabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000words. It was a highly inflected la


nguage just like modern German.


6.


Norman Conquest :


the Normans invaded England from France in 1066.


the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into Eng


lish. Norman French became the polite speech. 75% of them are still


in use today. The situation of 3 languages (French,English,Latin) exi


sting simultaneously continued for over a century..


7.


Renaissance


: In the early period of modern English, Europe saw a ne


w upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known


in history as the Renaissance. Latin and Greek were recognized as th


e language of the Western world's great literary heritage and of grea


t scholarship.


reviving archaic words


: words or forms that were once in common use


but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. They are



found mainly in older poems, legal document and religious writing or


speech.


8. .


Why do we say


English is a heavy borrower and has adopted words from all other majo


r languages of the world. It is estimated that English borrowings con


stitute 80% of the modern English vocabulary. As is stated in Encyclo


pedia Americana ,


ary some 80% of the entries are borrowed


time no see from haojiubujian (China), the word


eant


e Norse.


9.


Modern English(1150-1500


): Modern English began with the establishm


ent of printing in English. word endings were mostly lost with just a


few exceptions. Modern English is considered to be an analytic langu


age.


11


12.


In the middle English period, what made French a dominant languag


e in England?


In 1066,


in the history of England, there was Norman Conquest. The Fr


ench- speaking Normans were the ruling class. French was used for all


state affairs and for most social and cultural matters. Therefore, th


ose who were in power spoke French, those who were literate read and


wrote in French; and any young man who sought to earn his living ascr


ibe learned Latin or French because there was no market for such serv


ices in English. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of Fren


ch words into English.


13


.What happened in the mid- seventeenth century in England?


England experienced the Bourgeoisie Revolution followed by the Indust


rial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.


14.


What are the three


main sources of new English words?



Three main sources of new words


.The rapid development of modern science and technology


Social, economic and political changes


.The influence of other cultures and languages



chapter three


1.


Morpheme


--- A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a langu


age. (The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.)


2


.Morph


--- A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actua


l spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.


3.


Monomorphenic words



morphemes are realized by single morphs.


4.


Allomorph< /p>


---Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph acco


rding to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.


g. the morpheme of plurality (-s) has a number of allomorphemes in di


fferent sound context, e.g. in cats/s/, in bags/z/, in matches/iz/.


5.


Free morphemes or Free root


--- The morphemes have complete meanin


g and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, e.g. cat, w


alk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independ


ent of other morphemes are considered to be free.


6.


Bound Morphemes


--- The morphemes cannot occur as separate words.


They are bound to other morphemes to form words, e.g. recollection


(re+collect+ion) collect



free morpheme re-and



ion are bound mo


rphemes. (include bound root and affix) Bound morphemes are found in


derived words.


7.


Bound root


--- A bound root is that part of the word that carries


the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it


is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make word


s. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of


as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we


obtain the verb predict meaning


k against”. Bound roots are either Latin or Greek.



Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazin


g.


8.


Affixes


--- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word e


lements to modify meaning or function. Almost affixes are bound morph


emes.


9.


Prefixes


--- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such


as, pre+war, sub+sea



10


.


Suffixes



--- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for in


stance, blood+y.


11.


Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes



--- Affixes attach


es to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are infl


ectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflect


ional affixes is small and stable.


12.


Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes


--- Derivational


affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.


13.


Root


--- A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be furt


her analyzed without total loss of identity. (What remains of a word


after the removal of all affixes.) .e.g. “internationalists” removi


ng inter-, -al-, -ist, -s, leaves the root nation.


14.


Stem


--- a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. E.g.


“internationalists”, nation is a root and a stem as well.



a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a af


fix.


a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.


15


.


What are the differences between inflectional and derivational af


fixes? or How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivation


al affixes?



Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relation


ships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Modern


English is an analytic language. Most endings are lost, leaving only


a few inflectional affixes, such as plural forms of nouns-s(-es), and


the comparative and superlative degree forms of adjectives: -er,


-est. Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to cr


eate new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into pref


ixes and suffixes.


16.


What are the differences between root and stem? Explain with exa


mples


.


A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed


without total loss of identity.(What remains of a word after the rem


oval of all affixes.) .e.g. “internationalists” removing inter


-, -a


l-, -ist, -s, leaves the root nation.



A stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. E.g. “i


nternationalists”, nation is a root and a s


tem as well.


a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a af


fix.


a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.


chapter 4


1.


Affixation


(Derivation) -- the formation of words by adding word fo


rming or derivational affixes to stems. (derivative


派生词


)


According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixation and s


uffixation.


1).


Prefixation


-- the formation of new words by adding prefixes to s


tems. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its me


aning


2).


Suffixation


--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding


suffixes to stems. Change the grammatical function of stems (the wor


d class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.


2.


Blending



is the formation of new words by combining parts of two w


ords or a word plus a part of another word.


3.


Conversion


(zero-derivation, functional shift) --Conversion is the


formation of new words by converting words of one class to another cl


ass. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. The most produc


tive is between nouns and verbs. It is a change of grammatical functi


on


5.


Clipping




shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the origin a


nd using what remains instead. People tend to be economical in writin


g and speech to keep up the tempo of new life style.


7.


Acronymy




is the process of forming new words by joining the init


ial letters of names of social and political organizations or special


phrases and technical terms


--Initialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words and


pronounced as letters.


It’s one of the word formations of acronymy.



--Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of word and pron


ounced as words. . It’s one of the word formations of acronymy.




8.


Back- formation


-- is a process of word- formation by which a word is


created by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is considered to be t


he opposite process of suffixation.



Compounding



Composition



--Compounding is a process of word- format


ion by joining two or more stems.


9.


How do you distinguish compounds from free phrases?


Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects.


1) Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on


the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is gener


ally stressed if there is only one stress.


2) Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in se


mantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one


word.


3) Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatica


l role in a sentence.


10.



How do you explain the difference between backformation and suff


ixation? Give example to illustrate your point


.



Back- formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is crea


ted by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is considered to be the o


pposite process of suffixation. As we know, Suffixation is the format


ion of new words by adding suffixes to stems, and back- formation is t


herefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffix


es. For example, -er is a noun suffix, it is added to noun base engin


e to produce a new word--engineer. however, people can make verbs by


dropping the endings such as -or in editor, and -er in bolter. This i


s how we derive edit and bolt. The removed suffixes are not true suff


ixes but inseparable parts of the words.



chapter 5


1


.

< p>
Reference



the relationship between language and the world. By mea


ns of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (inclu


ding persons) are being talked about.

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