-
Philip Freneau
1.
野金银花
美丽的金银花，
你粲然绽放于幽静一角。
芳菲满枝
,
无人垂顾，
迎风起舞
,
无人注目。
游子从不践踏你的玉体，
过客从不催落你的泪滴。
造化令你素裹银妆，
你得以远离庸人的目光
她赐予你一片绿荫葱葱
她带给你一泓流水淙淙
恬静的夏日倏然流淌
你终于红衰翠减，玉殒香消
妩媚动人，你却无法盛颜久长
落红满地，你令我黯然神伤
纵然在伊甸乐园，人间天堂
也难免一日凋零，满目凄凉
萧瑟秋风，凄白秋霜
你终于消失得无影无踪
朝霞幕露
孕育了你娇小的身躯
你从尘土来，又归尘土去
来时一无所有，去时化作尘土
可叹生命苦短
你终究红消香断
Background
:
The
short
lyric
was
written
in
1786.
Freneau
was
inspired
by
the
beauty
of
the
wild
honey
suckle
when he was walking at Chaeleston,
South Carolina. As is displayed in this poem,
honeysuckle, instead of
rose
of
daffodil
became
the
object
of
depiction;
it
is
“
wild
”
just
to
convey
the
fresh
perception
of
the
natural scenes on the new continent.
The flowers, similar to the early Puritan
settlers, used to believe
they were the
selects of God to be arranged on the abundant
land, but now have to wake up from fantasy and
be more respectful to natural law.
Theme:
the
mutability
of
flowers
and
by
extension
the
transience
of
human
life.
Time
is
constant but the time of
a life is short; any favor is relative but change
is absolute; with or without
the
awareness,
nature
develops;
flowers
were
born,
blossomed
and
declined
to
repose,
and
human
beings
would
exist in exactly the same way. A
philosophical meditation is indicated by the
description of the fate of
a trivial
wild plant. In this poem, the poet expresses a
keen awareness of the loveliness and transience
of nature. It implies that life and
death are inevitable law of nature. In addition,
the poet writes with
the strong
implication that, though in the work no one is
presented in person, human beings at times envy
the
flower.
This
is
seen
not
because
the
“
roving
foot
”
would
“
crush
”
;
nor
that
the
“
busy
hand
”
would
“
provoke a
tear
”
; nor because of the
“
vulgar
eye
”
, but because of the
fact that the human being has
the
ability to foresee his death. Whereas, the flower,
with its happy ignorance, lacks this consciousness
and is completely unaware of its doom.
Its innocence left it happier than the foreseeing
human beings.
Unfortunately, the human
beings are quite unwilling to refuse this
knowledge and that arouses all their
sufferings.
Rhyme
and
analysis:
Form
?
Four
six-line
stanzas
?
iambic
tetrameter
四
音
步
抑
扬
格
?
soft-strong-soft-strong-soft-strong-
soft-strong
?
Fair flower,
that dost so comely grow
?
rhymed on
ababcc
pattern
Following
the
traditional
European
model,
the
lyric
is
written
in
regular
6-line
tetrameter
stanzas, rhyming
“
ababcc
”
, and sounds just like music. But in order to accord with the change in tone
and
topic in Stanza 3, the rhythmic pattern is varied.
Different from the rest the poem which is written
in
smooth
iambic
tetrameter
lines,
the
third
line
of
the
stanza
---
“
They
died
”
---
begins
with
a
“
spondee
”
(two stressed beats in a row) and,
after forcing the reader to pause (the dash),
continues in a highly
irregular rhythm
with an intensification of stressed beats. The
purpose is obvious: the speaker wants to
drive the horrible message home, to let
the reader feel the impact acutely. But as we
progress into the
last
stanza,
when
a
more
mature
view
of
life
and
death
is
adopted,
the
rhythms
are
restored
to
the
original
regularity as the
tone assumes a tempered serenity grown out of
experience. The wild honey suckle is,
in the poet
’
s
eye, no longer a common flower.
In the first two stanzas, to start
with, Freneau devoted more attention to the
environment of the flower
in which he
found it than to the appearance of the flower per
se. He commented on the secluded nature of
the place where the honey suckle grew,
drawing a conclusion that it was due to
Nature
’
s protectiveness
that the flower was able to lead a
peaceful life free from
men
’
s disturbance and
destruction. But the
next stanza
immediately changed the tone from silent
admiration and appreciation to outright
lamentation
over the
“
future
’
s
doom
”
of the flower --- even
Nature was unable to save the flower from its
death.
Actually no flower, or no living
being, can escape. Not even the flowers that used
to bloom in Eden.
Thus from
the flower in nature the poet started to ponder
over the fate of man, who was bound to fall from
his
innocence
and
suffer
from
the
despair
of
death
as
the
result
to
his
exile
from
Paradise.
Just
as
kindly
as
nourished
and
protected
the
honey
suckle
in
spring
and
summer,
Nature
will
destroy
ruthlessly
the
flower
with its autumn and
winter weapons.
Understand
the
title:
1.
The
name
honeysuckle
comes
from
the
sweet
nectar
that
the
flow
er
produces
to
intoxicate
the
greedy
bee.
Its
powerful
fragrance
seduces
the
human
senses
as
it
pervades
the
air.
The
perfume
of
this
passionate
plant
may
turn
a
maidens
head,
hence
wild
honeysuckle
is
a
symbol
of
inconstancy
in
.
The
word
“
wild
”
implies
her
living
place;
she
lives
in
wilderness
not
in
paradise
or
house;
so
she
will
not
be
app
reciated
by
others
and
feels
sorrowful.
Also
it
implies
the
nature,
so
we
can
say
the
writer
is
describing
the
nature.
William
Cullen Bryant
（对死亡的冥想）
热爱自然的人与世间万象
,
有着心神的交流，对他
,
她可说各种各样的语言
他高兴的时候，她声音喜悦
,
微笑里透着高贵的美丽
,
她潜入他隐秘的思索，带着温柔和抚慰的关切，
未及他明白她就将痛苦带走，
当最后
的思想如灾难降临你的精神
,
悲痛的哀影，寿衣，棺罩
,
令人窒息的黑暗，以及促狭的房屋
使你瑟瑟发抖，并心生憎恨——
去开
阔的田野吧，去听听
,
自然的教诲，听听那从四野里——大地、
河川和新鲜的空气中——
传来的静谧而寂寥的声音——
然而几
天后，普照大地的太阳在它的行程里，也不见你的踪影；也不在冰冷的大地
你含泪苍白的形体停放之处
,
也不在大海的怀抱存
你的形象
养育了你的大地要将你召回
,
复归为
尘土，消除人的痕迹你的个体将臣服于此，你将永远与自然之中的万物共处
去做无情的草木和磐石的兄弟掩藏在坚硬的泥土下，任由那粗野的情郎翻犁和践踏橡树伸展的根须将 刺穿
你的躯体。不过，在你永恒的栖所你并不会独处，你也不
能企望更多的奢华。
你将与幼稚世界的尊者们并卧，——有国
王，地上的强者，——有智者、善者仁者，以及远古时代的先知，
在同一个墓室里。山峦如太阳一样固执且陈旧，河谷平静的沉思在原始的树林间伸展蜿蜒——江河在尊贵里< /p>
前行，而浇绿草原的溪流却带着汩汩的怨言，灌注世间的一切，
古老的海洋是苍凉孤凄的荒原——
而这一切不过是人类伟大坟
冢的威严的装饰。金色的太阳众多的行星，一切天界无限的居所
都照耀着死亡之悲戚的归处历经千秋万代的静逝。
一切行在世间的血肉也不过是安睡在其胸间的部族的一撮。——
攀上清晨的翅膀，穿越巴肯荒漠或自弃于绵延的丛林
,
俄勒冈河奔流不息的水声充溢双耳——尽管亡者
齐聚，万千魂灵在那孤寂里隐身自打这多年的飞行肇始，他们就卧
在最后的睡眠里——那里亡者独自统治。
你也将这般歇息；假若你从生撤入沉寂，而无一亲朋注意到你的离去所有呼吸的人都将分享你的命运
乐观的在你不在的时候欢笑严肃而关切的艰难前行。每个人都将一如既
往地追求他们
最心仪的幻影；尽管他们都将离开一切欢愉和觊觎，而前来
<
/p>
筑榻于你之侧。随着生命的列车慢慢滑远，人类的子孙生命之春的青年，历经沧桑的中年、
垂垂老妪和娇娇少女
呀呀学语的孩童，以及两鬓苍苍的老人—
—都将一个个地来到你的身边
更多的人也将追随他们而来所以活着，直到被召唤去加入
那庞大的篷车旅行的队伍，向着神秘的王国前进，人人都将在死亡
沉寂的殿堂里找到自己的房间不要像矿场的奴隶一样在深夜
被鞭笞进黑暗的地牢；而要带着平静的抚慰和永恒的信仰，走进
你的墓穴，打开你华丽的铺盖躺下去，进入甜美的梦乡。
Theme
：
The
author
’
s view about
death.
3.
To
a waterfowl
Arranged in alternating rhymed
quatrains, it expressed both the
poet
’
s grateful view, at the
close of a
day of self-doubt and
despair, of a solitary bird on the horizon, and
his sense of a divine power guiding
and
protecting everything in nature.
Edgar Allan Poe
Helen
The
theme
of
this
short
poem
is
the
beauty
of
a
woman
.
she
treated
him
kindly
and
m
ay
have
urged
him
–
or
perhaps
inspired
him. The theme of this short poem is
the beauty of a woman
with whom Poe
became acquainted when he was 14.
The poet compares himself to be
Odysseus, who wandered for ten years to get home.
Helen, the beauty, is
his guide to come
home.
–
to
write
poetry.
Beauty
in
the
poem
appears
to
refer
to
the
woman's
soul
as
well
as
h
er
physical
appearance.
As
is
typical
with
many
of
Poe's
poems,
the
rhythm
and
rhyme
scheme
of
Helen
is
irregular
but
musical
in
sound.
The
poem
consists
of
three
stanzas
of
five
lines
each,
where
the
end
rhyme
of
the
first
stanza
is
ABABB,
that
of
the
second
is
ABABA,
and
that
of
the
third
is
ABBAB.
His
concludin
g
image
is
that
of
light
and
Helen
is
the
beacon
of
him
in
the
life
.
l
Lee
Content:
The
love
between
the
narrator
and
annabel
lee
is
very
strong
and
pure.
Though
an
nabel
lee
was
killed
by
a
chilling
wind
sent
by
people
who
envy
their
love
,
the
lo
ve
of
them
remains
alive
–
eternal
–
because
the
souls
of
the
lovers
remain
united
.
Theme
the
poet
looks
back
into
the
distant
past
to
a
time
in
a
kingdom
by
the
sea
wh
ere
he
and
his
lover
annabel
lee
lived.
their
love
was
so
great
that
even
the
highest
rank
of
angels,envied
them
for
it.
It
’
s
in memory of his dead wife
,the
general
tone
of
the
poem
is
sad.
Rhyme:
Traditionally,
most
poems
are
stanzaic.
The
poem
of
Annabel
Lee
is
written
in
six
stanzas,
each
stanza
being
composed of six to eight lines. The lines of each
stanza seem to alternate. Part of the reason for
the alternation of lines may be due to
the aspect of rhyming and rhythm. In the instance
where the lines
vary, the flow of the
poem would be disrupted if it were changed in any
way.
The
repetition
of
the
melodious
long
rhyme
“
see,
Lee,
me
”
gives
a
sense
of
solemnity
and
melancholy.
The
poet
also
uses
internal
rhyme,
such
as
“
< br>beams
”
rhymes
with
“
dreams
”
,
“
rise
”
with
“
eyes
”
and
“
tide
”
with
“
side
”
to make the poem musical.
The
sound is like the insistent tolling
of a bell, not
unlike that
sound of church-bells at a funeral,
heavily beating on reader
’
s
hearts. The poet places their great love
“
in a kingdom by the
sea
”
, which indicates
European classical flavor. The sea and the bank
symbol death
and life. In this poem,
there is not shinning sun and bright smile but
colorless moonlight, billow sound
and
lonely sepulcher, which successfully evokes an air
of sadness and desolation.
Theme
the
poet
looks
back
into
the
distant
past
to
a
time
in
a
kingdom
by
the
sea
wh
ere
he
and
his
lover
annabel
lee
lived.
their
love
was
so
great
that
even
the
highest
rank
of
angels,envied
them
for
it.
It
’
s
in memory of his dead wife
,the
general
tone
of
the
poem
is
sad.
Figures
of
speech:
In
this
poem
,the
poet
pay
great
attention
on
alliteration
to
create
pleasing
sound
patt
erns.
Walt Whitman
of Myself
Theme
of
Myself
is
all
about
the
human
experience.
The
human
experience,
here,
mean
s
what
men
of
the
past,
present
and
future
have
seen,
touched,
smelt,
and
heard.
In
this
poem
Whitman
is
explaining
how
all
of
humanity
is
like
one
living
organism,
and
no
on
e
part
is
more
important
than
the
other.
Analysis
In
section
44
of
of
Myself
Whitman
says,
have
thus
far
exhausted
trillions
o
f
winters
and
summers,
There
are
trillions
ahead,
and
trillions
ahead
of
them.
Births
ha
ve
brought
us
richness
and
variety,
And
other
births
will
bring
us
richness
and
variety.
I
do
not
call
one
greater
and
one
smaller,
That
which
fills
its
period
and
place
is
equal
to
any.
It
is
clear
that
Whitman
had
a
perspective
of
the
human
race
and
its
history
that
escaped
most
writers.
More
specifically,
Whitman
speaks
of
equal
contributio
n
to
the
human
experience
in
section
42:
and
there
with
dimes
on
the
eyes
walkin
g,
To
feed
the
greed
of
the
belly
the
brains
liberally
spooning,
Tickets
buying,
taking,
selling,
but
in
to
the
feast
never
once
going,
Many
sweating,
ploughing,
thrashing,
and
then
the
chaff
for
payment
receiving,
A
few
idly
owning,
and
they
the
wheat
continuall
y
claiming.
This
is
the
city
and
I
am
one
of
the
citizens,
Whatever
interests
the
rest
interests
me,
politics,
wars,
markets,
newspapers,
schools,
The
mayor
and
councils,
banks
,
tariffs,
steamships,
factories,
stocks,
stores,
real
estate
and
personal
estate.
Emily Dickinson
7.I Died for Beauty-But Was
Scarce
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