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2021-02-10 05:55
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2021年2月10日发(作者:逛街的英文)


Key to chapter 1


1 .What is a word?





1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.


2.



In what way are words related to vocabulary?







V


ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make


up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.


3.



Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples .






Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and


their


collection


is


arbitrary


and


conventional.


For


example,


tree/tri:/


means



in


English


because


the


English-speaking


people


have


agreed to


do so


just


as


Chinese


people


use/shù


/


(



)


to


refer to


the same thing.


This


explains


why


people


of


different


languages use


different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/


can mean


right


,


rite


, and


write


.


4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english words




There are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form.



There are more phonemes than letters in English,


so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme.



The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized


change of sound and spelling.



Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and



borrowing,


which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.


5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spelling







Early


scribes changed


the spelling


of


many


words


while


copying things


for


others


because the


original spelling forms


in


cursive


writing


were


difficult


for


people


to


recognize,


such


as


sum,


cum,


wuman,


munk



and


so


on.


Later,


the


letter



u



with


vertical


lines


was


replaced


with



o


,


resulting


in


the


current


spelling


forms


like


some,


come,


woman,


monk


.


The


changed


spelling


forms


are


more


distinguishable to readers.


6.



What are the characteristics of basic word stock





Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’


daily


communication. Such words are characterized by


all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and



collocability.


7.



choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left





A



tart




loose woman





b. bloke



fellow







pistol






d. swell great







e. chicken coward


F .blue



fight












g. smoky



police





h



full



drunk






i. dame



woman






j.



beaver girl


8.



given the modern



equivalents for the following



archaic



words






haply = perhaps







albeit= although




methinks = it seems to me






eke= also



bade= bid




smooth= truth





morn= morning




troth= pledge





ere= before



quoth = said



hallowed= holy



billow= wave/ the sea













9.



Explain neologisms with examples





Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example,

< p>
euro


(


欧元


), < /p>


e-book


(


电子书

< br>),


SARS


(


非典


),


netizen



(


网民


),


are


newly-coined


words.


Words


like


mouse


(


鼠标

),


web


(


网络


),


space


shuttle

(


航天飞机


)


etc.


are


old


words


which


have


acquired new meanings.


10.



What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words






By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals,


which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences.


Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have


much higher frequency in use than content words.


11.



How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ?






Native


words


form


a


small


portion


of


the


English


vocabulary,


but


they


make


up


the


mainstream


of


the


basic


word- stock


which


belongs


to


the


common


core


of


the


English


language.


Compared


with


most


loan-words,


native


words


are


mostly


essential


to


native


speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.





12.



Categorize the following borrowed words into



denizens , aliens translation loans and semantic loans






Denizens




Aliens







Translation loans





Semantic loans






kettle







confrere







chopsticks











dream





die









pro patria






black humour







skirt








parvenu







long time no see





wall








Wunderkind




typhoon





husband





Mikado




Key to chapter 2


1.



Why should students of english lexicology study the In- European language family?





The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of


Europe, the


Near


East


and


India.


English belongs


to


this


family


and the


other


members


of


the


Indo-European


Language


Family


have


different


degrees


of


influence


on


English


vocabulary.


A


knowledge


of


the


Indo-European


Language


Family


will


help


us


understand


English words better and use them more appropriately.


2


.make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern language given below


Indo-European Language Family


Balto-Slavic


Lithuanian


Prussian


Polish


Slavenian


Russian


Bulgarian


Roumanian


Indo-Iranian


Hindi


Perian


Celtic


Breton


Scottish


Irish


Italic


Spanish


French


Italian


Portuguese


Hellenic


Greek


Germanic


English


Swedish


German


Icelangic


Danish


Dutch



3.



W


hat are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the 3 periods of development ? Do you think we can divide


the historical development in other ways ? Defend your argument.






The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther.


Old English


has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000



60 000), (2) a


small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings.


Middle English


has (1) a comparatively


large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled.


Modern English


has (1)


a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.





Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle


English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original


division is lost.


4.



what



characteristics of english make the english language heterogeneous ?





it is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major





languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.



5.



Account for the popularity of english in the present world from a linguistic perspective.





The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and


new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and


a relatively fixed


word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.


6




course






human







events








necessary







people



dissolve





political






connected





assume









powers



separate





equal








station








nature










entitle



decent






respect







opinions






requires









declare



causes






impel








separation





From the words picked out, we can see that most of the




content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly


functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.


7.



Give a brief account of the 4 phases of Latin borrowing with 2 or 3 examples for each period.





Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and (4)


Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; Words borrowed in


the second period are mainly religious terms such as


candle, nun, church


; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as



frustrate,


history, infancy



and so


on and in the


forth


period


Words borrowed


from


Latin


are usually


abstract


formal terms


like


status,


nucleus, minimum


.


the difference elements that make up the following hybrids.



eventful



[Latin + English]







hydroplane [Greek +Latin




Falsehood [Latin +English ]









pacifist [Latin +Greek ]


Saxophone [German +Greek ]







heirloom [French +English ]




Joss house [Portuguese +English ]




television [Greek + Latin ]


9.


put the following French loan word into 2 groups , one being early borrowings and the other late ones .



amateur (late)




finace (late)





Empire (late)




peace (early)





Courage (early)



garage (late)



Judgement (early)




chair (early)




Chaise (late)



grace (early)



Servant (early)



routine (late) Jealous (early)




savate (late)





Genre (late)



gender (early)




Debut (late)



morale (late)




State (early)



chez (late)




Ballet (late)


10.



Comment on Jespersen's remark on Scandinavian element in english


Scandinavian words, they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare.




Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in E


nglish. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so


English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.


1


1. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitions




allegro




f.







Alto




i.


女低音





Andante




j


行板





Crescendo



b.







Diminuendo



g.







Forte




e.






Largo



d.






Piano




h.






Pianoforte




a.


轻转






Soprano




c.


女高音



12.



Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which each has been borrowed






che rub



Hebrew




chipmunk(American Indian )




Chocolate(Mexican )




coolie(Hindi)



Cotton (Arabic)






jubilee (Greek)


Lasso (Spanish)



loot (Hindi) Sabbath (Hebrew)



shampoo (Hindi)





Snorkel (German)




ttamale (Mexican)



Tepee (American)



tulip (Turkish)




V


oodoo (African)



kibitz (German)



Wok (Chinese)




sauerbraten (German)


13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources . Choose a word to fill in each space .


a. alligator



b. Loco



c. rodeo d.. Bonanza



e. igloo



f. Blitzkrieg



g. wigwam



h. Canoe




i. hurricane



j. Boomerang



k. poncho


14.



Describe the characteristics of contemporary vocabulary





the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous;


(2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing


swiftly by means of word- formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes and





influence of other cultures and languages.


15.



What are the major modes of vocabulary development in contemporary english ?




the


major


modes


of


vocabulary


development


of


contemporary


are


creation,


that


is


by


means


of


word- formation;


semantic


change,


adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant


role.


Key to chapter 3





the terms in the blanks according to the definitions




a. morpheme












b. allomorph




c. bound morpheme






d. free morpheme




e. affix

















f. inflectional affix



g. derivational affix







h. root



i. stem

















j. base


2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes,and inflectional and derivational morphemes .give examples to


illustrate their relationships







Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as



s(-es), -ed, -ing and



est


(to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form


new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.





Grammatical


morphemes


are


those


used


to


show


grammatical


concepts,


including


inflectional


suffixes


as


mentioned


above


and


functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are derivational


affixes including both prefixes and suffixes


3.



Analyse



the words in terms of root, stem ,base






Individualistic





individualist + ic




[stem , base]





individual + ist






[stem, base ]





individu + al








[stem, base ]





in + dividu









[root, stem, base ]






undesirables


un +desirable










[stem, base ]


desir + able












[root, stem, base ]


ze


the


following


terms


in


a


tree


diagram


to


show


their


logical


relationships


free morpheme =free root


morpheme


bound morpheme



affix



derivational affix


suffix


Bound root


inflectional affix


prefix



Key to chapter 4


Enumerate


the


three


important


means


of


word


formation


and


explain


their


respective


role


in


the


expansion


of


English


vocabulary.





The


three


means


of


word


formation


are



affixation


,


which


creates


30%


to


40%


of


the


total


number


of


new


words ;


compounding


,which brings 28% to 30% of all the new words; and


conversion


, which provides English with 26% of the new


words.


Affixation



is affixation?



What is its alternative name ?




Affixation,


also


called


derivation,


is


the


formation


of


new


words


by


adding


affixes


to


stems.


Affixation


Includes


prefixation


and


suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.


is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?



Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.


are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?



Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of


speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.


is the best way to classify prefixes ? Why ?





The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.


5.


Form negatives with each of following words by using one of these prefixes dis~,il~.im~ , in~,ir~ ,non~, un~,





non-smoker



incapable



impractical



disobey



insecurity



irrelevant




immature



inability/disability unofficially



unwillingness illegal disagreement




illogical



disloyal



inconvenient



non-athletic









6. harden















horrify
















modernize




memorize












falsify

















apologize




deepen














glorify

















sterilize




lengthen













intensify
















beautify




fatten















sympathize




a. apologize










b. beautify














c. lengthening




d. sympathized





g. memorizing


7.




a.


d.


g.




e. to fatten














f. falsify/harden





h. Sterilize








b.



h.


politician


e.





c.



participant


f.


teacher


employee


waitress


pianist



conductor


examinee/examiner


8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-world


mono- = one: monorail, monoculture


super- = over, above: superstructure,



auto- = self: autobiography, automobile


sub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition


mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar


pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection


ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer



Compounding


1.



Why are the criteria by which to differentiate compounds from free phrases? What do you think of these criteria?




The three criteria are(1)


stress pattern


, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. '-


-(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)


meaning,


that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of the



supernatural





component parts, but the free phrase is, e.g.


hot line


(compound: busy line),


hot potato


(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)


grammatical


unity


, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g.


easy chair


(compound: a special


arm chair),


easier chair


(free phrase: a less easy chair).



However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.


2. heartbeat [S + V]













brainwashing [V + O]


movie- goer [place + V


.-er]



far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing]



lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed]



boyfriend [S + complement]


snap decision [V + O]


on- coming [adv+v]



light-blue [adj + adj]






baking powder [ adv+n.]


dog-tired [adv + adj]







love-sick [adv + adj]


peace- loving [V +O]


easy chair [ adj+ n]


tax-free [adv +adj]


goings- on [V +adv]


Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj


.)→single(v.


.


3.



Wh


at are the usual methods to form compound words ? Give examples.




There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example,


first name (v. from first name)


and


honeymoon (v. from honeymoon)


are


words


created


by


means


of


conversion


:


words


such


as



proofread


(v.


from


proofreading)



and


chain-smoke


(v.


from


chain


smoker)



are


formed by means of


backformation


.


-bred






有教养的








well-behaved




守规矩的




culture-bound



含文化的








homebound





回家的




needle work





针织品










homework






家庭作业




praiseworthy




值得表扬的






respectworthy



值得尊敬的




bar-woman






吧女











sportswoman




女运动员




nationwide






全国的









college-wide





全校的



clear-minded




头脑清晰的






strong-minded



意志坚强的



military-style




军事风格的






newstyle








新款



self-control






自制











self-respect






自尊



budget-related



有预算的






politics-related



与政治相关的



water-proof





防水











fire-proof






防火



once-fashionable


曾经流行的




once-powerful


曾经强大的



news-film






新闻片









news-letter




时事通讯



mock-attack




演习












mock-sadness



假悲伤



sister-in-law




/


弟媳妇








father-in-law




岳父


/


公公



home-baked



自家烤的









home-produced



自制的



half-way



半途的


/


半 路的







half-done




半生不熟的



ever-lasting




永久的










ever-green




常青的



age-conscious


年龄敏感的






status- conscious



身份敏感的



campus-based


以校园为基地的




market-based



基于市场的



Conversion


is conversion?



What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero-derivation?






Conversion


is the


formation


of


new


words by


turning


words


of


one


part


of


speech


to those


of


another


part


of


speech,


The term


functional


shift


reveals


the


actual


function


of


conversion,


i.e.


change


of


the


functions


of


words .the


term


zero-derivation


approaches


conversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes, hence zero derivation.





what way is conversion different from suffixation?




Although


both


are


called


derivation


,suffixation


is


the


derivation


of


new


words


by


adding


suffixes


to


bases,


such


as


simple


(adj.)→ simplify



v.)


3 what causes of words are most frequently converted ?




The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.


4 in what way are verbs converted from nouns semantically related to original nouns and vice versa ?


Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways. The new nouns converted from verbs refer to



1



state of mind or sensation, e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity, e.g. swim (the activity of swimming );(3) result of



the


action, e.g. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action, e.g. bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument, e,g, paper (doing


something with paper ) and (6) place, e.g. turn(the place of



turning).


Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or


on the noun, e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun, e.g. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act


as the noun, e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) (6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by


ship).


5.



Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examples





When adjectives are


converted


into nouns, some


are


completely


changed, thus


known


as


full


conversation, and


others


are


partially


changed,


thus


known


as


partial


conversion.


Adjectives


which


are


fully


converted


can


achieve


a


full


noun


status,


i.


e.


having


all


the


characteristics


of


nouns.


That


means


they


can


take


a


/


an


shorts,


finals.


Adjectives


which


are


partially


converted


still


keep


adjective


features.


They


should


always


be


used


with


the,


and


they


cannot


take


-s/-es


to


show


plural


forms.


Moreover,


the


words


can


have


comparative or superlative degrees: the poor, the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.


6.



What changes are occasionally involved in the process of conversion?




The


changes


occasionally


involved


are


(1)


change


of


spelling


accompanied


by


pronunciation


,e.


G


.


Life/laIf/→live/liv/


,


breat


h


/bre


?


/→breathe /bri:?


/ and blood /bl


?



d/→ bleed / bli:d/ (2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and


permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.



7.



a .stomach [


n.→v.


]



b. Room [


n.→ v.


]



[n → v]




/go [v → n]







ar [a → n]




nt [a → n]



[a →


n]



h. ah/ ouch [int → v]




m [a → n]




-been/might- have-


been [finite v → n]



[proper n → v]



[v → n]



[a → v]



Blending


motel



motor + hotel)


汽车旅馆




humint



(human + intelligence)



情报



advertisetics



(advertisement + statistics)



广告统计学



psywarrior


(psychological warrior)


心理战专家




hoverport



(hovercraft + port



气垫船码头



chunnel (channel + tunnel)


海峡隧道



hi-fi



(high + fidelity)



高保真音响





cinemactress (cinema + actress)





电影演员



Clipping


copter (helicopter)




front clipping




dorm (dormitory)




back clipping




lab (laboratory)



back clipping


prefab (prefabricated house)




phrase clipping




gas (gasoline)



back clipping



prof (professor)




back clipping


scope (telescope)




front clipping



champ (champion)



back clipping



sarge (sergeant)



back clipping


mike (microphone)



back clipping



ad (advertisement) back clipping




tec (detective)



ront and back clipping


Acronymy



initialisms


and


acronyms


are


formed


to


a


certain


extent


from


initial


letters.


Is


there


any


difference


between


them


?


Illustrate your point with examples


-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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