-
Key to chapter 1
1 .What is a
word?
1.A word is a minimal free form of a
language that has a given sound, meaning and
syntactic function.
2.
In what way are words related to
vocabulary?
V
ocabulary refers to the sum
total of all the words in a language. In other
words, vocabulary is composed of words and words
make
up vocabulary. If we compare
vocabulary to a family, words are family members.
3.
Illustrate the
relationship between sound and meaning with
examples .
Sound is the physical
aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound
refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically
related and
their
collection
is
arbitrary
and
conventional.
For
example,
tree/tri:/
means
树
in
English
because
the
English-speaking
people
have
agreed to
do so
just
as
Chinese
people
use/shù
/
(
树
)
to
refer to
the same thing.
This
explains
why
people
of
different
languages use
different sounds to express the same
concept. However, in the same languages, the same
sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/
can mean
right
,
rite
, and
write
.
4
.Enumerate the causes for the differences between
sound and form of english words
There are generally four
major causes of the differences between sound and
form.
⑴
There are more
phonemes than letters in English,
so
there is no way to use one letter to represent one
phoneme.
⑵
The stabilization
of spelling by printing, which breaks the
synchronized
change of sound and
spelling.
⑶
Influence of the
work of scribes, who deliberately changed the
spelling of words and
⑷
borrowing,
which introduces many words
which are against English rules of pronunciation
and spelling.
5 .Give examples to show
the influence of early scribes on english spelling
Early
scribes
changed
the spelling
of
many
words
while
copying things
for
others
because the
original spelling forms
in
cursive
writing
were
difficult
for
people
to
recognize,
such
as
sum,
cum,
wuman,
munk
and
so
on.
Later,
the
letter
u
with
vertical
lines
was
replaced
with
o
,
resulting
in
the
current
spelling
forms
like
some,
come,
woman,
monk
.
The
changed
spelling
forms
are
more
distinguishable to readers.
6.
What are the
characteristics of basic word stock
Words of the
basic word stock form the common core of the
English language. They are the words essential to
native speakers’
daily
communication. Such words are
characterized by
all national
character, stability, polysemy, productivity and
collocability.
7.
choose the
standard meaning form from the list on the right
to match each of the slang words on the left
A
tart
loose woman
b. bloke
fellow
pistol
d. swell great
e. chicken coward
F .blue
fight
g. smoky
police
h
full
drunk
i. dame
woman
j.
beaver girl
8.
given the
modern
equivalents for the
following
archaic
words
haply = perhaps
albeit= although
methinks = it seems to me
eke= also
bade=
bid
smooth=
truth
morn= morning
troth= pledge
ere= before
quoth = said
hallowed= holy
billow= wave/ the sea
9.
Explain neologisms with examples
Neologisms refer to newly-coined words
or old words with new meanings. For example,
euro
(
欧元
), <
/p>
e-book
(
电子书
< br>),
SARS
(
非典
),
netizen
(
网民
),
are
newly-coined
words.
Words
like
mouse
(
鼠标
),
web
(
网络
),
space
shuttle
(
航天飞机
)
etc.
are
old
words
which
have
acquired new meanings.
10.
What is the
fundamental difference between content and
functional words
By notion,
words fall into content words and functional
words. Content words include nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs and numerals,
which
have clear notions; whereas functional words are
void of notions but are mainly used to connect
content words into sentences.
Content
words are numerous and changing all the time,
while functional words are small in number and
stable. But functional words have
much
higher frequency in use than content words.
11.
How do you
account for the role of native words in english in
relation to loan words ?
Native
words
form
a
small
portion
of
the
English
vocabulary,
but
they
make
up
the
mainstream
of
the
basic
word-
stock
which
belongs
to
the
common
core
of
the
English
language.
Compared
with
most
loan-words,
native
words
are
mostly
essential
to
native
speakers’ daily communication and enjoy
a much higher frequency in actual use.
12.
Categorize the following borrowed words
into
denizens , aliens
translation loans and semantic loans
Denizens
Aliens
Translation loans
Semantic
loans
kettle
confrere
chopsticks
dream
die
pro patria
black humour
skirt
parvenu
long time no see
wall
Wunderkind
typhoon
husband
Mikado
Key to chapter 2
1.
Why should
students of english lexicology study the In-
European language family?
The Indo-Europe Language
Family is one of the most important language
families in the world. It is made up of the
languages of
Europe, the
Near
East
and
India.
English belongs
to
this
family
and the
other
members
of
the
Indo-European
Language
Family
have
different
degrees
of
influence
on
English
vocabulary.
A
knowledge
of
the
Indo-European
Language
Family
will
help
us
understand
English words
better and use them more appropriately.
2
.make a tree diagram to
show the family relations of the modern language
given below
Indo-European Language
Family
Balto-Slavic
Lithuanian
Prussian
Polish
Slavenian
Russian
Bulgarian
Roumanian
Indo-Iranian
Hindi
Perian
Celtic
Breton
Scottish
Irish
Italic
Spanish
French
Italian
Portuguese
Hellenic
Greek
Germanic
English
Swedish
German
Icelangic
Danish
Dutch
3.
W
hat are the fundamental
differences between the vocabularies of the 3
periods of development ? Do you think we can
divide
the historical development in
other ways ? Defend your argument.
The
vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly
from one anther.
Old English
has (1) a small vocabulary (50
000
—
60 000), (2) a
small number of borrowings from Latin
and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of
endings.
Middle English
has
(1) a comparatively
large vocabulary,
(2) a tremendous number of foreign words from
French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled.
Modern English
has (1)
a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary,
(2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost
endings.
Yes, we can divide the developments in
other ways, for example, Old English period can be
called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle
English might start from 1066, the time
of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical
continuation of thee three phases of the original
division is lost.
4.
what
characteristics of english
make the english language heterogeneous ?
it
is receptivity and adaptability of the English
language that make it possible for English to
borrow heavily from other major
languages of
the world, so that the English vocabulary
eventually has become heterogeneous.
5.
Account for
the popularity of english in the present world
from a linguistic perspective.
The popularity
of English lies in the fact that English is ready
to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself
to new situations and
new developments,
that it has accepted elements from all other major
languages and that it has simple reflection and
a relatively fixed
word
order. All these make the language comparatively
easy to learn and to use.
6
course
human
events
necessary
people
dissolve
political
connected
assume
powers
separate
equal
station
nature
entitle
decent
respect
opinions
requires
declare
causes
impel
separation
From the words picked out,
we can see that most of the
content words are either of
Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly
functional words. This shows that Greek
and Latin play a very important part in the
English vocabulary.
7.
Give a brief account of the 4 phases of
Latin borrowing with 2 or 3 examples for each
period.
Latin borrowing can be divided into
four phase: (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old
English period, (3) middle English period and (4)
Modern English period. Borrowings in
the first period are mainly common words such as
wall, wine, kettle and so on; Words borrowed in
the second period are mainly religious
terms such as
candle, nun,
church
; the third period saw word
borrowed often via French such as
frustrate,
history,
infancy
and so
on
and in the
forth
period
Words borrowed
from
Latin
are usually
abstract
formal terms
like
status,
nucleus, minimum
.
the difference elements that make up
the following hybrids.
eventful
[Latin
+ English]
hydroplane
[Greek +Latin
Falsehood [Latin +English ]
pacifist [Latin
+Greek ]
Saxophone [German +Greek ]
heirloom [French +English ]
Joss house
[Portuguese +English ]
television [Greek + Latin ]
9.
put the following French
loan word into 2 groups , one being early
borrowings and the other late ones .
amateur (late)
finace (late)
Empire (late)
peace (early)
Courage (early)
garage (late)
Judgement (early)
chair (early)
Chaise (late)
grace (early)
Servant (early)
routine (late) Jealous (early)
savate (late)
Genre (late)
gender (early)
Debut (late)
morale (late)
State (early)
chez (late)
Ballet (late)
10.
Comment on Jespersen's remark on
Scandinavian element in english
Scandinavian words, they are to the
language what bread and eggs are to the daily
fare.
Jespersen’s comment reveals the
importance of Scandinavian words in
E
nglish. Just as people cannot live
without bread and eggs, so
English
language cannot operate properly without
Scandinavian words.
1
1.
Match the Italian musical terms with the proper
definitions
allegro
f.
轻
快
Alto
i.
女低音
Andante
j
行板
Crescendo
b.
渐
强
Diminuendo
g.
渐
弱
Forte
e.
强
Largo
d.
缓
慢
Piano
h.
轻
Pianoforte
a.
轻转
慢
Soprano
c.
女高音
12.
Look up these
words in a dictionary to determine the language
from which each has been borrowed
che
rub
(
Hebrew
)
chipmunk(American Indian )
Chocolate(Mexican )
coolie(Hindi)
Cotton (Arabic)
jubilee (Greek)
Lasso (Spanish)
loot (Hindi) Sabbath (Hebrew)
shampoo (Hindi)
Snorkel
(German)
ttamale (Mexican)
Tepee (American)
tulip (Turkish)
V
oodoo (African)
kibitz (German)
Wok (Chinese)
sauerbraten (German)
13.
Here is a menu of loan words from various sources
. Choose a word to fill in each space .
a. alligator
b.
Loco
c. rodeo d.. Bonanza
e. igloo
f. Blitzkrieg
g.
wigwam
h. Canoe
i. hurricane
j. Boomerang
k.
poncho
14.
Describe the characteristics of
contemporary vocabulary
the characteristics of the
contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as
follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and
heterogeneous;
(2) it has tremendous
borrowings from all other major languages of the
world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4)
it is growing
swiftly by means of word-
formation because of the development of science
and technology, social, economic and political
changes and
influence of other cultures and
languages.
15.
What are the major modes of vocabulary
development in contemporary english ?
the
major
modes
of
vocabulary
development
of
contemporary
are
creation,
that
is
by
means
of
word-
formation;
semantic
change,
adding new meanings to old words;
borrowing words from other language and revival of
old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant
role.
Key to chapter
3
the terms in the blanks according to
the definitions
a. morpheme
b. allomorph
c. bound morpheme
d.
free morpheme
e. affix
f. inflectional affix
g. derivational affix
h. root
i. stem
j. base
2. What
is the difference between grammatical and lexical
morphemes,and inflectional and derivational
morphemes .give examples to
illustrate
their relationships
Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes
added to the end of words to denote grammatical
concepts such as
–
s(-es),
-ed, -ing and
–
est
(to show superlative degree of
adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational
morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words
to form
new words such as pre-, dis-,
un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.
Grammatical
morphemes
are
those
used
to
show
grammatical
concepts,
including
inflectional
suffixes
as
mentioned
above
and
functional words (prepositions,
pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example,
but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are
derivational
affixes including both
prefixes and suffixes
3.
Analyse
the
words in terms of root, stem ,base
Individualistic
individualist + ic
[stem , base]
individual + ist
[stem, base ]
individu + al
[stem, base ]
in + dividu
[root, stem, base ]
undesirables
un +desirable
[stem, base ]
desir + able
[root, stem,
base ]
ze
the
following
terms
in
a
tree
diagram
to
show
their
logical
relationships
free morpheme
=free root
morpheme
bound
morpheme
affix
derivational affix
suffix
Bound root
inflectional
affix
prefix
Key
to chapter 4
Enumerate
the
three
important
means
of
word
formation
and
explain
their
respective
role
in
the
expansion
of
English
vocabulary.
The
three
means
of
word
formation
are
affixation
,
which
creates
30%
to
40%
of
the
total
number
of
new
words
;
compounding
,which brings
28% to 30% of all the new words; and
conversion
, which provides
English with 26% of the new
words.
Affixation
is
affixation?
What is its
alternative name ?
Affixation,
also
called
derivation,
is
the
formation
of
new
words
by
adding
affixes
to
stems.
Affixation
Includes
prefixation
and
suffixation according to the types of
Affixes used to forms new words.
is
the difference between prefixation and
suffixation?
Prefixation is
to create new words by adding prefixes to base
while suffixation makes new words by adding
suffixes to base.
are the
characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?
Generally speaking,
prefixes do not change part of speech of base but
only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do
change part of
speech but seldom modify
the meaning of bases.
is the best way
to classify prefixes ? Why ?
The best way to
classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning
because prefixes only change the meaning of bases
in general.
5.
Form
negatives with each of following words by using
one of these prefixes dis~,il~.im~ , in~,ir~
,non~, un~,
non-smoker
incapable
impractical
disobey
insecurity
irrelevant
immature
inability/disability unofficially
unwillingness illegal
disagreement
illogical
disloyal
inconvenient
non-athletic
6. harden
horrify
modernize
memorize
falsify
apologize
deepen
glorify
sterilize
lengthen
intensify
beautify
fatten
sympathize
a. apologize
b.
beautify
c. lengthening
d. sympathized
g. memorizing
7.
a.
d.
g.
e. to fatten
f. falsify/harden
h. Sterilize
b.
h.
politician
e.
c.
participant
f.
teacher
employee
waitress
pianist
conductor
examinee/examiner
8. trans- = across: transcontinental,
trans-world
mono- = one: monorail,
monoculture
super- = over, above:
superstructure,
auto- =
self: autobiography, automobile
sub- =
bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition
mini- = little, small: minicrisis,
miniwar
pre- = before: prehistorical,
preelection
ex- = former: ex-teacher,
ex-filmer
Compounding
1.
Why are the
criteria by which to differentiate compounds from
free phrases? What do you think of these criteria?
The three
criteria are(1)
stress
pattern
, that is, stress in a compound
falls on the first element but on the second in a
free phrase, e.g. '-
-(compound), - '
-(free phrase);(2)
meaning,
that is, the meanings of a compound is
usually not the combination of the meaning of the
supernatural
component
parts, but the free phrase is, e.g.
hot
line
(compound: busy
line),
hot potato
(free
phrase: potato which is
hot);(3)
grammatical
unity
, that is, the
different elements form a grammatical unit, which
does not allow internal change, e.g.
easy chair
(compound: a
special
arm chair),
easier
chair
(free phrase: a less easy
chair).
However, every rule
has expectations. The same is true of the
criteria. Three are examples against each of the
three rules.
2. heartbeat [S + V]
brainwashing [V + O]
movie-
goer [place + V
.-er]
far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing]
lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed]
boyfriend [S + complement]
snap decision [V + O]
on-
coming [adv+v]
light-blue
[adj + adj]
baking powder [ adv+n.]
dog-tired [adv + adj]
love-sick [adv + adj]
peace-
loving [V +O]
easy chair [ adj+ n]
tax-free [adv +adj]
goings-
on [V +adv]
Whereas conversation is the
derivation of new words by adding zero affixes,
such as single(adj
.)→single(v.
)
.
3.
Wh
at are the usual methods
to form compound words ? Give examples.
There are two
ways to form verb compounds. For example,
first name (v. from first
name)
and
honeymoon (v. from
honeymoon)
are
words
created
by
means
of
conversion
:
words
such
as
proofread
(v.
from
proofreading)
and
chain-smoke
(v.
from
chain
smoker)
are
formed by means of
backformation
.
-bred
有教养的
well-behaved
守规矩的
culture-bound
含文化的
homebound
回家的
needle work
针织品
homework
家庭作业
praiseworthy
值得表扬的
respectworthy
值得尊敬的
bar-woman
吧女
sportswoman
女运动员
nationwide
全国的
college-wide
全校的
clear-minded
头脑清晰的
strong-minded
意志坚强的
military-style
军事风格的
newstyle
新款
self-control
自制
self-respect
自尊
budget-related
有预算的
politics-related
与政治相关的
water-proof
防水
fire-proof
防火
once-fashionable
曾经流行的
once-powerful
曾经强大的
news-film
新闻片
news-letter
时事通讯
mock-attack
演习
mock-sadness
假悲伤
sister-in-law
嫂
/
弟媳妇
father-in-law
岳父
/
公公
home-baked
自家烤的
home-produced
自制的
half-way
半途的
/
半
路的
half-done
半生不熟的
ever-lasting
永久的
ever-green
常青的
age-conscious
年龄敏感的
status-
conscious
身份敏感的
campus-based
以校园为基地的
market-based
基于市场的
Conversion
is conversion?
What do you think of the alternatives
functional shift and zero-derivation?
Conversion
is the
formation
of
new
words by
turning
words
of
one
part
of
speech
to those
of
another
part
of
speech,
The term
functional
shift
reveals
the
actual
function
of
conversion,
i.e.
change
of
the
functions
of
words .the
term
zero-derivation
approaches
conversion from the perspective of
derivation because it is a way of deriving new
words by adding zero affixes, hence zero
derivation.
what way is conversion different from
suffixation?
Although
both
are
called
derivation
,suffixation
is
the
derivation
of
new
words
by
adding
suffixes
to
bases,
such
as
simple
(adj.)→
simplify
(
v.)
3
what causes of words are most frequently converted
?
The classes
most frequently involved in conversation are nouns
and verbs.
4 in what way are verbs
converted from nouns semantically related to
original nouns and vice versa ?
Verbs
converted to nouns usually are related to the
original verbs in six different ways. The new
nouns converted from verbs refer to
(
p>
1
)
state of mind or
sensation, e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2)
event or activity, e.g. swim (the activity of
swimming );(3) result of
the
action, e.g. buy (the
result of buying);(4) doer of the action, e.g.
bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or
instrument, e,g, paper (doing
something
with paper ) and (6) place, e.g. turn(the place of
turning).
Nouns
converted to verbs are generally related to the
original nouns in sever different ways . The new
verbs usually mean (1) to put in or
on
the noun, e. g. peel (to remove the peel from
);(4) to do with the noun, e.g. Shoulder (to do
something with shoulder); (5) to be or act
as the noun, e. g. tutor (to be the
tutor) (6) to make or change into the noun, e.g.
cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to
send by
ship).
5.
Explain partial conversion and full
conversion with examples
When adjectives are
converted
into nouns, some
are
completely
changed, thus
known
as
full
conversation, and
others
are
partially
changed,
thus
known
as
partial
conversion.
Adjectives
which
are
fully
converted
can
achieve
a
full
noun
status,
i.
e.
having
all
the
characteristics
of
nouns.
That
means
they
can
take
a
/
an
shorts,
finals.
Adjectives
which
are
partially
converted
still
keep
adjective
features.
They
should
always
be
used
with
the,
and
they
cannot
take
-s/-es
to
show
plural
forms.
Moreover,
the
words
can
have
comparative or superlative degrees: the
poor, the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.
6.
What changes
are occasionally involved in the process of
conversion?
The
changes
occasionally
involved
are
(1)
change
of
spelling
accompanied
by
pronunciation
,e.
G
.
Life/laIf/→live/liv/
,
breat
h
/bre
?
/→breathe
/bri:?
/ and blood
/bl
?
d/→ bleed /
bli:d/ (2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e.
g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and
permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and
so on.
7.
a .stomach
[
n.→v.
]
b. Room [
n.→ v.
]
[n → v]
/go [v → n]
ar [a → n]
nt [a → n]
[a →
n]
h. ah/ ouch
[int → v]
m [a →
n]
-been/might-
have-
been [finite v → n]
[proper n → v]
[v → n]
[a → v]
Blending
motel
motor + hotel)
汽车旅馆
humint
(human +
intelligence)
情报
advertisetics
(advertisement + statistics)
广告统计学
psywarrior
(psychological
warrior)
心理战专家
hoverport
(hovercraft + port
气垫船码头
chunnel
(channel + tunnel)
海峡隧道
hi-fi
(high +
fidelity)
高保真音响
cinemactress
(cinema + actress)
电影演员
Clipping
copter (helicopter)
front clipping
dorm
(dormitory)
back clipping
lab (laboratory)
back clipping
prefab
(prefabricated house)
phrase clipping
gas (gasoline)
back clipping
prof (professor)
back clipping
scope (telescope)
front clipping
champ (champion)
back clipping
sarge (sergeant)
back clipping
mike
(microphone)
back clipping
ad (advertisement) back
clipping
tec
(detective)
ront and back
clipping
Acronymy
initialisms
and
acronyms
are
formed
to
a
certain
extent
from
initial
letters.
Is
there
any
difference
between
them
?
Illustrate your point with examples
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