常用催化剂表征方法及缩写

是一套标准，

IR

收

/

发的组件也是标准化产品。

红外与蓝牙的差别

1

．距离

红外：对准、直接、

1

—

2

米，单对单

蓝牙

：

10

米左右，可加强 信号，可以绕弯，可以不对准，可以不在同一间房间，链

接最大数目可达

7

个，同时区分硬件。

2

．产业

红外：很普及

蓝牙：初步应用

3

．速度

红外：快

蓝牙：慢

4

．安全

红外：无区别

蓝牙：加密

5

．成本

红外：几元

---

几十元

< br>蓝牙：

400

—

800

元

扫描电子显微镜（

SEM

）

(SEM)

扫描电子显微镜的设计思想和工作原理，早在

1935

年便已被提出来了。

1942

年，英国首先制成一台实验室用的扫描电镜，但由于成像的分辨率很差，照相时间太长，

所以实用价值不大。经过各国科学工作者的努力，尤其是随着电子工业技术水平的不断发

展，到

1956

年开始生产商品扫描电镜。近数十年来，扫描电镜已广泛地应 用在生物学、医

学、冶金学等学科的领域中，促进了各有关学科的发展。

一．扫描电镜的特点

和光学显微镜及透射电镜相比，扫描电镜具有以下特点：

(

一

)

能够 直接观察样品表面的结构，样品的尺寸可大至

120mm×

80 mm×

50mm

。

(

二

)

样品制备过程简单，不用切成薄片。

(

三

) < /p>

样品可以在样品室中作三度空间的平移和旋转，

因此，

eelings survey,

by looki

ng up publi

c se

ntiments to fi

nd pr

obl

ems. Pr

oblems

will increase

its special

supervisi

on,

set up accounts,

hol

d on to it. We

shoul

d conscie

ntiously im

pleme

nt the lea

ding

contra

cting matters, se

cure

d, ha

d a

n answer to everything, t

hen

settles rate of 100%. Have an im

pact

on s

ome of the

outsta

ndi

ng issues,

supervisi

on

department

s and information component

s togethe

r, play t

he supervi

sory rol

e of the

news me

dia to

promote pr

obl

em solvi

ng. Inve

stee 3. i

nsist

on a

daily run, around the

practi

ce of truth

catching efficie

ncy, focus spe

cification. To give full play to the

party Office around connecting, coordi

nating i

nternal a

nd exter

nal features,

contact, rally at all level

s, to motivate every a

spe

ct, adhere to t

he trut

h, strengt

heni

ng standardized manag

ement to a

chieve

coherent,

efficient and effective functioning

of the da

ily work

of the Party Committee. Is

processing messages should

strive to streamline, standardize and quality.

Streamlining is to control the number

of

messages, compress message

s, reduci

ng procedures, im

prove messag

e ha

ndli

ng efficiency. S

pecifications, is t

o strictly e

nforce the ba

n issued

by the Communi

st party aut

horitie

s in document

handling reg

ulations a

nd pr

ovincial and munici

pal regulati

ons, conscienti

ously strengthen a

nd impr

ove communications manageme

nt to ensure that

party docume

nts or

derly. High

qualit

y, is t

o improve the quality of message

processi

ng, it is nece

ssary to a

ccurately implementi

ng the i

ntention of the

Party Committee, cl

earance, good

communications,

poli

cy pr

ogram closed, e

nsuring that t

here is

no

error. Second meeting

scheduled to

ensure thoroug

h, safe a

nd efficie

nt. Any arrangeme

nts for the meeti

ngs a

nd eve

nts, carefully arranged, item

-by

-item interface impleme

nted,

sure.

o vigor

ously streamline meeti

ngs, a

ctivities,

number

of pressure reducti

on,

scale t

o ensure that le

adership emer

ged from the Ge

neral Conference and entertai

nment servi

ces, focus on big thi

ngs, matters. T

hird, re

cepti

on

service

s

should lay

stress

on

huma

ne,

personal,

cult

ural and human. Recepti

on

and work

directly

with

people, re

cepti

on

services directly affecting t

he Office

of party

Committee The image of the

region. At the

same time stre

ngthe

ning the constr

ucti

on

of library, improve t

he re

cepti

on

conditi

ons, more

human

-ori

ented, persona

l, cultural w

ork int

o the re

ce

ption, a little more

huma

n needs, a little more

human care more

humane atmospher

e, and constantly impr

ove the

service, improv

e the

quality

of servi

ce. M

eanw

hile, t

o further pay spe

cial attention to t

he

daily w

ork of the

other Office Syst

em. Confidential

work re

sponsibility sy

stem for leadi

ng ca

dres to implement

security as

a leade

r, to

improve t

he confidentiality

of classified personnel

, especi

ally leadi

ng ca

dres,

strengthening

party a

nd Governme

nt focus

on vital

sect

ors of security management, to adva

nce priva

cy

manageme

nt standar

dization, modernization of se

curity te

chniques a

s a mea

ns of a

dministration accor

ding t

o law a

nd

securi ty

enforceme

nt, ensure the

safety of the party and State secrets. Confide

ntial work to meet the dema

nds

of new technology

develo

pment

out city

created, a

nd care masses life, focus

work, i

n-dept

h investigation, more

out bouti

que master

pie

ce, makes we of rese

arch re

sults mor

e to into le

d of decisi

on vi

sion, more to i

n nati

onal some ha

s effect of newspaper Sha

ng published, for a

dvance work,

and

publicity

cha

ngde

play due of role. Third, informati

on submitted to

be pragmati

c. Quick a

nd timel

y. T

he ancients

said: for the time system; stateme

nt back for t

he time bei

ng, nothi

ng. Therefore, the

submi

ssion of information to

do

ng, se

nd a

nd rea

d faster appr

oval and feedba

ck

to implement quickl

y. To be tr

ue and accurate. True mainly reflect the full pi

cture

of events, one is

one

, two, thi

s is the life

of the information. Accura

cy is primarily

qualitative a

nd

qua

ntitative que

stions, quantitative

obje

ctive of publi

cQualitative logi

c. To be reliable a

nd

useful. We submit inform

ation to

have access t

o de

cisi

on

-making, to g

uide

and

promote t

he work a

nd

solve

practica

l problems.

Mixed cum.

On the negative informati

on a

nd emerge

ncy i

nformation, ra

pid e

scalati

on i

n strict a

ccorda

nce

with the procedures, firm, newsp

ape

r, ne

wspa

pers,

never late, fail to re

port, false claim a

nd skimmi

ng. Investe

e 2. supervision and insist on, ar

ound a

nd pr

otecti

ng their i

nterests to touch the tr

uth,

see

k practical re

sults. Adhere to

people

-orie

nted, the most important thi

ng is to re

alize,

safeguard a

nd

develop the f

undamental intere

sts of the

overwhelming majority

of the people. We

carry out inspe

ction, so must go

dee

p among t

he masses, go

dee

p into t

he realitie

s, always

pay attention to the

people's livel

ihood, to grasp t

he

publ

ic sentiment, a

nd e

arnestly

safeguard t

he be

nefit, addressi

ng the masses are m

ost concerne

d about a

nd refle

cting the stronge

st issues, efforts to

solve t

he pr

oblem

of deci

sions impl

emented a

nd

not implemented. One is to

stick to

principl

es. Rig

ht of i

nspecti

on is

one

of the most important

pow

ers of the

Office, should

not

only dare to use,

but also with

cauti

on. So

-calle

d

dared to

use, i

s to hold a

number of important i

ssue

s, bold

supervisi

on ov

er supervisi

on, tra

ck inspe

ction, problems are

not s

olved

do not pass, the

blame does

not hold

did

not miss,

dissatisfaction of the masses di

d not miss, the real right of superv

sion authority,

with the

benefits. Call wit

h ca

uti

on, is

supervisi

ng de

partments should stre

ngthe

n the

consci

ousne

ss of aut

horize

d strictly a

ccordi

ng to pr

oce

dure,

preventi

ng the supervi

sion and excessive to preve

nt adding burde

n to grass

-roots. To thi

s end, the

supervisi

on De

partment of the

Party Committee of supervi

sion must be under city

and County party Committee Secretary

-General (Office). Second, we should focus on. Is the Gover

nor, those relate

d to the gl

obalEve

nt, Gover

nor the protra

cted diff

icult, strong Gover

nor

duri

ng emergency

urgent.

Not havi

ng special

departments in

charge

of the Ge

neral Gover

nor, under t

he normal proce

dure

can

do g

ood thing

s not

Governor,

not a

uthorized

by County lea

ders,

not the

Gover

nor.

Third i

s to solve

the problem. The pur

pose of supervi

sion, to resolve the pr

oblem.

To a

dher

e to and further impr

ove the

行观察。

(

四

)

景深 大，图象富有立体感。扫描电镜的景深较光学显微镜大几百倍，比透射电镜

大几十倍。< /p>

(

五

)

图象 的放大范围广，分辨率也比较高。可放大十几倍到几十万倍，它基本上包括

了从放大镜、 光学显微镜直到透射电镜的放大范围。分辨率介于光学显微镜与透射电镜之

间，可达

3nm

。

(

六

)

电子束对样品的损伤与污染程度较小。

(

七

)

在观 察形貌的同时，还可利用从样品发出的其他信号作微区成分分析。

二．扫描电镜的结构和工作原理

(

一

)

结构

1

．镜筒

镜筒包括电子枪、聚光镜、物镜及扫描系统。其作用是产生很 细的电子束

(

直径约几

个

nm)

，并且使该电子束在样品表面扫描，同时激发出各种信号。

2

．电子信号的收集与处理系统

在样品室中，扫描电子束与样品发 生相互作用后产生多种信号，其中包括二次电子、

背散射电子、

X

射线、吸收电子、俄歇

(Auger)

电子等。在上述信号中，最主要的是二次电

子，它是被入射电子所激发出来的样品原子 中的外层电子，产生于样品表面以下几

nm

至

< br>

几十

nm

的区域，其产生率主要取决于样品的形貌和成分。通常所说的扫描电镜像指

的就是二次电子像，它是研究样品表面形貌的最有用的电子信号。检测二次电子的检测器

(

图

15(2)

的 探头是一个闪烁体，当电子打到闪烁体上时，

1

就在其中产生光 ，这种光被光

导管传送到光电倍增管，光信号即被转变成电流信号，再经前置放大及视频 放大，电流信

号转变成电压信号，最后被送到显像管的栅极。

3

．电子信号的显示与记录系统

扫描电镜的图象显示在阴极射线管

(

显像管

)

上 ，

并由照相机拍照记录。

显像管有两个，

一个用来观察，分辨率较低，是长余辉的管子；另一个用来照相记录，分辨率较高，是短

余辉的管子。

4

．真空系统及电源系统

扫描电镜的真空系统由机械泵与油 扩散泵组成，其作用是使镜筒内达到

10(4

～

10(5

托的真空度。电源系统供给各部件所需的特 定的电源。

(

二

)

工作原理

从电子枪阴极发出的直径

20(m

～< /p>

30(m

的电子束，

受到阴阳极之间加速 电压的作

用，射向镜筒，经过聚光镜及物镜的会聚作用，缩小成直径约几毫微米的电子探 针。在物

镜上部的扫描线圈的作用下，电子探针在样品表面作光栅状扫描并且激发出多种 电子信

号。这些电子信号被相应的检测器检测，经过放大、转换，变成电压信号，最后被 送到显

像管的栅极上并且调制显像管的亮度。显像管中的电子束在荧光屏上也作光栅状扫 描，并

且这种扫描运动与样品表面的电子束的扫描运动严格同步，

这样即获得衬度与所接收信号

强度相对应的扫描电子像，这种图象反映了样品表面的形 貌特征。第二节

扫描电镜生物

样品制 备技术大多数生物样品都含有水分，

而且比较柔软，

因此，

在进行扫描电镜观察前，

要对样品作相应的处理。扫描电镜样品制备 的主要要求是：尽可能使样品的表面结构保存

好，没有变形和污染，样品干燥并且有良好 导电性能。

eelings survey,

by looki

ng up publi

c se

ntiments to fi

nd pr

obl

ems. Pr

oblems

will increase

its special

supervisi

on,

set up accounts,

hol

d on to it. We

shoul

d conscie

ntiously impleme

nt the lea

ding

contra

cting matters, se

cure

d, ha

d a

n answer to everything, t

hen

settles rate of 100%. Have an im

pact

on some of the

outsta

ndi

ng issues,

supervisi

on

department

s and information component

s togethe

r, play t

he supervi

sory rol

e of the

news me

dia to

promote pr

obl

em solvi

ng. Inve

stee 3. i

nsist

on a

daily run, around the

practi

ce of truth

catching efficie

ncy, focus spe

cification. To give full play to the

party Office around connecting, coordi

nating i

nternal a

nd exter

nal features,

contact, rally at all level

s, to motivate every a

spe

ct, adhere to t

he trut

h, strengt

heni

ng standardized manag

ement to a

chieve

coherent,

efficient and effective functioning

of the da

ily work

of the Party Committee. Is

processing messages should

strive to streamline, standardize and quality.

Streamlining is to control the number

of

messages, compress message

s, reduci

ng procedures, im

prove messag

e ha

ndli

ng efficiency. S

pecifications, is t

o strictly e

nforce the ba

n issued

by the Communi

st party aut

horitie

s in document

handling reg

ulations a

nd pr

ovincial and munici

pal regulati

ons, conscienti

ously strengthen

nd impr

ove communications manageme

nt to ensure that

party docume

nts or

derly. High

qualit

y, is t

o improve the quality of message

processi

ng, it is nece

ssary to a

ccurately implementi

ng the i

ntention of the

Party Committee, cl

earance, good

communications,

poli

cy pr

ogram closed, e

nsuring that t

here is

no

error. Second meeting

scheduled to

ensure thoroug

h, safe a

nd efficie

nt. Any arrangeme

nts for the meeti

ngs a

nd eve

nts, carefully arranged, item

-by

-item interface impleme

nted,

sure.

o vigor

ously streamline meeti

ngs, a

ctivities,

number

of pressure reducti

on,

scale t

o ensure that le

adership emer

ged from the Ge

neral Conference and entertai

nment servi

ces, focus on big thi

ngs, matters. T

hird, re

cepti

on

service

s

should lay

stress

on

huma

ne,

personal,

cult

ural and human. Recepti

on

and work

directly

with

people, re

cepti

on

services directly affecting t

he Office

of party

Committee The image of the

region. At the

same time stre

ngthe

ning the constr

ucti

on

of library, improve t

he re

cepti

on

conditi

ons, more

human

-ori

ented, persona

l, cultural w

ork int

o the re

ce

ption, a little more

huma

n needs, a little more

human care more

humane atmospher

e, and constantly impr

ove the

service, improv

e the

quality

of servi

ce. M

eanw

hile, t

o further pay spe

cial attention to t

he

daily w

ork of the

oth

er Office Syst

em. Confidential

work re

sponsibility sy

stem for leadi

ng ca

dres to implement

security as

a leade

r, to

improve t

he confidentiality

of classified personnel

, especi

ally leadi

ng ca

dres,

strengthening

party a

nd Governme

nt focus

on vital

sect

ors of security management, to adva

nce priva

cy manageme

nt standar

dization, modernization of se

curity te

chniques a

s a mea

ns of a

dministration accor

ding t

o law a

nd

securi ty

enforceme

nt, ensure the

safety of the party and State secrets. Confide

ntial work to meet the dema

nds

of new technology

develo

pment

out city

created, a

nd care masses life, focus

work, i

n-dept

h investigation, more

out bouti

que master

pie

ce, makes we of rese

arch re

sults mor

e to into le

d of decisi

on vi

sion, more to i

n nati

onal some ha

s effect of newspaper Sha

ng published, for a

dvance work,

and

publicity

cha

ngde

play due of role. Third, informati

on submitted to

be pragmati

c. Quick a

nd timel

y. T

he ancients

said: for the time system; stateme

nt back for t

he time bei

ng, nothi

ng. Therefore, the

submi

ssion of information to

do

ng, se

nd a

nd rea

d faster appr

oval and feedba

ck

to implement quickl

y. To be tr

ue and accurate. True mainly reflect the full pi

cture

of events, one is

one

, two, thi

s is the life

of the information. Accura

cy is primarily

qualitative a

nd

qua

ntitative que

stions, quantitative

obje

ctive of publi

cQualitative logi

c. To be reliable a

nd

useful. We submit inform

ation to

have access t

o de

cisi

on-making, to g

uide

and

promote t

he work a

nd

solve

practica

l problems.

Mixed cum.

On the negative informati

on a

nd emerge

ncy i

nformation, ra

pid e

scalati

on i

n strict a

ccorda

nce

with the procedures, firm, newspape

r, ne

wspa

pers,

never late, fail to re

port, false claim a

nd skimmi

ng. Investe

e 2. supervision and insist on, ar

ound a

nd pr

otecti

ng their i

nterests to touch the tr

uth,

see

k practical re

sults. Adhere to

people

-orie

nted, the most important thi

ng is to re

alize,

safeguard a

nd

develop the f

undamental intere

sts of the

overwhelming majority

of the people. We

carry out inspe

ction, so must go

dee

p among t

he masses, go

dee

p into t

he realitie

s, always

pay attention to the

people's livel

ihood, to grasp t

he

publ

ic sentiment, a

nd e

arnestly

safeguard t

he be

nefit, addressi

ng the masses are m

ost concerne

d about a

nd refle

cting the stronge

st issues, efforts to

solve t

he pr

oblem

of deci

sions impl

emented a

nd

not implemented. One is to

stick to

principl

es. Right of i

nspecti

on is

one

of the most important

pow

ers of the

Office, should

not

only dare to use,

but also with

cauti

on. So

-calle

d

dared to

use, i

s to hold a

number of important i

ssue

s, bold

supervisi

on ov

er supervisi

on, tra

ck inspe

ction, problems are

not solved

do not pass, the

blame does

not hold

did

not miss,

dissatisfaction of the masses di

d not miss, the real right of supervi

sion authority,

with the

benefits. Call wit

h ca

uti

on, is

supervisi

ng de

partments should stre

ngthe

n the

consci

ousne

ss of aut

horize

d strictly a

ccordi

ng to pr

oce

dure,

preventi

ng the supervi

sion and excessive to preve

nt adding burde

n to grass

-roots. To thi

s end, the

supervisi

on De

partment of the

Party Committee of supervi

sion must be under city

and County party Committee Secretary-General (Office). Second, we should focus on. Is the Gover

nor, those relate

d to the gl

obalEve

nt, Gover

nor the protra

cted diff

icult, strong Gover

nor

duri

ng emergency

urgent.

Not havi

ng special

departments in

charge

of the Ge

neral Gover

nor, under t

he normal proce

dure

can

do g

ood thing

s not

Governor,

not a

uthorized

by County lea

ders,

not the

Gover

nor.

Third i

s to solve

the problem. The pur

pose of supervi

sion, to resolve the pr

oblem.

To a

dher

e to and further impr

ove the

TEM

百科名片

透射电子显微镜（英语：

Transmission

electron

microscopy

，缩写

TEM

）

，简称透射电镜， 是

把经加速和聚集的电子束投射到非常薄的样品上，

电子与样品 中的原子碰撞而改变方向，

从而产

生立体角散射。散射角的大小 与样品的密度、厚度相关，因此可以形成明暗不同的影像。通常，

透射电子显微镜的分辨 率为

0.1

～

0.2nm

，放大倍数为几万～百万倍，用于观察超微结构，即小

于

0.2µm

、光学显微镜下无法看清的结构，又称

“

亚显微结构

”

。

目录

[

隐藏

]

成像原理

组件

应用

特点

英语专业等级考试

横向电磁场

瞬变电磁法

全面道德伦理管理

成像原理

透射电子显微镜的成像原理可分为三种情况：

吸收像：当电子射到

质量

、

密度

大的样品时，主 要的成相作用是

散射

作用。样品上质

量 厚度大的地方对电子的散射角大，

通过的电子较少，

像的亮度较 暗。

早期的透射电子显微

镜都是基于这种原理。

衍射像：电子束被样品

衍射

后，样品不同位置的衍射波

振幅

分布对

应于样品中晶体各部分不同的衍射能力，当出现

晶体缺陷

时，缺 陷部分的衍射能力与完整

区域不同，从而使衍射钵的振幅分布不均匀，反映出晶体缺陷的 分布。

相位像：当样品薄

至