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In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas
Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of
stressful
events.
They
appreciated
the
tricky
point
that
any
major
change
can
be
stressful.
Negative events
like “serious illness of a family member” were
high on the
list, but so were some
positive
life-changing
events,
like
marriage.
When
you
take
the
Holmes-Rahe
test
you
must
remember
that the score does not reflect how you deal with
stress
—
it only shows how
much you
have to deal with. And we now
know that the way you handle these events
dramatically affects
your chances of
staying healthy.
By the
early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had
followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions
of Americans who work and live under
stress worried over the reports. Somehow the
research
got boiled down to a memorable
message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like
“Stress causes
illness”
If
you
want
to
stay
physically
and
mentally
healthy,
the
articles
said
avoid
stressful
such simplistic advice is impossible to follow.
Even
if stressful events are dangerous
many
—
like the
death of a loved one
—
are
impossible to avoid. Moreover,
any warning to avoid
all
stressful events is a prescription
(
处方
) for staying away from
opportunities as well as trouble.
Since
any change can be stressful, a person who wanted
to be completely free of stress would
never marry, have a child, take a new
job or move.
The notion
that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot
of what we know about people. It
assumes we’re all vulnerable
(
脆弱的
) and passive in the
face of adversity (
逆境
). But
what about
human initiative and
creativity
﹖
Many
come through periods of stress with more physical
and
mental vigor than they had before.
We also know that a long time without change or
challenge
can lead to boredom, and
physical and mental strain.
21. The result of Holmes-Rahe's medical
research tells us ____ .
A
the way you handle major
events may cause stress
B
what should be done to
avoid stress
C
what kind of event would
cause stress
D
how to cope with sudden
changes in life
22. The
studies on stress in the early 1970’s led to ____
.
A
widespread concern over its harmful effects
;
B
great panic over the
mental disorder it could cause
C
an intensive
research into stress-related illnesses
D
popular
avoidance of stressful jobs
23. The
score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ____ .
A
how much pressure you are under
B
how positive
events can change you life
C
how stressful a major
event can be
D
how you can deal with
life-changing events
24. Why is “such
simplistic advice” Line 1
impossible to
follow
﹖
A
No one can
stay on the same job for long
{
B
No prescription is
effective in relieving stress
C
People have to
get married someday
D
You could be missing
opportunities as well
25.
According to the passage people who have
experienced ups and downs may become ____ .
A
nervous when faced with difficulties
B
physically and
mentally strained
C
more capable of coping
with adversity
D
indifferent toward what
happens to them
Psychiatrists
(精神病专家
) who work with older
parents say that maturity can be an asset in
child
rearing
-
older
parents
are
more
thoughtful,
use
less
physical
discipline
and
spend
more
time
with
their
children.
But
raising
kids
takes
money
and
energy.
Many
older
parents
find
themselves balancing
their limited financial resources, declining
energy and failing health against
the
growing demands of an active child. Dying and
leaving young children is probably the older
parents' biggest, and often unspoken,
fear. Having late-life children, says an economics
professor.
often
means
parents,
particularly
fathers,
up
retiring
much
later.
For
many,
retirement
becomes an
unobtainable dream.
Henry
Metcalf.
a
54-year-old
journalist,
knows
it
takes
money
to
raise
kids.
But
he's
also
worried that his energy
will give out first. Sure, he can still ride bikes
with his athletic fifth grader,
but
he's learned that young at heart doesn't mean
young. Lately he's been taking afternoon naps
(
午睡
)
to keep up his energy.
:
Often, older
parents hear the ticking of another kind of
biological clock. Therapists who work
with middle-aged and older parents say
fears about aging are nothing to laugh at.
they'll be mistaken for grandparents,
or that they'll need help getting up out of those
little chairs
in nursery
school,
there is often a much bigger
one:
their child,
Many late-life parents, though, say
their children came at just the right time. After
marrying
late and undergoing years of
fertility (
受孕
) treatment,
Marilyn Nolen and her husband. Randy,
had twins.
have
given
the
couple
what
they
desired
for
years,
of
family.
Kids
of
older
dads
are
often smarter, happier and more
sociable because their fathers are more involved
in their lives.
'The dads are older,
more mature,
36. Why do
psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child
rearing
A) Older parents can better
balance their resources against children's
demands.
B) Older parents
are usually more experienced in bringing up their
children.
C) Older parents are often
better prepared financially.
D) Older
parents can take better care of their children.
37.
What
does
the
author
mean
by
saying
many,
retirement
becomes
an
unobtainable
dream
A) They have to go on
working beyond their retirement age.
B) They can't get full pension unless
they work some extra years.
C) They can't obtain the retirement
benefits they have dreamed of.
D) They are reluctant to retire when
they reach their retirement age.
38.
The author gives the example of Henry Metcalf to
show that
A) many people are young in
spirit despite their advanced age .
B) taking afternoon naps is a good way
to maintain energy
C) older parents
tend to be concerned about their aging bodies
D) older parents should exercise more
to keep up with their athletic children
39. What's the biggest fear of older
parents according to New York psychologist Joan
Galst
A) Being laughed at by other
people.
B) Slowing down of
their pace of life.
$$
C) Being mistaken for
grandparents.
D) Approaching
of death.
40. What do we learn about
Marilyn and Randy Nolen
A) They thought
they were an example of successful fertility
treatment.
B) Not until
they reached middle age did they think of having
children.
C) Not until they had the
twins did they feel they had formed a family.
D) They believed that children born of
older parents would be smarter.
Communications technologies are far
from equal when it comes to conveying the truth.
The
first study to compare honesty
across a range of communications media has found
that people
are twice likely to tell
lies in phone conversations as they are in emails.
The fact that emails are
automatically
recorded
—
and can come back
to haunt (
困扰
) you
–
appears to be the key to
the
findings.
Jeff
Hancock
of
Cornell
University
in
Ithaca.
New
York,
asked
30
students
to
keep
a
communications diary for a
it they noted the number of
conversations or email exchanges they
had lasting more than 10 minutes, and
confessed to how many lies they
then worked out the
number
of
lies
per
conversation
for
each
medium.
He
found
that
lies
made
up
14
per
cent
of
emails,
21
per
cent
of
instant
messages,
27
per
cent
of
face-to-
face
interactions
and
an
astonishing 37 per cent
of phone calls.
His results, to be
presented at conference on human-computer
interaction in Vienna, Austria,
in
April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected
e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning
that because deception makes people
uncomfortable, the detachment of emailing would
make it
easier to lie. Others expected
people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges
because we are most
practiced at that
form of communication.
%
But
Hancock
says
it
is
also
crucial
whether
a
conversation
is
being
recorded
and
could
be
reread, and whether it occurs in real
time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they
know the
communication
could
later
be
used
to
hold
them
to
account,
he
says.
This
is
why
fewer
lies
appear in email than on the
phone.
People are also more
likely to lie in real time
–
in an instant message or phone calls
–
than
they
have
time
to
think
of
a
response,
says
Hancock.
He
found
many
lies
are
spontaneous
responses to an
expected question, such as: “Do you like me dress”
Hancock
hopes
this
research
will
help
companies
work
out
the
best
ways
for
their
employees to communicate. For instance,
the phone might be the best medium for sales where
employees are
encouraged to
stretch
the
truth. But
given
his
results,
work
assessment,
where
honesty is a priority, might be best
done using email.
57. Hancock’s study
focuses on____________.
A
the
consequences of lying in various communications
media.
B
the
success of communications technologies in
conveying ideas
C
people’s preferences in selecting
communications technologies.
D
people’s
honesty levels across a range of communications
media.
’s
research finding surprised those who believed
that_______
.
A
people are less likely to lie in
instant message.
。
B
people are unlikely to lie in face-to-
face interactions
C
people are most
likely to lie in email communication
D
people are twice as likely to lie in
phone conversation.
59.
According
to
the
passage,
why
are
people
more
likely
to
tell
the
truth
through
certain
medium of
communication
A
They are afraid of leaving behind
traces of lies.
B
They believe
that honesty is the best policy.
C
They tend to be
relaxed when using those media.
D
They are most
practiced at those forms of communications.
60. According to Hancock, the telephone
is a preferable medium for promoting sales because
A
salesmen can talk directly to their
customs
<
B
salesmen may
feel less restrained to exaggerate
C
salesmen can
impress customers being trustworthy
D
salesmen may pass on
instant messages effectively
61.
It can be
inferred from the passage that _________.
A
honesty should
be encouraged in interpersonal communications.
B
more employers
will use emails to communicate with their
employees
C
suitable media should be chosen for
different communication purposes
D
email is now the dominant medium of
communication within a company.
More
than
three
dozen
billionaires,
including
well-known
philanthropist
(
慈善家
)
David
Rockefeller, have
promised at least half of their fortunes to
charity, joining a programme that Bill
and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett
started in June to encourage other wealthy people
to give.
—
The
pledge is currently worth about $$ 150 billion, but
the programme predicts it will eventually
be worth $$ 600 billion.
income of $$
2200,
Giving Pledge,
to share
with others.
The
pledge
has
been
a
matter
of
some
debate
in
philanthropic
and
non-profit
circles, with
some experts dismissing it as mere
publicity and others predicting that it would
produce a flood
of new money to support
non-profit groups.
Buffett
said
the
real
value
of
the
pledge
was
found
in
the
example
it
set
and
in
the
sentiments
(
情感
) expressed in the
letters posted on the website.
Buffett
and Gates will hold several dinners later this
year to recruit more billionaires, and
members of the Giving Pledge will meet
annually to discuss their philanthropy.
The pair are due to meet some
wealthiest people in China next month and India in
March.
think is a good idea
and run with it, we will be cheering.
Buffett
said
the
number
of people
who had
agreed
to
sign
on
was
at
the
high
end
of
his
expectations. He said some people who
declined to sign the pledge were planning to give
away
most of their wealth but did not
want to draw attention to those plans.
Energy tycoon
(
大亨
) Pickens, who is worth
about $$ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge
letter:
long
stated
that
I
enjoy
making
money,
and
I
enjoy
giving
it
away.
I'm
not
a
big
fan
of
inherited wealth. It
generally does more harm than good.
62.
What's the purpose of the programme started by
Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett
&
A) To spread
the idea of charity around the world.
B) To publicise the pains and gains of
charity work.
C) To involve more
wealthy people in philanthropy.
D) To
narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.
63. What message does Lorry Lokey
intend to convey through his website posting
A) His family's income is far from
large.
B) The spirit of
giving runs in his family.
C) His
family suffered during the Great Depression.
D) The wealth of his family has come
the hard way.
64. Why are Buffett and
Gates going to meet some wealthiest people in
China and India
!
A) To share their experience with the
newly rich there.
B) To
publicise their generosity in helping the needy.
C) To persuade the wealthy people there
to join their ranks.
D) To help the
billionaires there see the true value of money.
65. What reason do some people give for
declining to sign the pledge
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