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2020考研英语(二)真题B

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2021-02-10 14:29
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2021年2月10日发(作者:stagecoach)



2020


年研究生入学统一考试试题(英语二 )



Section I Use of English


Directions




Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the


ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)


Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a


good


parent


is


undoubtedly


very


__1__,


particularly


since


children


respond


differently


to


the


same


style


of


parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, __2__, a younger


sibling.


__3__


,


there’s


another


sort


of


parent


that’s


a


bit


easier


to


__4__:


a


patient


parent.


Children


of


every


age


benefit from patient parenting. Still, __5__ every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy __6__. Sometimes


parents


get


exhausted


and


frustrated


and


are


unable


to maintain


a


__7__


and


composed


style


with


their


kids.


I


understand this.


You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can


__8__ you just a little too far. And then the __9__ happens:


You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too __10__ and does nobody


any good. You wish that you could __11__


the clock and start over. We’ve all been there.



__12__,


even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of


fatigue, you can


say


something


to


your


child


that


you


may


__13__


for


a


long


time.


This


may


not


only


do


damage


to


your


relationship with your child but also __14__


your child’s self


-esteem.


If you consistently lose your __15__ with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional


control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the __16__ of modeling tolerance and patience


for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally


regulate or maintain emotional control when __17__


by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.



Certainly, it’s incredibly


__18__ to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is


to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with __19__ situations


involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children


will benefit and __20__ from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.



1. A tedious











B pleasant











C instructive










D tricky


2. A in addition




B for example




C at once





D by accident


3. A fortunately




B occasionally




C accordingly




D eventually


4. A amuse





B assist






C describe





D train


5. A while





B because





C unless





D once


6. A answer





B task






C choice





D access


7. A tolerant





B formal





C rigid






D critical


8. A move





B drag






C push






D send


9. A mysterious




B illogical





C suspicious





D inevitable


10. A boring





B naive






C harsh






D vague


11. A turn back




B take apart





C set aside





D cover up


12. A overall




B instead





C however





D otherwise


13. A like





B miss






C believe





D regret


14. A raise





B affect





C justify





D reflect


15. A time





B bond






C race






D cool


16. A nature





B secret





C importance




D context




17. A cheated



18. A terrible



19. A trying




20. A hide









B defeated



B hard




B changing


B emerge











C confused



C strange



C exciting



C withdraw











D confronted


D wrong


D surprising


D escape


Section



Reading Comprehension


Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.


Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.



40 points




Text 1


Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to


cooperate


with


and


enemies


to


avoid.


To


find


out


if


this


extends


to


non-living


beings,


Loleh


Quinn


at


the


University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic


rats.


They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one asocial - for 5 our days. The


robots


rats


were


quite


minimalist,


resembling


a


chunkier


version


of


a


computer


mouse


with


wheels-to


move


around and colorful markings.


During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and


opened


caged


doors


to


let


trapped


rats


escape.


Meanwhile,


the


asocial


robot


simply


moved


forwards


and


backwards and side to side


Next,


the


researchers


trapped


the


robots


in


cages


and


gave


the


rats


the


opportunity


to


release


them


by


pressing a lever.


Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than


the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have


bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal


exploring and playing. This


could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when


they get trapped, says Quinn.


The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was


the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.



We' d assumed we' d have to give it a


moving


head


and


tail,


facial


features,


and


put


a


scene


on


it


to


make


it


smell


like


a


real


rat,


but


that


wasn



t


necessary,



says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.


The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly,


children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.



We


humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,



says Wiles.


21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can________


[A] pickup social signals from non-living rats


[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one


[C] attain sociable traits through special training


[D] send out warning messages to their fellow


22. What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?


[A] It followed the social robot.




[B]It played with some toys.


[C] It set the trapped rats free.


[D]It moved around alone.


23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they________


[A] tried to practice a means of escape


[B] expected it to do the same in return


[C] wanted to display their intelligence


[D]considered that an interesting game


24. James Wiles notes that rats________


[A]can remember other rat's facial features


[B] differentiate smells better than sizes


[C] respond more to cations than to looks


[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels


25. It can be learned from the text that rats________


[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings


[B] are more socially active than other animals


C] behave differently from children in socializing


[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expected



Text 2


It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and


since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up


by about 500% The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S18.9 million a year.


The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of


limited CEO talent in a world


where


business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have


been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has


gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.


Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to



run


the company


in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup


can


be


significant.


Then


there'


s


the


fact


that


large


American


companies


are


much


more


globalized


than


ever


before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge


that is fairly mind-boggling plus, virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOs still have to


do all the day-to-day work they have always done.


The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well. By


most


measures,


corporate


governance


has


become


a


lot


tighter


and


more


rigorous


since


the


1970s.


Yet


it


is


principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in


the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.




Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another


sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock


market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up


corporate value not just for the CEO.


26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?


[A] The growth in the number of corporations


[B] The general pay rise with a better economy


[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms




[D] Close cooperation among leading economies


27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to______


[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork


[B] finance more research and development


[C] establish closer ties with tech companies


[D] operate more globalized companies


28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite______


[A] continual internal opposition


[B] strict corporate governance


[C] conservative business strategies


[D] Repeated government warnings


29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps______


[A] confirm the status of CEOs


[B] motivate inside candidates


[C] boost the efficiency of CEOs


[D] increase corporate value


30. The most suitable title for this text would be______


[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid


[B] CEO Pay: Past and Present


[C] CEOs' challenges of Today


[D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define


Text 3


Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the


most


polluting


cars.


Seven


months


and


one


election


day


later,


a


new


conservative


city


council


suspended


enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.


Mayor


Jose


Luis


Martinez


-Almeida


made


opposition


to


the


zone


a


centrepiece


of


his


election


campaign,


despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city 's decision to stop levying fines,


ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.


Among


other


weaknesses,


the


measures


cities


must


employ


when


left


to


tackle


dirty


air


on


their


own


are


politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on


to individual drivers-who must pay fees or buy better vehicles



rather than on to the car manufacturers whose


cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.


It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is


likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and


South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of


motorists who will then be affected.


It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that


are


available


to


them


to


safeguard


residents'


health


in


the


face


of


a


serious


threat.


The


zones


do


deliver


some


improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits - fewer heart attacks, strokes


and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.


But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town.


They are acting because national governments-Britain s and others across Europe - have failed to do so.


Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas - city centers, school streets


roads - are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto


companies


to


bring


their


vehicles


into


compliance.


Wales


has


introduced


special


low


speed


limits


to


minimise


pollution.


We’re


doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.


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