-
2020
年研究生入学统一考试试题(英语二
)
Section I Use of English
Directions
:
Read the following text. Choose the
best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on the
ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
Being a good parent is, of
course, what every parent would like to be. But
defining what it means to be a
good
parent
is
undoubtedly
very
__1__,
particularly
since
children
respond
differently
to
the
same
style
of
parenting. A calm, rule-following child
might respond better to a different sort of
parenting than, __2__, a younger
sibling.
__3__
,
there’s
another
sort
of
parent
that’s
a
bit
easier
to
__4__:
a
patient
parent.
Children
of
every
age
benefit from patient
parenting. Still, __5__ every parent would like to
be patient, this is no easy __6__. Sometimes
parents
get
exhausted
and
frustrated
and
are
unable
to
maintain
a
__7__
and
composed
style
with
their
kids.
I
understand this.
You’re only
human, and sometimes your kids can
__8__ you just a little too far. And
then the __9__ happens:
You lose your
patience and either scream at your kids or say
something that was a bit too __10__ and does
nobody
any good. You wish that you
could __11__
the clock and start over.
We’ve all been there.
__12__,
even though it’s
common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a
single moment of
fatigue, you can
say
something
to
your
child
that
you
may
__13__
for
a
long
time.
This
may
not
only
do
damage
to
your
relationship with your child but also
__14__
your child’s
self
-esteem.
If you
consistently lose your __15__ with your kids, then
you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional
control for your kids. We are all
becoming increasingly aware of the __16__ of
modeling tolerance and patience
for the
younger generation. This is a skill that will help
them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to
emotionally
regulate or maintain
emotional control when __17__
by stress
is one of the most important of all life’s
skills.
Certainly, it’s
incredibly
__18__ to maintain patience
at all times with your children. A more practical
goal is
to try, to the best of your
ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can
when faced with __19__ situations
involving your children. I can promise
you this: As a result of working toward this goal,
you and your children
will benefit and
__20__ from stressful moments feeling better
physically and emotionally.
1. A tedious
B
pleasant
C instructive
D tricky
2. A in addition
B for example
C at once
D
by accident
3. A fortunately
B occasionally
C accordingly
D eventually
4. A amuse
B assist
C
describe
D train
5. A while
B
because
C unless
D once
6. A
answer
B task
C choice
D
access
7. A tolerant
B formal
C
rigid
D critical
8. A
move
B drag
C push
D send
9. A mysterious
B illogical
C
suspicious
D inevitable
10. A boring
B
naive
C harsh
D
vague
11. A turn back
B take apart
C set aside
D
cover up
12. A overall
B instead
C however
D
otherwise
13. A like
B miss
C believe
D regret
14. A
raise
B affect
C justify
D reflect
15. A time
B bond
C
race
D cool
16. A
nature
B secret
C importance
D context
17. A cheated
18. A terrible
19. A trying
20. A hide
B defeated
B hard
B changing
B emerge
C confused
C strange
C
exciting
C withdraw
D confronted
D
wrong
D surprising
D escape
Section
Ⅱ
Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the
following four texts. Answer the questions below
each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
(
40
points
)
Text 1
Rats and other animals need to be
highly at tuned to social signals from others so
that can identify friends to
cooperate
with
and
enemies
to
avoid.
To
find
out
if
this
extends
to
non-living
beings,
Loleh
Quinn
at
the
University of
California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested
whether rats can detect social signals form
robotic
rats.
They housed
eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-
one social and one asocial - for 5 our days. The
robots
rats
were
quite
minimalist,
resembling
a
chunkier
version
of
a
computer
mouse
with
wheels-to
move
around and colorful markings.
During the experiment, the social robot
rat followed the living rats around, played with
the same toys, and
opened
caged
doors
to
let
trapped
rats
escape.
Meanwhile,
the
asocial
robot
simply
moved
forwards
and
backwards and side to side
Next,
the
researchers
trapped
the
robots
in
cages
and
gave
the
rats
the
opportunity
to
release
them
by
pressing a lever.
Across 18
trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more
likely on average to set the social robot free
than
the asocial one. This suggests
that the rats perceived the social robot as a
genuine social being. They may have
bonded more with the social robot
because it displayed behaviours like communal
exploring and playing. This
could lead to the rats better
remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting
the robot to return the favour when
they get trapped, says Quinn.
The readiness of the rats to befriend
the social robot was surprising given its minimal
design. The robot was
the same size as
a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box
on wheels.
“
We' d assumed we'
d have to give it a
moving
head
and
tail,
facial
features,
and
put
a
scene
on
it
to
make
it
smell
like
a
real
rat,
but
that
wasn
’
t
necessary,
”
says
Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in
Australia, who helped with the research.
The finding shows how sensitive rats
are to social cues, even when they come from basic
robots. Similarly,
children tend to
treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even
when they display only simple social signals.
“
We
humans seem
to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other
animals are too,
”
says Wiles.
21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a
test to see if rats can________
[A]
pickup social signals from non-living rats
[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a
hostile one
[C] attain sociable traits
through special training
[D] send out
warning messages to their fellow
22.
What did the asocial robot do during the
experiment?
[A] It followed the social
robot.
[B]It
played with some toys.
[C] It set the
trapped rats free.
[D]It moved around
alone.
23. According to Quinn, the rats
released the social robot because they________
[A] tried to practice a means of escape
[B] expected it to do the same in
return
[C] wanted to display their
intelligence
[D]considered that an
interesting game
24. James Wiles notes
that rats________
[A]can remember other
rat's facial features
[B] differentiate
smells better than sizes
[C] respond
more to cations than to looks
[D]can be
scared by a plastic box on wheels
25.
It can be learned from the text that rats________
[A]appear to be adaptable to new
surroundings
[B] are more socially
active than other animals
C] behave
differently from children in socializing
[D]are more sensitive to social cues
than expected
Text 2
It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top
ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers
on average, and
since the mid-1970s CEO
pay for large publicly traded American
corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up
by about 500% The typical CEO of a top
American corporation now makes about S18.9 million
a year.
The best model for
understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of
limited CEO talent in a world
where
business opportunities
for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts
of America's highest-earning 1% have
been one of the more dynamic elements
of the global economy. It's not popular to say,
but one reason their pay has
gone up so
much is that CEOs really have upped their game
relative to many other workers in the U.S.
economy.
Today's CEO, at least for
major American firms, must have many mere skills
than simply being able
to
“
run
the
company
in them. They also need better
public relations skills than their predecessors,
as the costs of even a minor slipup
can
be
significant.
Then
there'
s
the
fact
that
large
American
companies
are
much
more
globalized
than
ever
before, with supply
chains spread across a larger number of countries.
To lead in that system requires knowledge
that is fairly mind-boggling plus,
virtually all major American companies are beyond
this major CEOs still have to
do all
the day-to-day work they have always done.
The common idea that high CEO pay is
mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain
history very well. By
most
measures,
corporate
governance
has
become
a
lot
tighter
and
more
rigorous
since
the
1970s.
Yet
it
is
principally
during this period of stronger governance that CEO
pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is
in
the broader corporate interest to
recruit top candidates for increasingly tough
jobs.
”
Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries
are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy
insider picks, another
sign that high
CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the
expense of the rest of the company. And the stock
market reacts positively when companies
tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that
those practices build up
corporate
value not just for the CEO.
26. Which
of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?
[A] The growth in the number of
corporations
[B] The general pay rise
with a better economy
[C] Increased
business opportunities for top firms
[D] Close cooperation among
leading economies
27. Compared with
their predecessors, today's CEOs are required
to______
[A] foster a stronger sense of
teamwork
[B] finance more research and
development
[C] establish closer ties
with tech companies
[D] operate more
globalized companies
28. CEO pay has
been rising since the 1970s despite______
[A] continual internal opposition
[B] strict corporate governance
[C] conservative business strategies
[D] Repeated government warnings
29. High CEO pay can be justified by
the fact that it helps______
[A]
confirm the status of CEOs
[B] motivate
inside candidates
[C] boost the
efficiency of CEOs
[D] increase
corporate value
30. The most suitable
title for this text would be______
[A]
CEOs Are Not Overpaid
[B] CEO Pay: Past
and Present
[C] CEOs' challenges of
Today
[D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to
Define
Text 3
Madrid was
hailed as a public health beacon last November
when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the
most
polluting
cars.
Seven
months
and
one
election
day
later,
a
new
conservative
city
council
suspended
enforcement of the clean air zone, a
first step toward its possible demise.
Mayor
Jose
Luis
Martinez
-Almeida
made
opposition
to
the
zone
a
centrepiece
of
his
election
campaign,
despite its
success in improving air quality. A judge has now
overruled the city 's decision to stop levying
fines,
ordering them reinstated. But
with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks
uncertain at best.
Among
other
weaknesses,
the
measures
cities
must
employ
when
left
to
tackle
dirty
air
on
their
own
are
politically contentious, and therefore
vulnerable. That s because they inevitably put the
costs of cleaning the air on
to
individual drivers-who must pay fees or buy better
vehicles
一
rather than on to
the car manufacturers whose
cheating is
the real cause of our toxic pollution.
It's not hard to imagine a similar
reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low
emission zone (Ulez) is
likely to be a
big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if
Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and
South Circular roads in 2021 as he
intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition
from the far larger number of
motorists
who will then be affected.
It's not
that measures such as London's Ulez are useless.
Far from it. Local officials are using the levers
that
are
available
to
them
to
safeguard
residents'
health
in
the
face
of
a
serious
threat.
The
zones
do
deliver
some
improvements to air quality, and the
science tells us that means real health benefits -
fewer heart attacks, strokes
and
premature births, less cancer, dementia and
asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.
But
mayors and councillors can only do so much about a
problem that is far bigger than any one city or
town.
They are acting because national
governments-Britain s and others across Europe -
have failed to do so.
Restrictions that
keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas -
city centers, school streets
roads - are
a response to the absence of a larger effort to
properly enforce existing regulations and require
auto
companies
to
bring
their
vehicles
into
compliance.
Wales
has
introduced
special
low
speed
limits
to
minimise
pollution.
We’re
doing everything but
insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.