-
Passage 7
The Importance
of Vaccination
1
Measles,
which
once
killed
450
children
each
year
and
disabled
even
more,
was
nearly
wiped out
in the United States 14 years ago by the
universal use
of the MMR
vaccine.
2
But
the
disease
is
making
a
comeback
,
caused
by
a
growing
anti-vaccine
movement
and
misinformation
that
is
spreading
quickly.
3
Already
this
year,
115
measles
cases
have
been
reported in the USA, compared with 189
for all of last year.
4
The
numbers might sound small, but they are
the leading edge
of a
dangerous trend.
5
When
vaccination rates are very high,
as
they still are in the nation
as a whole, everyone is protected.
6
This is called
“herd immunity”, which protects the people who
get hurt easily, including those who
can’t be vaccin
ated for medical
reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and
people on
whom the vaccine doesn’t
work.
7
But herd
immunity works only when nearly the whole herd
joins in
.
8
When some refuse vaccination and seek a
free ride,
immunity breaks down and
everyone is in even bigger danger.
9
That’s
exactly
what
is
happening
in
small
neighborhoods
around
the
country
from
Orange County,
California,
where 22
measles cases were
reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y
.,
where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.
10
The
resistance
to vaccine has continued for
decades, and it is driven by a real but very small
risk.
11
Those who refuse to
take that risk selfishly make others
suffer.
12
Making things worse are state laws that make it
too easy to
opt out
of
what are supposed to be
required vaccines for all
children
entering kindergarten.
13
Seventeen states allow parents to get
an exemption, sometimes just by signing a paper
saying
they personally
object to
a vaccine.
14
Now, several
states are
moving
to
tighten laws
by adding new
regulations for opting out.
15
But no one does enough to
limit exemptions.
16
Parents ought to be able to opt out
only for limited medical or religious reasons.
17
But personal opinions?
Not good enough.
18
Everyone
enjoys the life-saving benefits
vaccines
provide
, but
they’ll exist only as long as everyone shares in
the risks.
一．单词和短语
Words and
expressions
* measles
/
?mi?zlz/
n.
<
医
>
麻疹
;
* vaccine
/
?v?ksi?n/
n.
疫苗
make a
comeback
卷土重来
*
anti-vaccine movement
反疫苗运动
misinformation /
?
m
?
s
?
nf
??
me
?
n
/
n.
错误信息
* the leading edge
前缘；领先地位
*
vaccination /
?
v?ks
??
ne
??
n/
n.
接种疫苗；种痘
* herd
immunity
/h
??d/
/
?
?
mju?n?
< br>t
?
/
群体免疫
a free
ride
免费搭车；占便宜；坐享其成
selfishly /
?
self<
/p>
??
l
?
/
adv.
自私地；
* opt
/
?
pt/
vi.
选择
* opt out
决定退出
* exemption
/
?ɡ?
zemp
< br>?
n/
n.
免除
tighten /
?
ta
?
t
?
n/
vt. & vi.
收紧
;
（使）变紧
;
（使）绷紧
;
加紧
二．
参考译文
Translation
1
通过广泛接种麻疹疫苗，麻疹于
14
年
前几乎在美国绝迹（麻疹曾经致使每年平均有
450
名儿童丧命
，
更多的人残疾）
。
2
但由于越来越多的反疫苗运动和错误信息的迅速传播，
这种疾病正在卷土重来。
3
在美国，
今年已有
< br>115
例麻疹病例报告，而去年全年则为
189
例。
4
这数字听起来
可能很小，但它们已经是危险趋势的警戒线了。
5
当疫苗接种率
非常高时（如今这个国
家的接种率总体上说仍然还算高的）
，每
个人都受到保护。
6
这被称为
“
群体免疫力
”
。
“<
/p>
群体免疫力
”
可以保护
< br>容易得病的人群，包括那些因医疗原因无法接种疫苗的人、年龄太小而无法接种疫苗的婴儿以及疫苗接种< /p>
无效者。
7
但
是群体免疫力只有在几乎整个群体都加入时才有效。
8
当其中一
些人拒绝接种疫苗并企图坐享其成
时，群体免疫力就会瓦解，每个人都陷入更高的风险中
。
9
这种情况正发生于全国各地的一
些小型社区
——
比如，加州奥兰治县本月报告了
22
例麻疹；去年在
布鲁克林的
N.Y
.,
一个
17
岁孩子发病，引起了疾病的爆发。
10
对疫苗的抵制持续了数十年。这种抵制源于真实存在的但却非常小的接种风险。
11
那些拒绝承担风险
的人很自私地让别人遭了殃。
12
更糟糕的是，
一
些州的法律使得人们有很大的自由可以选择不让那些上幼儿园的孩子接种本应该必须
接种
的疫苗。
13
有
17
个州给予家长豁免权，
有时只需要签署一份文件表明他
们个人反对接种某种疫苗就可
以了。
14
现在，有几个州正在通过增加新的
“
退出
”
条件来加强法律制约。
15<
/p>
但没有一个州采取了充分的措施来
限制豁免权。
< br>
16
父母应该只能出于有限的医疗或宗教原因选择不接
种。
17
但个人意见呢？可不是个好理由。
18
每个人
都享受疫苗可以救命的好处，但只有每个人都分
担风险，这好处才能实现。
三．
理解
Comprehension
1
．
The first two
paragraphs suggest that ____________.
A
．
a small number
of measles cases can start a dangerous trend
B
．
the outbreak of
measles attracts the public attention
C
．
anti-vaccine
movement has its medical reasons
D
．
information
about measles spreads quickly
2
．
Herd immunity
works well when ____________.
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