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2018高考构词法之派生法

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-02-10 16:37
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2021年2月10日发(作者:junon)



2018


高考构词法之派生法



1.



构成名词的常用后缀




1




构成表示人或物的名词的常用后缀



后缀



例词



clean



cleaner



清洁工







thinker


思想者





pain-killer


止痛药



-


er



report



reporter



记者





eye-opener


使人惊奇的事物




villager


村民



strange



stranger



陌生人



interpreter


口译者




-ee


employ



employee


受雇者;雇员

< br>interview



interviewee


被面试者



train



trainee


受训练的人;学员



invent



inventor



发明者




act-actor


导演



sail-sailor


水手



transistor


晶体管



-


or



visit



visitor







semi-conductor





translate- translator





direct



director



导演



-


ess



h ost



hostess



女主人





waitress


女侍应生






goddess


女神



act



actress



女演员






lioness


母狮子



America- American


美国人



Europe-European


欧洲人


Canada-Canadian


加拿


大人




India-Indian


印度人



music



musician



音乐家




magician


魔术师


polit ics



politician



政治家






technician


技术员


history



historian



历史学家






physician


医师



art



artist



艺术家



specialist


专家



Buddhist

< p>
佛教徒


science



scientist


科学


-


ist






Marxist


马克思主义者


pia no



pianist


钢琴家



dentist


牙医



typist


打字



socialist(


社会主义者


), communist(


共产主义者


)



-


ant



-ese


-eer


-ar




2


)构成 表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀





形容词变名词的后缀



serve



servant






inhabitant





participate


< br>participant








contestant



竞争者


assist



assistant



助手,图书管理员



Chinese


中国人


Japanese


日本人



Portuguese


葡萄牙人



engineer


工程师


volunteer


志愿者

< p>


mountaineer


登山家



lie



liar


说谎者



beg-beggar


乞丐



-an


-


ian



后缀



-


cy


例词



efficient→efficiency







fluent→fluency







accurate→accuracy




private→privacy



隐私;私密


urgent

< p>


urgency



急 ,紧急的事


emergent



eme rgency


紧急情况





free→freedom




自由;


自主


wise→wisdom



明智;


-


dom


智慧


king-kingdom


王国




< /p>


different→difference


差异


silent→silence



沉默



dependent- dependence


依靠


confident- confidence




absent-absence




present- presence




convenient- convenience


方便


diligent- diligence


勤奋



-


ence


evident- evidence


证据


excellent- excellence


优秀



innocent-innocence


天真,


无辜


intelligent- intelligence


智力


patient- patience


耐心


romantic-romance


浪漫



violent- violence


暴力




-ance


important-importance


重要性


distant-distance


距离




weak→weakness



虚弱;弱点


kind→kindness








careless→careless ness





dark→darkness


黑暗


ill-illness


疾病


happy-happiness


快乐


great- greatness


伟大


cold-coldness


寒冷,冷淡



aware- awareness


blind-blindness


-


ness






bitter- bitterness


calm-calmness





clever-cleverness


聪明


crazy-craziness


疯狂



eager- eagerness




fair- fairness




foolish- foolishness




fit-fitness





< p>


lazy-laziness


quiet-q uietness






lonely-loneliness


sad- sadness







serious-seriousness < /p>





swee t-sweetness




steady- steadiness




tired-tiredness



thick- thickness




cold- coldness




< p>


nervous-nervousness






hom esick-homesickness



思乡


careless-carelessness




selfish- selfishness






selfless- selflessness/unselfishness


helpless- helplessness


无助


hopeless- hopelessness




hard-hardness


硬度


bright-brightness


亮度





strong→strength



力气;强项


warm→warmth




暖;热情





long-length


长度


true→truth



真实



-


th


wide→width



宽度


dead-death


死亡


grow-growth


成长




difficult→difficulty



困难



modest-modesty


谦虚



cruel→cruelty



残酷;残暴



loyal-loyalty


忠诚



safe→safety


安全


real-reality


现实;真实




-


y


-


ty


-


ity


active- activity


活动


possible- possibility


可能性



disable→disability



无能;


残疾



recover-recovery





discover-discovery


发现



responsible→responsibility



责任




socialism


社会主义


racism


种族主义


heroism


英雄


-ism


主义


optimism


乐观主义



pessimism


悲观主义



communism


共产主义


criticism


批评

< p>



-ry








动词变名词的后缀



后缀



-age


例词



marry-marriage




store-storage





short-shortage




pack-package




brave-bravery


勇敢


slave-slavery


奴隶制度




carry-carriage


车厢



pass-passage


通道




approve→approval








arrive→arrival








-


al


survive→survival





propose→proposal



提议;建议


refuse- refusal




deny- denial


否认




appear→appearance



出现;


外貌


g


uide→guida nce



指引;指导


perform→performance



表演;履行


accept- acceptance


接受


allow-allowance


津贴,零


用钱


assist- assistance


帮助,


协助


rely- reliance




-


ance



resist-resistance


抵制


enter-entrance


进入



insure- insurance


保险



ignore- ignorance


忽视



endure-endurance/tolerate-tolerance


忍受



annoy- annoyance


烦恼




exist→existence



存在;生存


prefer→preference




refer→reference







-


ence


perform-performance


表演;


节目


occur- occurrence


发生


differ- difference


不同


offend-offence



冒犯



defend-defence


防御




attract→attraction

吸引


construct→construction




instruct- instruction


指导


educate→education

< br>教



evaluate→evaluation


评估


graduate→graduation




except- exception


例外


dictate- dictation



-


ion


-


tion


-ition


--ation


其他



写,


口述


interrupt- interruption


打扰


adopt- adoption




/

< p>



prevent-prevention




suggest- suggestion


建议


edit-edition


编辑


/


版本




invent-invention


发明


pollute-pollution


污染



predict- prediction


预报,


语言


operate- operation




/


手术



exhibit-exhibition


展览


protect-protection


保护


direct-direction


方向,


指导


inject- injection




infect-infectio n




reject-


rejection




o bject-objection


反对


connect- connection


连接



collect-collection


收集



correct- correction


纠正




inspect-inspection




select- selection





elect-election


选举



restrict-restriction


限制




contradict-contradiction




decorate-decora tion




communicate -communication




hesitate- hesitation





locate-location




indicate- indication





participate-participation




calculate- calculation















appreciate- appreciation


associate-association


separate-separation


分离


hibernate-hibernation




compensate- compensation




investigate- investigation


调查


celebrate- celebration




congratulate- congratulation




translate- translation


翻译


accumulate- accumulation


积累


accelerate- acceleration


加速



donate-donation





liberate-liberation






motivate-motivation


动力



innovate- innovation




concentrate- concentration








dem onstrate-demonstration


contribute- contribution


贡献



distribute-distribution


分发



promote- promotion


促进


devote-devotion



献,献身



dedicate-dedication


奉献,献身




frustrate-frustration


沮丧




introduce-introduction


介绍



reduce


减少



produce- production


生产



compete-competition


比赛,竞争


repeat-repetition




suppose- supposition




/




oppose-opposition


反对


define-definition


定义




expect→expectation



期待;期望



explain→explanation



解释



consider→consideration



考虑



imagine→imagination



想象力


starve→starvation




饿


inv ite→invitation








pr epare-preparation


准备


inspire- inspiration


灵感




reserve-reservation


保留


preserve-preservation




conserve- conservation


保护


observe- observation


观察


starve- starvation


挨饿


organize- organization


组织


civilize- civilization


文明


realize- realization




examine- examination





determine-determination




form-formation





inform-information




transport- transportation


运输


tempt- temptation




adapt- adaptation




/




immigrate- immigration


移民


imitate- imitation



仿


prepare- preparation





explore-exploration


探索


declare-declaration


宣布



relax- relaxation




occupy- occupation













recommend- recommendation


interpret-interpretation



combine-combination


结合




consume-consumption


消费


assume-assumption

< br>认



/




destroy-destruction




describe- description


描写


receive- reception


接受


/





solve-solution





< p>
/




evolve- evolution


进化


pronounce- pronunciation



音,读法


resolve- resolution


决心


intend- intention







recognize- recognition




satisfy- satisfaction


满足


apply- application


申请


/


应< /p>



imply-implication


暗示




-ion


-


sion


discuss→discussion


讨论;辩论


decide→decision





admit→admission










permit-permission




emit-emission




revise-revision


复习


conclude- conclusion


结论



express- expression


表达,表情


depress- depression


沮丧


impress- impression


印象


possess- possession







expand-expansion




extend- extension


延伸


explode- explosion


爆炸



divide-division


划分


confuse-confusion


迷惑





hearing



听力;


听觉



beginning



开始


building



筑物



feeling


感觉


painting


绘画



wedding


婚礼



bathing


沐浴



meaning


意义


ending


结局



saying


谚语


training


训练



farming


农业



warming


变暖



gardening




schooling





drawing




-


ing


clothing


衣物



crossing


十字路口



earnings


工资


greetings


问候



savings


储蓄



happenings


所发生


的事


findings


发现



belongings


财产



sufferings


痛苦



offerings


贡品



surroundings


环境



bowling






weight-lifting





shooting




wrestling


摔跤




achieve→achievement


功绩;成就



accomplish- accomplishment


成就


argue→argument








treat→treatment


< /p>







equip→equipment



设备


move-movement


运 动,




judge- judgement








govern- government


政府


develop- development



-


ment



advertise-advertisement


广告



agree- agreement







amuse-amusement





< p>


commit-commitment







manage-management




amaze-amazement




astonish- astonishment




announce- announcement


通告


arrange- arrangement




assess- assessment




disappoint- disappointment


失望



employ-employment


雇佣,职业



encourage- encouragement


鼓舞



entertain-entertainment


娱乐,款待



equip- equipment


装备


improve- improvement


改进



invest-investment


投资


involve-involvement


卷入,


包含


punish- punishment


惩罚


require- requirement


要求


retire- retirement


退休


settle- settlement


定居



state- statement


阐述,


陈述


base- basement


地下



pave- pavement


人行道


establish- establishment


建立




fail→failure



失败;没做到


press→pressure




-


ure



please-pleasure


快乐


seize-seizure


夺取



expose- exposure


暴露




mix→mixture



混合;混合物


depart→departure



-


ture


离开;出发


sign-signature


签名




-


y


recover→recovery




恢复;痊愈



discover→discovery



发现



choose→choice



选择


vary→variety



多样化;种


其他




anxious -anxiety


焦虑



tend→tendency



趋向;


趋势







名词变名词的后缀



后缀




-ship


例词



friendship


友谊


leadership


领导才能



scholarship


奖学金


hardship


艰难



ownership


所有权


craftsmanship


手艺



championship


锦标赛


relationship


关系




-hood


childhood


孩童时代



boyhood


男孩时代




neighbourhood


邻里


brotherhood


兄弟般的








likelihood



可能性




-ful


spoonful


一满匙


< p>
glassful


一满杯


handful


一满



mouthful


一满嘴







2.


动词或名词变成形容词的常用后缀




后缀



例词



accept→acceptable



可接受的


comfort→comfortable




适的


fa shion→fashionable



时髦的


suit→suitable



合适的



-


able


reason→reasonable



有道理的


agree-agreeable


令人愉快


的,合适的


apply- applicable


可适用的




music→musical







origi n→original






person→personal



个人的;私人的


center→central



中央


的;


中 心的


nature→natural



自然的;


天生的


form→formal



正式的


nation→national



全国的


critic- critical


批评的,决



性< /p>



accident-accidental

< br>意








continue- continual


持续不断的,


频繁的



globe-global


全球



exception- exceptional


异常的,


例外的


culture- cultural



化的


agriculture- agricultural


农业的


situation- < /p>


situational



< p>
-


al,-ial



condition-conditional

< p>





environment-environmental


环境的


chemistry-chemical



学的


medicine- medical


医学的


politics- political


政治的



practice-practical


实际的


theory-theoretical


理论的



emotion- emotional


感情的


nation-national


国家的



nature- natural





education-educational





occasion-occasional





mind- mental






physics-physical


身体上的


technique-technical


技术上的



psychology- psychological


心理上的


coast- coastal


沿海的



race- racial


种族的


face-facial


面部的


industry-industrial


-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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