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综合英语第一册unit1-12课后答案

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Unit I. Vocabulary Analysis



1. Phrase practice



1. be confronted with = suddenly found oneself faced with



面临,面对



2. have one thing in common = share the same characteristic


具有相同之处



3. give in to sth. = let oneself be overcome by


屈服,向??让步



4


. lock it away within sb. = keep it in one’s mind and don’t ever forget it


埋藏起来



2. Word comparison



1.


anger:


a


strong


feeling


of


wanting


to


hurt


or


criticize


someone


because


they


have


done


something bad to you or been unkind to you



2.


special:


not ordinary or usual, but different in some way and often better or more important



3.


spend:


to use your money to pay for goods or services


4.


conspicuous:


very easy to notice


5.


last:


happening or coming after all other similar things or people


6.


alone:



adv


./


adj


. without any friends; without the help of other people or things


7.


give



up:


to stop trying to do sth.


8.


believe:


to feel certain that sth. is true or that sb. is telling you the truth


3. Synonym / Antonym


1.


Synonyms:


pain, grief, sorrow, agony


ms:


loudly, harshly, roughly


3.


Synonym:


: sorrow, grief, dismay


4.


Antonyms:


inconspicuously, unnoticeably


5.


Synonyms:


small, little



6.


Antonyms:


meet, join, unite, gather


7.


Synonyms:


seriously, severely, hopelessly


8.


Antonyms:


long, permanent, lasting


4. Word derivation




Fill


in


the


blank


in


each


sentence


with


an


appropriate


form


of


the


given


word


in


the


brackets.


1.




Nobody wanted to live in the industrial part of the town. (industry)


2.



The police asked him to give a description of the suitcase he had lost. (describe)


3.



He had no suspicion that he was being watched. (suspect)


4.



This is Alexandra, my personal assistant. (assist)


5.



Although some of my work-mates quickly found new jobs after the factory closed down, my


brother and I were unemployed for several months. (employ)


6.



Although I was positive that the girl had stolen my ring, I could not find any proof. (prove)



1.



industry (


n


.)


工业、行业;勤奋





industrial (


adj


.)


工业的;用于工业的;工业发达的





industrious (


adj


.)


勤奋的、勤劳的





industriously (


adv


.)


勤劳地、勤奋地





industriousness (


n


.)


勤奋、勤劳





1



2.



describe (


v


.)


描述某人(某物)


;叫做、称做;画(尤指几何图形)





description (


n


.)


对某人(某物)的描述、叙述





descriptive (


adj


.)


描述的、描写的




3.



suspect (


v


.)


有(某事物)存在或属实的 想法,相信;怀疑(某物)


,不相信;怀疑某人有



某罪





suspect (


n


.)


嫌疑犯,可疑对象





suspect (


adj


.)


不可靠的;不可信的;可疑的





suspicion (


n


.)


怀疑;猜疑;些许味道,少量





suspicious (


adj


.)


有疑心的,表示怀疑的;引起怀疑的,可疑的





unsuspecting (


adj


.)


不怀疑的,无猜疑的,可信任的




4.



assist (


v


.)


帮助、协助、援助;在某场合出席,参加某事物





assistance (


n


.)


帮忙,援助





assistant (


n


.)


助手、助理;店员





assistant (


adj


.)


(定语)协理、副经理




5.



employ (


v


.)


雇用某人;使用某人(某物 )


,利用(时间、注意力等)





employee (


n


.)


受雇者;雇员;雇工





employer (


n


.)


雇用者;雇主





employment (


n


.)


雇用;使用;受雇用;职业





unemployed (


adj


.)


未被雇用的;失业的;不在使用中的





unemployment (


n


.)


失业;失业状况;失业人数



6.



prove (


v


.)


证明、证实;显示出是某事物





proof (


n


.)


证据、证物、证言;验证、证明





proof (


adj


.)


可防某事物的,有防护 作用的;能抵御某事物的;


(用以构成复合词)抗??



的;防??的





disprove (


v


.)


证明(某事物)有误或有假





disproof (


n


.)


反证明;反证物



II. Grammar Exercises



1. Tenses


Use of simple past tense:


1) The simple past tense is used to


talk about completed actions and habits in the past


.



e.g.


Shakespeare died in 1616.



We used to walk a mile in the morning when we were in London.


2) Past tense of verbs such as


want


,


wonder


,


hope


is used for polite inquiries.




e.g.


I wondered how you liked the film.


Use of past progressive:



1)


The


past


progressive


indicates


a


limited


duration


of


time



and


is


thus


a


convenient


way


to


indicate that


something took place (in the simple past) while something else was happening


.



e.g.


Carlos lost his watch while he was running.




2


2) The past progressive can express


incomplete action


.



e.g.


I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie smashed through the door.




as opposed to the simple past, which suggests a completed action



e.g.


I slept on the couch last night.


3)


The


past


progressive


is


also


used


to


poke


fun


at


or


criticize


an


action


that


is


sporadic


but


habitual in nature


.



e.g.


Tashonda was always handing in late papers.



4) We use the past progressive of verbs such as



wonder


to


show politeness


.




e.g.



I was wondering if you could give me a lift.






This use is even more polite and tentative than the simple past.




Use of past perfect tense:



1) The past perfect tense expresses the idea that


something occurred before another action in the


past


. It can also show that


something happened before a specific time in the past


.


e.g.


I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.


2)


If


the


past


perfect


tense


is


not


referring


to


an


action


at


a


specific


time,


it


is


not


optional.


Compare the examples below. Here the past perfect tense is referring to


a lack of experience


rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, the past perfect tense cannot be used.



e.g.


She never


saw


a bear before she moved to Alaska.








Not Correct


She


had


never


seen


a bear before she moved to Alaska.





Correct



Practice:


Complete


the


following


sentences


using


the


simple


past,


past


progressive


or


past


perfect


tense.



Keys:



1. were bathing, were looking, were playing (


The past progressive refers to an event in progress


.)


2. was leaving, was, arrived, learned, had left, found, had used



3.


was cycling, stepped, was going, managed, didn’t hit



4. was playing; was singing (We use the simple past tense to express a


short


action that happens


in the middle


of the long action. We can join the two ideas with


when


or


while


.)



5. tried, wanted, had had, ended



6. entered, didn't recognize, had lost, grown



2. Verbs of perception


Verbs of perception are a set of verbs denoting the use of one of the physical senses. Some


verbs of perception


see


,


look at


,


hear


,



listen


, and



feel


, along with


watch


and



sense



can be used


with objects followed by verbs in -


ing


form, -


ed


form and infinitive form.



e.g.


We heard you leave. (Emphasis on our


hearing


.)


We heard you leaving. (Emphasis on your


leaving


.)


John has never heard the piece played before. (Emphasis on


the passive voice of


play


.


)



Practice


:


Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the verbs in the brackets.


1. The instructor watched the student ________ (take) the test.





3


2. I heard the dog ________ (bark), but it didn



t keep me awake.



3. She felt herself ________ (lift) up by the wind and ________ (throw) to the ground.





4. The missing boy was last seen ____ (play) near the river.




5. They knew her very well. They had seen her _____ (grow) up from childhood.





Keys:


1. take 2. barking 3. lifted, thrown 4. playing 5. grow



3. Special word order with as and though


In a concessive clause introduced by


though


or



although


, the complement or the adverbial can be


placed at the beginning of the sentence. The formula for the inversion is:



complement / adverbial + as / though + subject + predicate verb



e.g.


Old as / though he is, he works hard as a young man.


Hard as / though he studied, he did not pass the examination.



Practice



Rewrite the following sentences according to the model.


Model: Though it was brief, it had been spent in that big old house.



?


Brief as it was, it had been spent in that big old house.


1.



Though he was poor, he was honest.


2.



Though I admire him much as a writer, I do not like him as a man.


3.



Although he is a child, he knows a lot.


4.



Though he worked


hard, he didn’t


finish the work satisfactorily.



Keys:



1. Poor as / though he was, he was honest.


2. Much as/though I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man.


3. Child as / though he is, he knows a lot.


4. Hard as / though he worked, he


didn’t


finish the work satisfactorily.



4. Present participle phrases used as adverbials


Present participle phrases can be used as adverbials to express


reason


,


condition


,


time


,


result


and


attending circumstances


.


e.g.


Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up. (time)


Knowing English well, he can read Shakespeare. (reason)


Working still harder, you will succeed. (condition)


Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (result)


He sat at the window eating. (attending circumstances)



Practice


:


Fill


in


each


blank


with


the


proper


form


of


the


verb


in


the


brackets


and


decide


what


it


expresses.



Keys:



1. breathing, looking (


attending circumstances


)



2. Considering (


reason


)




4


3. happening (


condition


)


4. saving (


result


)


5. Hearing (


time


)


III. Translation exercises


1.


他为这次面试中可能被问到的问题做好了准备。


(confront)



Translation


:



He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.






Confronted by an angry crowd, the police retreated.


2.


他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们,我们几乎要哭出声来。


(touch)


Translation


:



His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.


3.


上海人容易听懂苏 州话,因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。


(in common)


Translation


:



People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and


Suzhou dialect have much in common.


4.


亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在三年内买一幢新房子。


(look into)


Translation


:



Henry


and


his


wife


are


looking


into


the


possibility


of


buying


a


new


house


within


three


years.


Unit 2.



Vocabulary Analysis


1. Phrase practice



1. be through with = have sth. finished


完成



2. look


over one’s shoulder =


by looking from behind one's shoulder


回头看



3.


take … apart =dissemble



拆开;粗暴对待



4. be prepared to = like/ want to


想要做



2. Word comparison




1.


entitle:


to give a title to a book



2.


scornful:


if you are scornful of someone or something, you show contempt for them



3.


technical:


a


technical


language


is


the


one


that


is


difficult


for


most


people


to


understand


because it is connected with one particular subject or used in one particular job



4.


code:


a set of rules which are accepted as general principles, or a set of written rules which


state how people in a particular organization or country should behave



e.g.



Clinics will be subject to a new code of conduct and stronger controls by local authorities.



discipline:



the


practice


of


making


people


obey


rules


or


standards


of


behavior,


and


punishing


them when they do not




e.g.


Children have to obey the discinples.




5


key:


the part of a plan, action, etc, that will make it possible for it to succeed



e.g.


Working well as a team is key to success.


principle:


a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works



e.g.


The most important principle is the equal opportunity for all.


5.



number:


to give a number to something that is part of an ordered set or list



e.g.



They have not numbered the pages of the report.


calculate:



to


judge


the


number


or


amount


of


something


by


using


the


information


that


you


already have, and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers



e.g.


The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual.


figure:


to calculate an amount



e.g.


I am still figuring my taxes.


estimate:


If you estimate a quantity or value, you make an approximate judgment or calculation


of it.



e.g.


I estimate that the total cost for treatment will be $$12,500.


6.



score:


the number of points, goals, etc. achieved in a game or competition


e.g.



Have you heard of the latest cricket score?


point:


one of the marks or numbers that shows your score in a game or sport



e.g.


He is three points behind the leader.


mark:



a


point


that


is


given


for


a


correct


answer


or


for


doing


something


well


in


an


exam


or


competition




e.g.


He did well to get such a good mark.


number:


one of a series of symbols used in counting, which is used to mark a particular example


of something




e.g.


Please write your credit card number on this form.


7.



superior:


used


to



describe someone


who


believes


that


they


are


better


than


other


people


and


acts in such a way



e.g.



I can



t bear Amanda- she



s so superior.


lofty:


if you say that someone behaves in a lofty way, you are criticizing them for behaving in a


proud and rather unpleasant way, as if they think they are very important



e.g.


She has such a lofty manner.


stupid:


if you say that someone or something is stupid, you mean that they show a lack of good


judgment or intelligence and they are not sensible at all





e.g.


I



ll never do anything so stupid again.


advanced:


modern and well developed



e.g.


This is the most advanced type of engine available.


8.



smart:


intelligent or sensible



e.g.



The smart kids get good grades and go off to the college.


wise:



a


wise


person


is


able


to


use


their


experience


and


knowledge


in


order


to


make


sensible


decisions and judgments


e.g.


She has the air of a wise woman.




6


intelligent:


being able to learn and understand things easily



e.g.


Helen had a few intelligent things to say on the subject.


modern:


made or done using the most recent designs or methods



e.g.


A lot of progress has been made with the use of modern technology.



3. Synonym / Antonym


Give synonyms or antonyms of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.


1. Today Tommy found a real book.


Synonyms:


actual, genuine, true




2. They turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly, and it was awfully funny to read words


that stood still instead of moving the way they were supposed to



on a screen, you know.


Antonyms


: moving, movable, mobile, restless,



3. They turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly, and it was awfully funny to read words


that stood still instead of moving the way they were supposed to



on a screen, you know.


Synonyms


: rough, coarse, uneven




4. Margie always hated school, but now she hated it more than ever.


Antonyms


: like, love, enjoy



5. Margie was scornful.


Synonyms


: disdainful, contemptuous



6. Tommy looked at her with very superior eyes.


Antonyms


: inferior, subordinate, secondary



7. “Maybe,” he said


nonchalantly.


Synonyms


: indifferently, coldly, coolly, casually, offhandedly



8. Little girls learned better if they learned at regular hours.


Antonyms


: irregular, uncertain, random



4. Word derivation




Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given word in brackets.


1.


It’s quite


pointless


to ask him again. He’ll never agree. (point)



2.


No, this is not the original; it’s a


good reproduction, though. (produce)


3.


We’d better go by t


rain. The car is too unreliable for such a long journey. (rely)


4. Thanks to your generosity we have now collected the money we need. (generous)


5. Jenny has sent me a very apologetic


letter explaining why she didn’t do what she had promised.


(apology)


6. You must realize that such disobedience cannot be tolerated. (obey)


7. I have never worked for such a considerate employer; I think all the other employees have the


same opinion (employ)




7


8. Without your encouragement he would never have been able to do it. (courage)



1. point (n.)


点,要点,尖端,细节,目标



pointless (adj.)


不尖的,钝的,不得要领的



pointy (adj.)


非常尖的,有明显尖状突出部分的



e.g.


This point is no leeway for dispute.


这一点是没有争论的余地的。



He heaped scorn on painting and sculpture which he described as pointless pastimes.


他嘲笑


绘画和雕塑,称它们为无意义的消 遣。




2. produce



v.


)生产,提出,引起,生产



product (n.)


产品,成果



production (n.)


生产,产品,产量,作品,成果



productivity (n.)


生产率,生产能力



productive (adj.)


能生产的,有生产价值的,多产的



reproduce (v.)


复制,再生,生殖



reproduction (n.)


复制品,复制,繁殖,生殖



e.g.


Can water turn into wine? How can earth and water produce a live frog!


水能变成酒吗


?


土与水何以能制造出一只活生生的青蛙


?


During the most productive time in her career, she wrote five novels.


在她创作生涯中最多


产的时期,她 写了五本小说。



We need to build a sales force with high productivity.


我们必须建立一支高产能的销售队


伍。




3. rely(v.)


依赖,依靠



reliable (adj.)


可靠地,可信的



reliability (n.)


可靠性



unreliable (adj.)


不可靠的



unreliability (n.)


不可靠性,不安全性



e.g.


The only man a girl can rely on is her father .


一个女孩唯一可以依赖一 生的男人就是她的


父亲。



I don’t think he is a reliable man.



我不认为他是一个可靠的人。



That he always failed to appear raises serious doubts as to his reliability.


他 一直未露面,实


在使人怀疑他是否可靠。



I was fed up with my old and unreliable car.


我受够我那辆又老又不可靠的车子了。




4. generous



adj.


)慷慨的,宽宏大量的,丰盛的,味浓的


generousness (n.)


慷慨,宽大,丰富,肥沃



generosity (n.)


慷慨,大方



e.g.


The generous man receives more than he gives.


大方的人得到的比给予的多。



If children live with sharing, they learn generosity.


如果生活在分享之中,


孩子们将学会慷


慨。




5. apology (n.)


道歉;勉强的替代物




apologize (v.)


道歉,谢罪





8


apologetical (adj.)


辩解的



apologetic (adj.)


道歉的,认错的,赔罪的



e.g.


In my judgment, we should accept their apology.


依我看,我们应该接受他们的道歉。



I apologize for what happened.


我为所发生的事情道歉。



He spoke in an apologetic voice.


他说话充满歉意。




6. obey (v.)


服从,听从,顺从



obedient (adj.)


服从的,顺从的



obedience (n.)


服从,顺从



disobedient (adj.)


不服从的,不顺从的



disobedience (n.)


不服从,违抗



e.g.


You must obey her without question.


你必须绝对服从她的命令。




“我只想要三个听话的孩


子,


”母亲回答。



His father beat the disobedient boy.


父亲打了那个不听话的孩子


.



7. employ



v.


)雇佣,使用



employee (n.)


雇员



employment (n.)


职业,雇佣,使用



employer (n.)


雇主



employless (adj.)


失业的,无业的



unemployment (n.)


失业率,失业人数



unemploy (v.)


解雇,使失业



e.g.


I employ all my energies in writing.


我把我的全部精力用于写作。



He has no permanent employment.



他没有固定的工作。



Lack


of


job


opportunities


results


in


severe


unemployment.


工作机会的缺乏导致严重的失


业。




8. courage (n.)


勇敢,胆量



courageous (adj.)


勇敢的



discourage (v.)


使气馁,阻碍



discouraged (adj.)


泄气的,沮丧的



discouragement (n.)


挫折



e.g.


Courage is grace under pressure.


勇气是压力下的风度。



A courageous man never wants weapons.


勇敢之人从来不需要武器。



Teachers should discourage their students from smoking and drinking.


教师应劝阻学生吸


烟喝酒。



My mother always speaks words of cheer to me when I feel discouraged.


每当我觉得气馁< /p>


的时候,我母亲总会对我说安慰鼓励的话。




II. Grammar Exercises




1. Generic reference and specific reference of


a/an, the





9


We usually use “


the


” when we talk about things that are unique:


the sun


,


the sky


, etc, and


about things that are


context specific


and are


known by both the speaker and the listener


. If


we want to describe


a particular instance



of these we can use “


a/an


”.



e.g.


I could see


the


plane (


context specific, both the speaker and the listener know about the


plane that is mentioned


) high up in


the


sky (


unique


).





When I woke up there was


a


bright blue sky (


an



instance


).




Practice: Put in


a/an


or


the


where necessary.



1.



______ Renaissance was the period of the revival of classical art and literature in the 14th to


16th centuries.


2.



English has become _____ international language of business.



3.



Within a day of washing, my hair it starts to feel greasy. I have yet to find ______ shampoo to


solve this problem.


4.



Do


you


remember


when


Mark


and


Julie


came


over


and


had


that


terrible


row?


That


was


______


day I wouldn’t want to go through again.



5.



I couldn’t go to Jane’s party. It was


______ day I was babysitting for Derek and Linda.



6.



I know the meeting will be on ______


Sunday in June, but I don’t know th


e exact date yet.



Keys:



1. The (


a unique event in history


)


2. the (


unique and context specific


)


3. a (


a kind of shampoo


)


4. a (


an instance


)


5. the (


context specific


,


both the speaker and the listener know which day


)


6. a (


one


)



2.


A/an


,


the



and


zero



articles


can


all


be


used


in


set


collocations


or


fixed


collocations


and


idioms. Caution that collocations with different choices of articles can mean differently.



e.g.


A man is standing


in the front of


the house. (The man is


in the house


.)



A tree is standing i


n front of


the house. (The tree is


outside the house


.)



I


go to school


every day. (=I go to the school to


study


every day.)



I


went to the school


today. (=Today I


went to some place


and that place was a school.)




Practice


:


Put in


the


where necessary.




1.



He sleeps during _____ day and works at _____ night.



2.



It is cold outside. Put on your sweater or you will catch _____ cold.


3.



We heard the news on _____ radio. They watched the news on _____ television.



4.



He was very religious. He used to go to _____ church every Sunday.



5.



He couldn’t wait any longer. He decided to go to _____ church to find her himself.



6.



He was the officer in _____ charge of the investigation



Keys:


1. the, /




2. a



3. the, /




4. /




5. the




6. /




10



III. Translation exercises


1..


一个由 外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非,开始对该国进行为期


3


天的友好访问。



Head




Explanation


:


If you


head a group of people


(sometimes followed by


up


), you go at the head of or in front of


them


or


you


are


the


head


or


chief


of


them:


e.g.


to


head


a


school;


to


head


up


a


department.


When


you


head


something


,


you


direct


the


course


of


sth.


or


turn


the


head


or


front


of


in


a


specified direction


.


Translation


:


Yesterday a government delegation


headed


by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South


Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.


Practice


:


我们看见他向我们走来


,


就让到一边。



We saw him heading for us, so we stepped aside.




2.


小张的母亲前天突然病倒,他赶 紧派人去请医生。


(send for)


Explanation


:


To


send for sb.


is to request someone to come by sending them a message.


Translation


:


Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday


; he


sent for


a doctor immediately.



Practice


:


静脉注射液快要输完了,我要准备叫护士来了。



I'm going to send for a nurse, as the intravenous drip will run out soon.



3.


在这个信息爆炸的时代,我们必须不断努力更新知识,才能适应 工作的需要。



become


adjusted to




Explanation


:






If you


become adjusted to


something or a place, you get used to it.


Translation


:






In


this


era


of


information


explosion,


we


have


to


make


constant


efforts


to


renew


our


knowledge. Only thus can we


become adjusted to


the requirement of our work.


Practice


:





去适应一个腐朽的社会也是心理健康的表现么?







Is becoming well-adjusted to a sick society a sign of good mental health?



4.


那男孩把衬衫塞到裤腰里,将皮包夹在腋下,看上去俨然一 副老板样。


(tuck)


Explanation:





To


tuck


is



to make one or more folds in or to gather up and fold, thrust, or turn in so as to


secure or confine.


Translation:




With his shirt


tucked


into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy


looks just like a boss.



11



Practice:


俗语说:



夹紧尾巴做人。

< br>”




As the saying goes,








如果你 去郊游的话,


记得在包里带上塑料袋。


Remember to tuck a plastic bag in your bag.








When you go for a walk in the countryside,






Unit 3


I. Vocabulary Analysis



1. Phrase practice


1. get away from sth. = become different from what it should be like


避免,与


……


不同



e.g.


The book produces a new image of teacher which gets away from the stereotype.


这本书描绘

< br>了一个与以往大不相同的教师形象。




2. pull out into traffic =move out onto the main road


驶入车流



e.g.


The murderer winded down the window and pulled out into traffic.

< p>
凶手摇下车窗,


将车驶入


车流。

< br>






He waved me goodbye and pulled out into traffic.


他向我挥手告别,将车驶入车流。




3. on the receiving end =who receives sth.


接收方;


be the one who suffers something unpleasant


承受不愉快、接受打击的人




e.g.


No one want to be on the receiving end of game playing.


游戏中,谁也不想成为被动的一


方。




4. go a long way = produce a far-reaching effect


有长远的影响



e.g.


Tomorrow’s game will go a long way toward determining their team’s future.






明天的比赛对决定他们队的未来意义重大。




2. Word comparison




1.



matter:


to be important, or to affect what happens



e.g.



We were late but it didn’t seem to matter.



happen:


when something happens, there is an event, especially one that is not planned



e.g.



It’s important to predict what will happen next.



care:


if you care about something, you feel that it is important and are concerned about it



e.g.



Does anybody know we’re here,


does anybody care?.


mind:


to take care of someone or something



e.g.



She asked me if I’d mind the children for an hour while she went shopping.



2.



hurry:


to do something or go somewhere more quickly than usual, especially because there is not


much time




12



e.g.



I hate having to hurry a meal.


rush:


if you rush somewhere, you go there quickly



e.g.



A schoolgirl rushed into a burning flat to save a man’s life.



hasten:


you hasten something by acting in order to make it happen sooner



e.g.


He hastened to the office.


quicken:


to become quicker or make something quicker



e.g.


Ray glanced at his watch and quickened his pace.



3.



copartner:


a joint partner (as in a business enterprise)



e.g.



She is a copartner of a law firm.


coworker:


your coworker is someone you work with, especially people on the same job or project


as you



e.g.


A coworker urged him to see a psychiatrist, but Faulkner refused.


colleague:


your colleagues are the people you work with, especially in a professional job



e.g.



We’re entertaining some colleagues of Ben’


s tonight.



cooperative:


a business or organization owned equally by all the people working there



e.g.


They decided to set up a cooperative.


4.



pull up:


when a car or someone driving a car pull up, the driver stops the car, often for a short


time



e.g.



A car pulled up outside my house.


pull out:


if a vehicle pulls out, it starts moving onto a road or onto a different part of the road



e.g.


A car pulled right out in front of me.


pull off:


to drive a car off a road in order to stop, or to turn into a smaller road



e.g.


We pulled off the road to get some food.


pull down:


to earn a particular amount of money



e.g.


He is pulling down $$5,000 a year.



5.



manner:


the way in which people behave and talk when they are with other people, for example


whether they are polite, confident or bad-tempered


e.g.



His manner was self-assured and brusque.


behaviour:


the thing that a person or animal does



e.g.


It is important to reward good behavior.


act:


something that you do



e.g.


The simple act of telling someone about a problem can help.


way:


the ways of a particular person or group of people are their customs or their usual behavior



e.g.


He has rather strange ways.



6.



graceful:


behave in a pleasant way


e.g.



She finally apologized, but she wasn’t very graceful ab


out it.


gracious:


behaving in a polite, kind, and generous way, especially to people of a lower rank



e.g.


Sibyl was the most gracious, helpful, and generous person to work with.


grateful:


if you are grateful for something that someone has given you or done for you, you have


a warm, friendly feeling towards them and wish to thank them




13



e.g.


She was grateful to him for being so good to her.


grand:


splendid in style and appearance; attracting admiration and attention



e.g.


They always entertain their guests in a grand style.



7.



menu:


a list of all the kinds of food that are available for a meal, especially in a restaurant


e.g.



Could we have the menu, please?


cookbook:


a book that contains recipes for preparing food


e.g.


This is a house that specializes in cookbooks.


recipe:


a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food



e.g.


His recipe will be enough for four servings.


ingredient:


a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish



e.g.


The list of ingredients included 250g of almonds.



8.



huge:


extremely large in size, amount, or degree




e.g.



There shoes make my feet look huge.


enormous:


emphasizing the great degree or extent of something



e.g.


It was an enormous disappointment.


vast:


extremely big



e.g.


A vast audience watched the broadcast.


colossal:


used to emphasize that something is extremely large



e.g.


The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.



3. Synonym / Antonym


Give synonyms or antonyms of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.


1.


… never giving a wave or nod of


appreciation when another motorist lets them pull out into


traffic.


Synonyms


: thanks, recognition



2. In our laziness


we think that something like a simple ―Thank you‖ doesn’t really matter.



Antonyms


: activeness, liveliness, briskness, eagerness



3. We can’t be truly


stylish without good manners.


Synonyms


: fashionable, graceful, elegant



4. Haven’t you noticed that the kindest, most


generous people seem to keep getting prettier?


Antonyms


: selfish, mean, ungenerous



5. A gracious manner not only sets an excellent example for your children and grandchildren but it


adds panache to your image.


Synonyms


: nice, courteous, polite, friendly



6. I know we all have busy lives.


Antonyms


: leisurely, relaxed, idle, unoccupied, lazy




14



7. Bu


t when someone does stop and turn around and genuinely apologizes, doesn’t it melt away



most



if not all



of the irritation you felt?


Synonyms


: annoyance, vexation, displeasure, dissatisfaction



8. And punctuality is not a thing of the past, either.


Antonyms


: promptness, timekeeping, reliability



4. Word derivation




Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given capitalized word in


the brackets.


1..The next-door neighbours are so unfriendly that we have stopped trying to talk to them. (friend)


, I can speak a little Spanish because I spent some of my boyhood in Spain. (boy)


doctor dealt with the hysterical patient with understanding. (understand)


’s a


reception at the British Embassy tonight. (receive)


disappearance of the money from the cash-box shows that somebody in this office is a thief.


(appear)


must accept the decision of the committee. (decide)


and Tim are twin brothers. They look exactly alike, differing only in height. (difference)



relieve


the


traffic


congestion,


the


government


has


built


several


elevated


roads


in


the


city.


(elevator).



1. friend (n.)


朋友,友人,支持者



friendly (adj.&adv.)


友好的,友善的



friendship (n.)


友谊,友好



friendliness (n.)


友好,亲切



friendless (adj.)


没有朋友的,无依无靠的



unfriendly (adj.)


不友好的,有敌意的



e.g


. She smiled at him, a friendly smile.


她向他微笑着,一种友好的微笑。



Cheerfulness is the basis of friendliness.


令人愉快是友谊的基石。



What we are doing now is wasteful of resources and unfriendly to environment.

我们现在做


的是浪费资源



对环境 不利的事情。




2. boy (n.)


男孩,



儿子,男服务员



boyish (adj.)


像男孩子的



boyhood (n.)


少年时代



boylish (adj.)


男孩样的,很帅气的



boyishness (n.)


少年,幼稚,孩子气



e.g.


It had perhaps been his boyish defiance.


这也许是少年时代放荡不羁的表现。



The picture reminds me of my boyhood.


这张照片让我想起了我的童年。



He was conscious of colouring , and was annoyed at his boyishness.


他感到一阵脸红,为自


己的 幼稚而感到烦恼。




3. understand (v.)


理解,懂,听说,获悉



understanding (n.)


了解,理解,个人见解,非正式协议




15



understandingly (adv.)


谅解地



understandable (adj.)


可理解的,能够懂的



understandability (n.)


易懂性,可理解性



understandableness (n.)


不可理解



misunderstand (v.)


误会,误解



misunderstanding (n.)


误会,误解



e.g.


He did not understand the importance of this question.


他不理解这个问题的重要性。



It is understandable that he wishes to study in the USA.


他要在美国学习的愿望是可以理


解的。



They pretended to misunderstand me.


他们假装听错了我的话。



We must clear away the misunderstanding.


我们必须消除这个误会。




4. receive



v.


)收到,接到,受到



received (adj.)


被一般承认的,公认的



receiving (n.)


接收,买卖赃物



receiver (n.)


接收器,收款员,接待者,听筒



receivable (adj.)


可收到的,应收的



receivability (n.)


可以接受,可接纳



e.g.


Nothing is more important than to receive education.


没有什么比接受教育更重要的了。



In the modern world, smoking is no longer be considered to be a receivable



activity in social


communication.


在当今的世界上,在社交时吸烟不再为人们所接受。




5. appear


< p>
v.


)出现,显得,出版,抵达



appearance (n.)


外表,外貌出场,露面,出现



disappear (v.)


消失,不见



disappearance (n.)


消失



e.g.


Freckles appear on her face every summer.


每年夏天她脸上都显露(日晒的)斑点。



In appearance it is a very strong building.


从外表来看,这座大楼是很坚固的。



One by one his symptoms disappeared.


他的症状一个一个地消失了。



No one could tell the reason of the disappearance of the money.


谁也说不清楚这些钱丢失的


原因。




6. decide


< p>
v.


)决定,判断



decided (adj.)


确定的,坚决的



decision (n.)


决定,决策



decisiveness (n.)


坚决,果断



decisive (adj.)


决定性的



e.g.


They've decided to buy the house in the country.


他们已拿定主意购买那所乡下的房子。



But it is a decidedly climate- unfriendly strategy.


但这种策略肯定会对气候不利。



Have they reached a decision yet?


他们作出决定了么?



He has a decisive character.


他性格果断





7. difference (n.)


差异,分歧,差额,不同



different (adj.)


不同的,差异的




16



differ (v.)


不同,相异,有区别



differential (adj.)


差别的,特定的,微分的



differentiate (v.)


识别,使差异,求导数,区分



differentiation (n.)


区别,分化,变异



e.g.


Every country has something that differences it from another.


每个国家自有与别国不同之


处。



He shook his head, for he thought differently.


他摇了摇头,因为他有不同想法。



Each writer's style differs from that of another.


每个作家的风格各不相同。




8. elevator (n.)


电梯,飞机升降陀



elevate (v.)


举起,提拔,素养提升,鼓舞




elevation (n.)


海拔,提拔,提高



elevatory (adj.)


向上举的,升高的



e.g.


You can take the escalator to your right, or the elevator to your left.


您可以搭您右手边的电


扶梯,或您左手边的升降梯 。



Good books may elevate the mind.


好书可以提高思想修养。






My elevation watch just shown 5,600 meters.

我看了一下海拔表,只有


5600


米。



II Grammar Exercise


1.



You use more than construction to indicate that there is a greater amount of something than before


or than average, or than something else.


e.g.


This parcel is heavier than that one.



John is a worker more efficient than Jack.




You can use ―a little‖, ― a lot‖, ―a bit‖, ―a great deal‖, ―any‖, ―far‖, ― even‖ ―still‖,


and ―much‖ in


front of


more than


construction.


e.g.


Tom is a little younger than Tim.


You get far more than you pay for it.


Practice:


Complete the sentences using a comparative form.


1. Children used to be quiet. Nowadays they seem to be much ____________.


2. I’m getti


ng old. This is a job for a ________ man.


3. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit ________?



4. China has a population _________



than any other country in Asia.



5. The weather of Harbin in winter is _________ than that of Beijing.



6. He ran a fever yesterday but feels far __________ today.


Keys:


1. more noisy



2. younger



3. further



4. larger



5. colder



6. better



2.



as … ss


construction



The basic pattern of


as +adjective / adverb + as


.




17



e.g.


John is as bright as Bob.



The swimming pool isn't as wide as that one.





You


can


use


―just‖,


―almost‖,


―nearly‖


,


―quite‖


in


front


of



as



construction,



e.g.


Listening skills are just as important as speaking.





Maybe I didn't love you quite as often as I should have.



Practice:


Complete the sentences using the ―as … as‖ construction or the comparatives of the


adjectives given.


1. Mary is just ___________ (pale) before. She needs more exercises.


2.


Are


you


going


to


watch


the


football


game?


I


believe


it


will


certainly


be


much


_________________ (exciting) it was last year.


3. Don’t worry about Susan. She hasn’t been _____________ (unlucky) she pretends.



4.




Are


you


feeling


any_________



(good)?




Yes



I'm


fine


now.


5.


The


experiment


was


much


__________


(easy)


than


we


had


expected.


6.


The


fashion


show


is


not


nearly


_____________


(bad)


people


imagined.


Keys:


1. as pale as (The premodifier is ―just‖.)



2. more exciting than (The premodifier i


s ―much‖.)



3. as unlucky as



4. better



5. easier



6. as bad as



3.



the most



The


superlative


construction


is


used


when


three


or


more


than


three


people


or


things


are


compared


. In this construction there is usually


a scope of comparison


which may be expressed


by


a


prepositional


phrase,


a


relative


clause,


or


a


non-finite


clause


.


Sometimes


the


scope


of


comparison is understood in the context and need not be expressed. In some set expressions, a


scope of comparison is unnecessary at all.


The negative form of the superlative construction is



least


which,


in


practical


usage,


is


usually


replaced


by


the


superlative


degree


of


antonymous adjectives or adverbs.



e.g.


This is the least difficult book I have ever read.


The idea of highest degree can also be expressed by other constructions. In some contexts the


positive


or


comparative


degree


expresses


the


same


meaning


as


is


usually


conveyed


by


the


superlative.


e.g.


George did more work than anyone else.







Nothing in my life shook me so deeply as my first visit to China.



Practice:


Use superlatives or comparatives of the adjectives given to complete the sentences.


1. I prefer this chair to the other one. It’s ___________ (comfortable).



2. That’s _______________ (funny) joke I have ever heard.



3. Now I’ve realized tha


t giving up my job is _____________ (bad) mistake I have ever made.


4. Racing is ___________



(interesting) sport I've ever known.



18



5. The Yellow River is the second _____________ (long) river in China.


6. Which is the _____________ (large) country, Canada or Australia?



Keys:


1. more comfortable; (The comparative form is used because two chairs are being compared.)


2.


the


funniest;


(When


a


noun


is


postmodified


by


a


relative


clause


or


a


prepositional


phrase,


a


superlative is used to premodify it.)


3. the worst


4. the most interesting


5. longest (When there is an ordinal number before a noun, a superlative is used after the ordinal


number.)


6. larger (The comparative form is used because two countries are being compared.)



III. Translation exercises


1.



在音乐会上,


歌手每唱完一首美妙动听的歌曲,


观众便高声喝彩表示欣赏。



appreciation




Explanation


:






or magnitude of something.



Translation


:



At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst


into loud cheers to show their


appreciation


.



Practice


:


对美酒的赞美和良好的分辨力总是相配的。




The


appreciation


of fine wine and that of fine intellectual distinctions often go together.



对于艺术作品的欣赏必然受到一种特殊的兴趣爱好的支配。



Appreciation


of works of art is bound to be dominated by a particular kind of interest.



爱因斯坦的天才受到如此广泛的赞赏似乎相当引人注目。



It seems remarkable that there was such general


appreciation


of Einstein's genius.



2.



她是个穿着时髦的人,但对饮食很少讲究。


(stylish)


Explanation


:



If you are stylish, you have elegance or taste or refinement in manners or dress, or you are in


accordance with current social fashions.


Translation


:



She is always wearing


stylish


clothes, but seldom cares about what she eats or drinks.



Practice


:



他身穿吊带西裤,跳起舞来非常潇洒。




He is wearing a suit with shoulder straps and doing a stylish dance






阿玛尼所推出的夹克宽松而有型,一般大众都乐于接受这种变化。



Armani's loose,


stylish


jackets were seen as a welcome change.


重庆不是一个时尚的城市,这对重庆女孩来说,当然有些遗憾。



Chongqing is not a


stylish


city, and this is, of course, a pity to its girls.



19






3.



颁奖 时,主席赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。


(compliment)


Explanation


:







Translation


:



When awarding the prize, the chairman comlimented the winner on his great contribution to


mankind.



Practice


:


威尔逊太太不屑地把眉毛一扬,否定了这句恭维话。



Mrs. Wilson rejected the


compliment


by raising her eyebrow in distain.


他沽名钓誉。




He angled for


compliments.





他会说动听的恭维话。




He can turn pretty


compliments


.



4


这只是例行的体格检查,无须太紧张。


(routine)


Explanation:







is


a


course


of


action


to


be


followed


regularly;


a


standard


procedure


or


a


set


of


normal procedures, often performed mechanically.



Translation:



It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.


Practice


:




我厌倦了这日复一日、一成不变的日常工作。





I'm bored with the same old


routine


day after day.


你需要从日常工作中抽身去休息一下。




You need a break from


routine


.




那天傍晚,他没有把报告按规定送去存档,而是放进一个夹子 ,锁进了自己的抽屉。



Later


that


day,


instead


of


sending


it


for


routine



filing,


he


placed


the


report


in


a


folder


in


a


locked drawer of his desk.




Unit 4


I. Vocabulary Analysis



1. Phrase practice



1. live life up= to have a very enjoyable and exciting time


积极向上地生活



e.g.


I was determined to live life up after witnessing the tragedy.


目睹那场悲剧之后,我决定要


积极的生活。




2. turn one’s back on = to go away from or refuse to be with


拒绝帮助



e.g.



I can’t turn my back on friends who are in need of help.


我不能在朋友需要的时候拒绝他


们。




20






They didn’t see each other since he turned his back on her.


自从他拒绝帮助她,他们就再也


不联系了。







3. stick it out =not to give up


坚持到底



e.g.


As long as you stick it out, you will have your day.


只要你坚持到底,你总会成功的。



Be brave, and stick it out!


勇敢一点,坚持到底!




4. go through so much =to experience so much pain and stress


经历辛苦



e.g.


Why do you quit now after going through so much?


经历了那么多艰辛,< /p>


你怎么现在放弃了


呢?




2. Word comparison




1.



tighten:


if you tighten your grip on something, or if your grip tightens, you hold it more firmly or


securely



e.g.



Stefano’s grip tightened and his tone became colder.



strengthen:



to


make


something


stronger


or


more


effective,


or


to


become


stronger


or


more


effective



e.g.


They have been strengthening their border defenses in preparation for war.


lengthen:


to make something longer or to become longer



e.g.


The days lengthened as summer approached.


widen:


if you widen something or if it widens, it becomes greater in measurement from one side


or edge to the other



e.g.


The river widens considerably as it begins to turn east.


2.



disturbed:


not thinking or behaving normally because of mental or emotional problems



e.g.



This is a center for emotionally disturbed teenagers.


bothered:


worried or upset



e.g.



He doesn’t seem too bothered about the things that are written about him in the papers.



worried:


when you are worried, you are unhappy because you keep thinking about problems that


might happen in the future




e.g.



If you’re at all worried about his progress, do discuss it with one of his teachers.



troubling:


something that is troubling makes you worried or nervous



e.g.


Some troubling questions remain about the legal status of human cloning .


3.



as to:


about



e.g.



He was uncertain as to which road to take.


in


terms


of:



if


you


talk


about


something


in


terms


of


something


or


in


particular


terms,


you


are


specifying which aspects of it you are discussing or from what point of view you are considering it



e.g.


Paris has played a dominant role in France, not just in political terms but also in economic


power.


concerned:


involved in something or affected by it



e.g.



I’d like to thank everyone concerned for making the occasion run so


smoothly.


regard:


to consider or have an opinion about something or someone




21



e.g.


Her parents always regarded her as the cleverest of their children.


4.



influence:


to affect the way someone or something develops, behaves, thinks, etc. without directly


forcing or ordering them



e.g.



His writing was greatly influenced by Henry James.


impress:


if something impresses you, you feel great admiration for it



e.g.



Cannon’s film impresses on many levels.



affect:


to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause them to change



e.g.


Both buildings were badly affected by the fire.


shake:


to make someone feel very upset or shocked



e.g.


The murder shook the whole town.


5.



handling:


the way that someone deals with a situation or person


e.g.



I admired your delicate handling of the crisis.


dealing:


the activity of buying, selling, or doing business with people



e.g.


penalties for drug dealing


treat:


to behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way



e.g.


I treat remarks like that with the contempt that they deserve.


manage:


to be responsible for controlling or organizing someone or something especially a


business




e.g.



He’


s not very good at managing people.



6.



complain:


to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied, or unhappy about something or someone



e.g.



She complained that no one had been at the airport to meet her.


criticize:


if you criticize someone or something, you express your disapproval of them by saying


what you think is wrong with them



e.g.


His mother had rarely criticized him or any of her children.


disapprove:


to feel that something or someone is bad, wrong, etc. to not approve



e.g.


I strongly disapprove of under-age drinking.



blame:


to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad



e.g.


I blame his mother. She does everything for him.


7.



outlook:


the likely future situation



e.g.



The outlook for the economy is bleak.


future:



someone’s future, or the future of something, is what will happen to them or what they


will do after the present time



e.g.


His future as prime minister depends on the outcome of the elections.


view:


what you think or believe about something



e.g.


She has strong views about politics.


condition:


if you talk about the condition of a person or thing, you are talking about the state that


they are in, especially how good or bad their physical state is



e.g.



You can’t drive in that condition.



8.



stuff:


It is used to refer to a substance or a group of things or ideas, etc., often with a description



22



of their general type or quality or saying who they belong to, without saying exactly what they are


e.g.



There’s sticky stuff all over the chair.



staff:


the people who work for an organization



e.g.


The entire staff has done an outstanding job this year.


matter:


physical substance in the universe



e.g.



Some


scientists


believe


that


there


is


about


ten


times


as


much


matter


in


the


universe


as


astronomers have observed.


means:


a way of doing or achieving something



e.g.


For most people, the car is still their main means of transport.



3. Synonym / Antonym


Give synonyms or antonyms of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.


1.


Dealing


with


AIDS


strengthens


the


bond


of


friendship,


encourages


emotional


and


mature


growth.


Synonyms:


tighten, intensify, enhance



2. I was the most carefree person in the world.


Antonyms:


unhappy, wretched, miserable, cheerless



3. My whole life was changing so fast


that I couldn’t keep up.



Synonyms:


quickly, rapidly, swiftly



4.


Everyone


said


that


I


must


keep


a


positive


attitude


for


his


sake,


because


attitude


means


everything.


Antonyms:


negative, doubtful, pessimistic, uncertain



5. She thought that the trip would do me good; she said that I was not the one that was dying.


Synonyms:


benefit, profit, advantage



6. David had lost weight, had purple lesions all over his body, and was very pale.


Antonyms:


gain, increase, gather



7. All I want you to do is to remember me, enjoy life and be careful.


Synonyms:


cautious, alert, watchful



8. The fifth of June, 1996 marked the end


of my best friend David’s life.



Antonyms:


beginning, start, commencement



4. Word derivation




Fill


in


the


blank


in


each


sentence


with


an


appropriate


form


of


the


given


word


in


the


brackets.


1.



Let’s go for a picnic tomorrow unless the weather forecast is


unfavourable. (favour)


2.



A successful business needs good organization. (organize)


3.



The ring was not at all valuable; in fact, it was almost worthless. (worth)



23



4.



Your job will be to see that no imperfect product leaves this part of the factory. (perfect)


5.



The floor of the attic needs strengthening


if we’


re going to make it into a bedroom. (strong)


6.



He is ashamed of what he has done. (shame)


7.



She expressed her gratitude to me by inviting me to dinner. (grateful)


8.



In youth, he showed great promise, but finally he turned out mediocre. (young)



1. favour (n.)


好意,喜好,偏爱,特权





favorite (adj.


)流行的,喜爱的





favorable (adj.)


有利的,赞许的,良好的,顺利的,偏袒的





favoritism (n.)


偏爱,偏袒,不公平





unfavorable (adj.)


不宜的,不理想的





unfavorite (adj.)


最不喜爱的,最讨厌的



e.g.


A teacher should not favour any of his pupils.


教师不应该偏爱任何一个学生。



What are your favorite sports?


你最喜爱的运动是什么?



He soon won the favour of his boss.


他很快赢得了老板的青睐。



The condition (being) favorable, he may succeed.


条件有利的话,他有可能会成功。




2. organise (v.)


组织,有机化,安排





organism (n.)


生物体,有机体





organisation (n.)


组织,团体,有机体





organisational (adj.)


组织的,编制的





organiser (n.)


组织者



e.g.


When that happens, I organise my defence.


如果这样的话,我的任务就是组织防守。



The army is an extremely complex organism.


军队是一个极其复杂的组织。



In fact, it might help you improve organisational performance.


事实上,


它可能帮助你改善组


织的表现。




3. worth (n.)


价值,财富





worthy (adj.)


有价值的,可尊敬的,值得的,配得上的





worthiness (n.)


值得,相当,有价值





worthful (adj.)


有价值的,宝贵的





worthwhile (adj.)


值得(做)的





worthless (adj.)


无价值的,无用的,可鄙的





unworthy (adj.)


无价值的,没有优点的





unworthiness (n.)


不值得,无价值



e.g.


Do not underestimate his worth.


不要低估了他的价值。



His achievements are worthy of record.


他的功业是值得记载的。



He chucked his money away on a worthless plan.


他把钱白白花在一个毫无价值的计划上。



Such a conduct is unworthy of a decent citizen.


这样的行为不是一个正直公民应有的行为。



A little pain wouldn't make up for her unworthiness.


一点点疼痛不能补偿她的无价值。




4. perfect (adj.)


完美的,完全的,十足的


; (v.)



改进,美化





perfection (n.)


完美,完善





perfectionist (n.)


十全十美主义者




24





perfectness (n.)


完全,精通,分毫不差





imperfect (adj.)


不完美的,有缺点的,未完成的





imperfection (n..)


不完全,不完备,缺点





imperfectness (n.)


不完美,不完备





imperfective (adj.)


不可能完善的



e.g.


He needs to perfect his spoken English before going to work in Canada.


他需要把英语口语


学好才能到加拿大工作。



Everyday we should walk on the road of pursuing perfection.


每一天我们都应该走在追求完

< p>
美的路上。



Flawless as he is, he goes along with an imperfect life.

< br>他是一个完美的人,


却过着一种并不


完美的生活。




5. strong (adj.


)强壮的,强烈的,坚强的,浓的





strength (n.)


力气,力量,长处,强度





strengthen (v.)


加强,变坚固





strengthless (adj.)


无力量的



e.g.


Reliability is our strong point.


可靠性是我们的优点。



I believe in that definition very strongly.


我坚信那个定义是对的


.


We renew our strength in sleep.


我们以睡眠来恢复体力。



You're too weak; and you'd better strengthen with rich food.


你的身体太虚弱了,得补养补


养。




6. shame (n. v.)


羞愧,耻辱





shameful (adj.)


可耻的





shameless (adj.)


无耻的





shamefulness (n.)


可耻,不名誉





shameable (adj.)


羞愧的



e.g.


He felt no shame and no regret.


他既不感到羞愧,也不感到遗憾。



Are you not ashamed of your shameful behavior?


你不为你的行为可耻而感到羞愧吗


?


He is a shameless liar.


他是一个



无耻



的撒 谎者。






Thirty years later, when I recall the memory, I still feel a bit of shamefulness to her.





30< /p>


年以后,当我回想起往事,依旧对她有羞愧感。




7. grateful (adj.)


感激的,感谢的





gratitude (n.)


感恩之心





gratify (v.)


使满足,使高兴





gratification (n.)


满足,喜悦





gratuitous (adj.)


免费的,无缘无故的



e.g.


I am very grateful for all the help.


我感激所有对我的帮助。



He smiled at them with gratitude.


他向他们笑了笑表示谢意。



Does it gratify your curiosity?


这是否满足了你的好奇心?



His success is a great gratification to us.


他的成功对我们是一大喜事。




8. young (adj.)


年轻的,没有经验的,初期




25



youngster (n.)


年轻人,少年,小伙子,儿童



youthful (adj.)


年轻的,有青春活力的



youth (n.)


年轻,初期,青春



youthhood (n.)


青春期,少壮期



youthy (adj.)


年轻的,少壮的



youthen (v.)


使


……


变年轻



youthify (v.)


使显得年轻



e.g.


Celebrations are for young people.


庆祝是属于年轻人的。



My youth and youthful strength fled long ago.


我的青春和青春的活力早已消失。



There is a little pain in our youthhood.


我们的青春中有一点痛楚。




II. Grammar Exercises



1.


Some, any, all, each, every


and their compounds


Some,


any,


all,


each



and


every



can


be


used


together


with


other


words


to


build


new


compounds, such as


someone, anywhere, everything, etc


. But the basic usages of these words


don’t change. For example, generally we still use


some


- in


positive


sentences


, and use


any


- in


non


-


affirmative



contexts



or


to


refer


to

< p>
non


-


specific


,


unspecified



things


.


We


still


use


every


-


to


emphasize we are talking about a group as a whole rather than as individuals


.



e.g.


I was visiting some friends last week.



It was impossible to see anything in the dark.






Everyone was waiting to hear the results. (= All were waiting to hear the results.)



Practice: Put in


some


,


any


,


each


,


every


or one of their compounds.



1.



I had __________ reason to believe that she would keep my secret.



2.



I


must get


to the shops __________ or other this afternoon. I ha


ven’t got _________ in the


house for supper.


3.



In a rugby league game __________ side has 13 players.



4.



She left her handbag __________



and now she can’t find it.



5.



They sought solace in religion from the harshness of their __________ lives.



6.



Do you know


________


who would be interested in a position as a receptionist in our office?


We need


_________


with a really friendly manner.



Keys:



1. every


2. sometime, anything (―Sometime or other‖ means sooner or later.)



3. each (


Each


emphasizes that we are thinking of the two sides separately.)


4. somewhere


5. everyday



6. anyone, someone



2. Countable and uncountable nouns



26



Common nouns can be classified into 1)


countable nouns and uncountable nouns


, or 2)


individual nouns, collective nouns, material nouns and abstract nouns


. Usually


individual nouns


and collective nouns are countable


while


material nouns and abstract nouns are uncountable


.


But sometimes abstract nouns and material nouns can be countable if they are used in specific


sense, for example with an attribute.



e.g. My children are


a great joy


(an attribute) to me.









His room, at sixteen dollars a day, was


a disappointment


(something specific, and


something that disappoints people).






Sri Lanka produces


many teas


(many kinds of tea).




Practice


:


Choose the best answer.



1.



The earthquake caused ______ to the district.


A. damage



B. a damage



C. damages



D. the damage


2.



As everyone knows, warm ______ is comfortable in winter.


A. clothes



B. clothings



C. cloth




D. clothing


3.



______ of English is essential for those who apply for the post.


A. Good knowledge






B. A good knowledge


C. Good knowledges





D. The good knowledge


4.



Clint will give us _______ on our grammar study.


A. an advice





B. some advice





C. some advices




D. advices


5.



Ten years had elapsed, I found she had ________.


A. a few white hairs





B. much white hair





C. a little white hairs




D. few white hair



Keys:


1. A



2. D



3. B



4. B



5. A



3. Prepositions


Prepositions are a class of structural words that indicate various semantic relations between


words or expressions.


Some adjectives, nouns and verbs can collocate with prepositions to form


adjective phrases, noun phrases and verb phrases.



e.g.


His parents will be


disappointed with


her if she fails the exam.



I would support a


ban on


smoking in restaurants.



He doesn’t seem to


care about


the effect smoking has on him.



Practice: Insert suitable prepositions in the following sentences.



1.



I object ________ being kept waiting. Why are you always late ________ appointments?


2.



I have no intention ________ lending Dan any more money.



3.



After


years


of


service


in


the


Cairo


embassy,


M.


Lapierre


has


become


extremely


adept


________ Middle East diplomacy.



4.



There is no doubt that she can produce work that is equal ________ anyone else’s in her class.



5.



Although he had


no criminal record, police are inquiring ________ some of Wilson’s business


deals.



6.



A lot of Japanese students of English have difficult ________ the pronunciation of ―b‖s and


―v‖s.





27



Keys:



1. to, for




2. of




3. at / in




4. to




5. into




6. in




III. Translation exercises


1.



这个地区的警察知道那些小偷经常出没于哪些地方。


(hang out)


Explanation


:






If you


often stay with him.


Translation


:



The police in this district know where the thieves usually hang out.



Practice


:



我可不想总是和这群人混在一起。



I don't always want to


hang out


with the group.


手里有了钱,这孩子去了其他年轻人喜欢去的地方。



Having money to burn, the child goes to places


where


other young people just like them


hang



out


.



作为孩子,我们和母亲生活在不同的世界里,这是一个母亲常出现的世界。



As teenagers we live in a different world from our mothers, a world


where


mothers


hang



out



on the peripheries.




2.



这些签署的协议将冲破对自由贸 易设置的所有障碍。


(break down)


Explanation


:




working together and having a successful relationship with each other. If something breaks


down, it fails to work.



Translation


:



The agreement signed will


break down


all the barriers to free trade.


Practice


:



有什么能保证它不会轻易出故障?



What guarantee do I have that it won't


break



down


easily?







当用户工作时,使用工具的数量太多将会影响工作效率。








The


efficiencies


break



down



when


the quantity


of


tools


in


a


user’s


working


set


gets


too


large.



有了孩子,夫妻之间 就会亲密起来,打破目前彼此之间无形的隔阂。



Children would bring the husband and wife close together and


break



down


this invisible


barrier


.



3.



他是我最好的朋友。既然他需要 我的帮助,我可不能对他置之不理。


(turn one’s back on)



Explanation


:



If someone turns his back on you, he refuses to help you when you are in need of help.



Translation


:




28



He is my best friend. I just cannot


turn my back on


him that he needs my help now.



Practice


:


我不能一边嚷着责任心,一边却拒绝帮助困境中的邻居。




I can't yell responsibility and


turn



my



back



on


a neighbor who needs help.



我意识到,如果我真想说一口流利的英语,就得 完全丢开死记硬背语法书的老习惯。



I realized that if I really wanted to become fluent in English, I would have to


turn



my



back



on


all my grammar books.


他一直对我很好,现在他贫病交加,我可不能不加理会。



He's always been kind to me. I can't just


turn



my



back



on


him now because he's ill and poor.



4


.只要你努 力工作,你迟早会成功,实现自己的抱负的。


(sooner or later)


Explanation:



If something happens sooner or later, it will happen eventually.


Translation


:



So


long


as


you


work


hard,


you


are


bound


to


succeed


and


realize


your


ambition


sooner


or


later


.




Practice


:


纳税人迟早会认为夜间的警卫是正常的市政职责。



Sooner or later,


the taxpayers accepted night policing as a normal municipal charge.



我时刻提心吊胆,唯 恐她迟早有一天会看见我正在干最粗的活儿。



I was haunted by the fear that she would,


sooner or later,


find me out doing the coarsest part of


my work.






Unit 5


I. Vocabulary Analysis



1. Phrase practice



1. at hand = that is current


当前的,在手边



e.g.


I have no dictionary at hand.


我现在手头没有字典。




2. in short supply = difficult to find or obtain


缺货,不足



e.g.


Stoves are always in short supply in hostile winter.


寒冷的冬天,煤炉常常缺货。






Luck is never in short supply if you possess ample confidence.


只要有充分信心,你是不缺


好运的。




3. give … credit = always recognize and praise rightly sb’ s achievement


给予赞扬



e.g.


The teacher was given credit for encouraging students to face the difficulty.

< p>
老师因为鼓励学


生面对困难得到了大家的称赞。




4. be oneself= behave in a way that is natural or normal


显得自然



e.g.


Facing great honor and fame, he found it difficult to be himself.


面对巨大的荣誉,


他觉得很



29



难保持自我本色。




2. Word comparison




1.



elect:


when people elect someone, they choose that person to represent them, by voting for them


e.g.



The country is about to take a radical departure by electing a woman as its new president.


choose:


decide what you want from two or more things or possibilities



e.g.


He chose a shirt from the many in his wardrobe.


pick:


choose a person or thing, for example because they are the best or most suitable



e.g.


Students have to pick three courses from a list of fifteen.


select:


if you select something, you choose it from a number of things of the same kind



e.g.


The movie is being shown in selected cities.



2.



demonstrate:


show; make clear



e.g.



These figures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.


show:


let someone see something




e.g.


The children proudly showed me their presents.


express:


show what you think or feel



e.g.


He expresses himself easily in English.


display:


show a feeling



e.g.


The British traditionally tend not to display much emotion in public.



3.



sell out:


be disloyal or unfaithful to one's principles or friends, money



e.g.



French farmers feel they’ve been sold out by their government in the negotiation.



escape:


get away from a place or dangerous situation when someone is trying to catch you or stop


you



e.g.


He broke down the locked door and escaped.


stand firmly:


stay in a particular place without moving



e.g.



The car’


s been standing firmly in the garage for weeks.



object:


feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone



e.g.


He objects to the label



4.



inner:


inner thoughts are ones that you feel strongly but not always show to other people



e.g.



She never shared her inner thoughts with anyone.


inside:


in or into a room, building, container, or something similar



e.g.


Luckily, no one was inside the building when it collapsed.


conscience:


(n.) the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right


or wrong



e.g.


It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help.


within:


(prep.) if something is within a place, area, or object, it is inside it or surrounded by it



e.g.


Clients are entertained within private dining rooms.



30




5.



action:


doing something for a particular purpose



e.g.



The government is taking emergency action to deal with a housing crisis.


act:


behavior which hides your real feelings or interests



e.g.


Was she really upset or was that just an act?


behaviour:


the thing that a person or animal does



e.g.


The headmaster will not tolerate bad behaviour.


deed:


an intentional act, especially a very bad or very good one



e.g.


We should be true in word and resolute in deed.



6.



rare:


not seen or found very often, or not happening very often



e.g.



This species of plant is becoming increasingly rare.


scarce:


if something is scarce, there is not enough of it



e.g.


Food was scarce throughout the war.


short:


(be short of) to not have enough of something




e.g.



We’re a bit short of coffee. I must get some more.



few:


a small number of things or people



e.g.


We saw few students there.




7.



key:


the key person or thing in a group is the most important one



e.g.



He is expected to be the key witness at the trial.


main:


large, more important, or having more influence than others of the same type



e.g.


The main thing is not to worry.


chief:


most important



e.g.


One of the chief causes of crime today is drugs.


major:


you use


significant than other things in a group or situation



e.g.


Drug abuse has long been a major problem for the authorities there.




8.



promise:


tell someone that you will certainly do something




e.g.



He promised faithfully to call me every week.


ensure:


make certain that something will happen properly



e.g.


Our task is to ensure the safety of every passengers on the plane.


assure:



If


you


assure


someone


that


something


is


true


or


will


happen,


you


tell


them


that


it


is


definitely true or will definitely happen, often in order to make them less worried.



e.g.


He hastened to assure me that there was nothing important to report.


declare:


announce something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially



e.g.


They declared their support for the proposal.



3. Synonym / Antonym



31



Give synonyms or antonyms of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.


1. My grandparents believed you were either honest


or you weren’t.



Synonyms


: truthful, upright, frank



2. Integrity is an inner standard for judging your behavior.


Antonyms


: outer, external, exterior



3. Unfortunately, integrity is in short supply today



and getting scarcer.


Synonyms


: rare, uncommon, scant



4. If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs.


Antonyms


: fire, sack, dismiss



5. Stand firmly for your convictions in the face of personal pressure.


Synonyms


: resolutely, determinedly, unyieldingly



6. Don’t be


afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you


are.


Antonyms


: fearless, dauntless, brave, bold



7. Don’t engage in personal cover


-up of areas that are unpleasing.


Synonyms


: unpleasant, disagreeable



8. Integrity means you do what is right and not just fashionable or politically correct.


Antonyms


: unfashionable, old-fashioned, outdated



4. Word derivation


Fill


in


the


blank


in


each


sentence


with


an


appropriate


form


of


the


given


word


in


the


brackets.


1.



It


is


dangerous


for


an


inexperienced


driver


to


drive


a


car


in


the


center


of


Paris


during


the


mid- day rush. (experience)


2.



Douglas, now that you’re the he


ad of the family, you must take your rightful place at the head


of the table (right)


3.



If


you


behave


with


this


sort


of


impoliteness


to


your


other


customers,


I


don’t


think


you’ll


remain in business long. (polite)


4.



Kenneth gave the child a handful of sweets. (hand)


5.



Don’t put on any more of that perfume, Julie. It’s


heady stuff. (head)


6.



The speaker showed his nervousness by constantly straightening his tie. (straight)


7.



I feel so sleepy



that I’m going to bed. (sleep)



8.



The beggar stood on his head, begging from door to door. (beg)



1. experience (n.v.)


经历,经验





experienced (adj.)


有经验的





experienceless (adj.)


无经验的,缺乏经验的,不老练的




32





experiment (n.)


经验,实验,尝试





experimental (adj.)


实验(性)的,试验(性)的





inexperienced (adj.)


无经验的,不熟练的



e.g.


This was a new experience for him.


这一切于他都是全新的经历。



It was a successful experiment.


那是一次成功的试验。



The experimental results show that the method is effective.


实验结果表明,该方法是正确有


效的。




We don't want to hire inexperienced worker.


我们不想聘用没有经验的工人。




2. right (adj.)


正确的,对的,右边的,合适的





rightful (adj.)


合法的,正确的,依法享有权利的





rightness (n.)


正义性,正确性





righteous (adj.)


公正的,公义的,当然的





righteousness (n.)


正当,正义,正值



rightless (adj.)


没有权利的



e.g.


We respect the righteous but we despise the wicked.


我们敬重正直的人,但鄙视不道德的


人。



Everyone admires his spirit of doing boldly what's righteous.


人人都赞美他这种见义勇为的


精神。



Who is the rightful owner of this car




谁是这辆汽车的合法主人?



They are just a rightness of simple farmers


!他们只是朴实的农民


!



3. polite (adj.)


有礼貌的,客气的,有教养的,文雅的





politeness (n.)


礼貌,优雅





impolite (adj.)


不礼貌的,粗鲁的





impoliteness (n.)


失礼,粗鲁



e.g.


It is not polite to stare at others.


盯着别人看是一种不礼貌的行为。



One never loses anything by politeness.


礼多人不亏。



It's impolite to smoke during a meal in France.


在法国就餐时吸烟是不礼貌的。



He will have to answer for his impoliteness.


他将因为无礼而受到责备。




4. hand (n)


手,掌握,协助





handy (adj.)


方便的,手边的,灵巧的,便于使用的,现成的





handful (n.)


少数,一把,棘手之事



e.g.


This is a very handy tool for opening cans.


这是一种很简便的开罐头工具。



A handful of common sense is worth bushel of learning.


一点点常识胜过很多有价值的学


问。




5. head (n.)


头脑,能力,领袖,硬币的正面,顶端





heading (n.)


标题,题目,航向





heady (adj.)


顽固的,任性的,性急的





headless (adj.)


不在意的,没有头的,愚笨的



e.g.


Where do you think web design is heading?


你认为网页设计现在的方向在哪儿?



He is heady with success.


他因成功而飘飘然。




33



A headless man haunts the castle.


一个无头幽灵常在城堡出现。




6. straight



adj.




直的,准的,正直的,坦率的,连续的





straighten (v.)


弄直,使正确,整顿,挺直





straightening (v.)


变形矫正,整直,校正





straightness (n.)


笔直,正值,直率



e.g.


She has long, straight, red hair.


她的红发又长又直。



I was straightening my schoolbag when you phoned me.


你给我打电话时,


我正在整理书包。



Excuse me. Do I go straightly for the Mayflower Hotel?


对不起,去五月花旅馆是一直往前


走吗?




(n.v.)


睡觉,睡眠





sleeping (n. adj.)


睡着的





sleepy (adj.)


嗜睡的





sleeper (n.)


睡眠者,枕木,卧铺,爆冷门





sleepless (adj.)


不睡眠的,睡不着的,警觉的





sleeplessness (n.)


失眠



e.g.


Sleeping is the best cure for waking troubles.


睡眠是治疗一切醒时烦扰的良药。



She always has a sleepy expression.


她总是一副懒洋洋的表情


.


She looked haggard after a sleepless night.


一夜失眠之后,她看上去很憔悴。




8. beg



(v.


)乞讨,恳求



beggar (n.)


乞丐,穷人



(v.)


使沦为乞丐;使贫穷



begging (n.)


请求,乞求



beggarly (adj.)


像乞丐的,赤贫的,下贱的



beggary (n.)


赤贫



e.g.


Do not beg, steal, lie.


不要乞讨,偷窥,说谎。



The family had been beggared by the war.


战争使这家人沦为乞丐。



Idleness is the key of beggary,the root of all evil.


懒惰是行乞的敲门砖,是万恶的根源。




II. Grammar Exercises



1. Imperative sentences


Imperative


sentences,


also


known


as


―commands‖


begin


with


a


verb


in


the


imperative


mood


and express


a command, an instruction, an order, a warning, a request,


a suggestion, a


wish, an invitation, etc


.



There


are


three


kinds


of


imperatives


:


the


second


person


imperatives,


the


first


person


imperative, and the third person imperatives


. For


the second person imperatives


, if we want to


enhance the force of the imperative,


we can add an emphatic


DO


or


YOU


at the beginning of


the sentence.



e.g.


Mr. Smith, you


sit


over there.




Do


come


in.





Let me


have


a look.



34





Let’s


stop


and


finish


it later.





Don’t let anyone


shirk


his responsibility.




Practice: Rewrite the following sentences using the imperative.


1.



You’d better go and


buy yourself a new pair of shoes.



2.



We shall never forget the brave men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice.


3.



I would like somebody to open the door.



4.



In this play you will play the part of the pr


incess and I’ll pretend to be the witch.



5.



Would you please allow me to stay in to finish my letter? I want to get it off to London today.




Keys:



1.



Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes.



2.



Let us never forget the brave men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice.


3.



Somebody open the door.



4.



In this play you be the princess and I be the witch. (


Here ―you‖ and ―I‖ are explicit subjects of


the imperative sentence.


)


5.



Let me stay in to finish my letter. I want to get it off to London today.



2. Question tags added to imperative clauses


Sometimes we add question tags to the imperative sentences to soften the imperative tone.


For


the


second


person


imperatives,


after


a


positive


imperative,


the


question


tag


can


be


―will/would/can/can’t/won’t


you/?‖


―Won’t‖


is


used


to


in


vite


.


―Will


you‖


is


often


used


as


request.



―Won’t you‖ is used to show less forceful orders. ―Would‖ is less forceful than ―will‖


and


much


less


common.


―Can’t


you‖


can


show


the


speaker’s


annoyance


.


After


a


negative


imperative, the question tag is ―will you?‖



If


the


part


addressed


includes


only


the


speaker


the


question


tag


usually


is


―will/won’t


you?‖ If the part addressed includes both the speaker and the listener, the tag should be ―shall


we?‖



e.g.



Don’t be so noisy, will you?



Stop talking, will/won’t/would/can/can’t you?




Let me drive you home, will you?



Let’s take a taxi, shall we?




Practice: Add a question tag to the following sentences.


1.



Let’s go to the movies,


__________?


2.



Don’t turn the lights on,


__________?


3.



Let me come and stay, __________? You can put it that it was arranged before.



4.



Shut up, __________?



5.



Don’t let me have to speak to you again,


__________?




Keys:




1.



shall we


2.



will you



(a


negative


imperative)


3.



will/won’t you




35



4.



can’t you



(to show


annoyance


)


5.



will you





3. Another, other(s), the other(s)


*―Another‖ means 1)


additional, one more (sometimes two more, three more ...) person or thing of


the same type


; 2)


a different one, not the same person or thing


.


e.g.


I need another week / two weeks to finish this investigation.



We finally moved to another apartment.



*―Other‖ is always followed by


plural nouns


. It means 1)


additional


; 2)


else, different


.



―Others‖


means


more people or things


.



e.g.


Danny is playing with two other children.



Saudi Arabia produces more oil than any other country (Singular noun must be used after


―any other‖.)





I only know about this book, but there might be others (= other books).



*―The other (one)‖ means t


he second of the two people or things


. ―The others‖ (= the other ones)


means


the rest of the people or things


. Note that here there must be


a specific context


.



e.g.


You can park on the other side of the street.









She’s


much


brighter


than


all


the


other


children


in


her


class


(―In


her


class‖


serves


as


a


specific context.).




Practice



Complete the following sentences with the words or phrases in the box.



another






other





the other






others





the others



1.



I spent half of my time teaching law and ________ in London as a consultant to a big firm.



2.



Cars are useful, but whether they are good for the environment is ________ matter altogether.



3.



The Company says it has to reduce its labor costs. In ________ words, some of us are going to


lose our jobs.



4.



You shouldn’t expect ________ to do your work for you.



5.



She was the only person who replied to the invitation



none of ______ bothered.



6.



There is room for ______ few people in the back of the bus.



7.



A: Have you met Sally’s brothers?



B: I’ve met one. I didn’t know he has


____________


.


A: Oh, he has two


____________


.



Keys:



1.



the other



(the second part of my time)


2.



another



(a different one)


3.



other



(different, usually it is followed by plural nouns)


4.



others



(


5.



the others



(the rest)


6.



another


7.



another, others





36



III. Translation exercises


1.


那个精神 科医生因为在公共场合谈论他的病人而被指控违反了职业道德规范。


(ethics)


Explanation


:








moral values and rules.


Translation


:



That


psychiatrist


who


had


talked


about


his


patients


in


public,


was


charged


with


violating


professional


ethics


.



Practice





他的职业道德不容许他这么做。



The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.


社会力量,包括伦理,在法律通过前就已经形成。



Social forces, including


ethics


, arise before laws are passed.


公共关系部于


2009


年开展了增强商业道德的活动。



The public relation department launched a program to promote business


ethics


in 2009.




2.


我们都信任董事长,因为他是个刚正不阿的人。


(integrity)



Explanation


:




same time, integrity can also refers to the state of being united as a complete thing.


Translation


:



We all trust the president for his absolute integrity.


Practice





他为人正直,决不食言。



He's a man of integrity and he never breaks his promises.


罗马城墙尚可见到,但已经不完整了。



Roman Walls may still be seen, but not in their integrity.







良好的 诚信记录对一个企业来讲非常重要。









The tradition of integrity is very important for the company.



3.


在我们投票支持他之前,我们想知道他的主张。


(stand for)



Explanation


:









Translation


:



Before we vote for him, we want to know what he


stands for.


Practice





他的这种理论是站不住脚的。



He hasn't a leg to


stand



for


a theory of his.



我们坚持



平等互利



的原则。



We


stand



for


the principle of equality and mutual benefit.




4


.这笔钱是在被告家里发现的,被 告对此不能作出令人满意的解释。


(account for)





Explanation


:




37







a particular amount or part of something.


Translation


:



The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.



Practice






中国的山区面积占国土总面积的< /p>


70%




Mountainous areas


account



for


70 percent of China's total territory


.







他突然感到一阵莫名其妙的不安情绪。








He was suddenly seized with a relentlessness he couldn't account for.





Unit 6


I . Vocabulary



1 Phrase practice



1.


demanding jobs


= jobs needing a lot of attention or effort


费力的工作



e.g.


Being babysitter is really a demanding job, which requires love, patience and the skills.



看护 婴儿确实是一项费力的工作,它需要爱心、耐心,还有技巧。




2.


with regard to


= in connection with; on the subject of


关于,至于



e.g.


With regard to your health, you must quit smoking right now.


考虑到你的健康,


你必须马上


戒烟。






With regard to the financial difficulties, the company decided to cut its expense.


考虑到财政


困难,公司决定压缩支出。





3.


stigma


=sign of shame; feeling of being ashamed


耻辱,受到侮辱



e.g.


The stigma has deprived him of all joy and fun in those days.


那些日子里,他心中的耻辱使


他的生活没有了任何快乐。




4. g


ive-and-take



=willingness of each person to satisfy others’ wishes


妥协,互让



e.g.


Give-and-take is the secret of successful friendship.


付出和给予是成功的友谊的秘密。




2. Word / Phrase comparison




1.



with regard to:


in connection with



e.g.



I am writing to you with regard to your letter of 15 March.


for the purpose of:


why you do sth. or why sth. exists



e.g.


I came to Brighton for the express purpose of seeing you.


in view of:


used to introduce the reason for a decision, action or situation




e.g.


In view of his conduct, the club has decided to suspend him.


in accordance with:


according to a rule, system, etc.



e.g.



Use this product only in accordance with the manufacture’


s instructions.



2.




38



ensure:


to make certain that sth. happens



e.g.



We must ensure the purity of drinking water.


entertain:


to keep a group of people interested or enjoying themselves



e.g.


We hired a magician to entertain the children.


enable:


to make it possible for someone to do something, or for something to happen



e.g.


Our main goal is to enable healthy change and growth.


enquire:


if you enquire about something, you ask for information about it



e.g.



He was so impressed that he enquired the young shepherd’


s name.





3.



associate with (sb.):


to spend time with someone, esp. someone that other people disapprove of


e.g.



He may have been associating with the criminals.


care about:


if you care about something, you feel that it is important and are concerned about it



e.g.



Does anybody know we’re here,


does anybody care about it?


be concerned with:


to be about a particular thing or person



e.g.



Today’


s lesson is concerned with punctuation.



touch:


to have an effect on someone or something, especially by changing or influencing them



e.g.


He has touched the lives of many people.



4.



at times:


sometimes



e.g.



Life is hard at times.


in time:


before the time by which it is necessary for something to be done



e.g.


Will you be able to finish it in time?


on time:


at the correct time or the time that was arranged



e.g.



Jack was worried about whether he’d be able to get there on time.



sometime:


at a time in the future or the past which is not known or not stated



e.g.


We really should meet sometime soon to discuss the details.



5.



result



in:


to cause a particular situation to happen



e.g.



The fire resulted in damage to their property.


result from:


if a situation or problem results from a particular event or activity, it is caused by it




e.g.


His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness.



6.



cite:


if you cite something, you quote it or mention it, especially as an example or proof of what


you are saying



e.g.



She cites a favorite poem by George Herbert .


site:


a place where something is, was, or where something happened, is happening, or will happen




e.g.



The council hasn’t yet chosen the site for the new hospital.



sight:


the physical ability to see



e.g.



Anne’


s sight is very good for someone of her age.



borrow:


if you borrow something that belongs to someone else, you take it or use it for a period


of time, usually with their permission



39



e.g.



He wouldn’t let me borrow his clothes.



7.



despite:


without taking any notice of or being influenced by; not prevented by


e.g.



I still enjoyed the week despite the weather.


in spite of:


despite,regardless of; not being prevented by (sb./sth.)




e.g.



In spite of his injury, Ricardo will play in Saturday’s match.




8.



equivalent:


if one amount or value is the equivalent of another, they are the same



e.g.



The equivalent of two tablespoon of polyunsaturated oils is ample each day.


same:


exactly like another or each other



e.g.


She was wearing exactly the same dress as I was.


related to:


things that are related are connected in some way



e.g.


Police now believe that the three crimes could be related to each other.


different to:


Things are unlike in nature or quality or form or degree.


e.g.


My approach is totally different to his.




3. Synonym / Antonym


Give synonyms or antonym s of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.


1.


A


concern


that


is


often heard


with


regard


to


single


children


is


whether


one


child


necessarily


means a lonely child.


Synonyms


: only, sole



2.


Another


common


argument


against


having


just


one


child


is


that


an


only


child


may


be


more


spoiled than one with siblings.


Antonyms


: uncommon, unusual, extraordinary, exceptional



3.


Many


people


believe


that


a


single


child


will


not


have


learned


to


negotiate


with


others,


and


respect the give-and-take involved in many relationships.


Synonyms


: honor, admire, esteem



4. Despite these arguments, the number of parents choosing to have only one child is increasing in


many parts of the world.


Antonyms


: decrease, diminish, lessen



5.


This


has


led


to


government


concerns


about


supporting


an


increasing


population


of


elderly


people in the future.


Synonyms


: worries, anxiety



6. For some single-child parents, the pressures of devoting time and energy to a second child can


seem too overwhelming.


Antonyms


: insignificant, weak, feeble, powerless




40



7.


For


other


parents,


the


financial


burden


of


having


a


second


child


may


be


the


prime


consideration.


Synonyms


: first, chief, main, primary, principal, foremost, leading



8. Unfortunately,


there


is


no


simple


answer


to


the


question


of


whether


or


not


to


have


a


second


child.


Antonyms


: fortunately, luckily



4. Word derivation


Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given word in brackets.


1.



She is famous for her advocacy of human rights. (advocate)


2.



When the time for parting came, he shook hands with everyone respectfully. (respect)


3.



It


is


estimated


that


China has


enormous


potential


for


economic


development


in


the


coming


year. (potentially)


4.



The job of a surveyor is to examine the condition of a building, or to measure and record the


details of an area of land. (survey)


5.



The British Air Force succeeded despite overwhelming odds against them. (overwhelm)


6.



The association between the two companies dates back to the last century. (associate)


7.



There is no English equivalent


for ―bon appetite,‖ so we have adopted the French expression.


(equivalence)


8.



I thought his remark was highly inappropriate, given the circumstances. (appropriate)



1.



advocate (


v.


)


提倡,主张,拥护



advocation (


n.)


拥护,支持,辩护






advocator (


n.)


提倡者,拥护者



advocatory (


a.)


拥护者的,有关拥护者的



advocacy (


n.)


拥护,主张,辩护



Chinese- English translation


1)



你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗?






Do you advocate banning cars in the city center?


2)


小说的历史价值在于对人文精神的关怀上。



The historical value of the novel lies in its advocation of humanism.


3)


作为全球化的积极推动者,这个国家得到了巨大的回报。



As the active advocator of globalization, the country has been greatly rewarded.



t


(v.


)


尊敬,尊重;遵守



respectable (


a.


)


人格高尚的,值得尊敬的




respectful (


a.)


恭敬的,礼貌的




respective (


a.)


分别的,各自的



Chinese-English translation


1


)你应该尊敬你的老师。



You need to respect your teachers.


2


)他是个受人尊敬可信赖的人。



He is respectable and reliable.



41



3)


他们和经理站开了一些距离,以示尊敬。



They stood at a respectful distance from the manager.


4)


下课后,学生们各自回家。



The students returned to their respective homes after class.




3.



potential (


n.


)


可能性,潜能



potent (adj.)


有效的,强有力的,有权势的



e.g.


It is the most potent poison.


这是最厉害的毒药。



One has unlimited potential waiting to be explored.


人们有着无尽的潜能等待发掘。




4.



su rvey



v.


)监督,监视



surveillance (n.)


监督,监视



surveyor (n.)


测量员,检验员



e.g.


It is impossible to survey the will of the people in such short time < /p>


想要在这么短时间内完成


民意调查是不可能的。

< br>


The surveyor announced that all the walls were completely sound.


检查员宣布所有墙壁均


完好无损。



Surveillance video captures a woman with the kidnapped boy.


监视器拍摄到了一名妇女带


着这名被绑架的男孩。




5.



overwhelm (v.)


压倒,淹没,受打击



overwhelming (adj.)


压倒性的,势不可挡的






overwhelmingly (adv.)


压倒性地,不可抵抗地



e.g.


No difficulty can overwhelm the brave.


勇敢的人是不会被困难打倒的。






She felt an overwhelming desire to see her boy.


她无比渴望见到自己的儿子。






Chinese


youth


overwhelmingly


want


personal


computer.


中国的年轻人非常渴望拥有个人


电脑。




6.



as sociate



v.


)结交,交往< /p>




association (n.)


协会,联盟,社团



associative (adj.)


联合的,联想的,组合的



associator (n.)


社员,伙伴,会员



e.g. Many people associate dark clouds with depression and bad luck.


许多人把乌云与沮丧和厄


运联系起来。



The anti-smoking association launches a new campaign in the campus.


禁烟协会在校园里发


动了一场新的运动。



His associative ability impressed me a lot.


他的联想能力使我印象深刻。



The associators are working hard together for their common goal.


会员们为了他们共同的目


标团结奋斗。




7.



equal (adj.)


相等的,胜任的,平等的



equality (n.)


平等,相等



equation (n.)


等式,方程式



equivalent (adj.)


相等的,等价的,同意义的




42






equivalence (n.)


等值,相等



e.g.


Woman and man should enjoy equal pay for the same job.


男性女性应当同工同酬。



I would sacrifice my life for equality and freedom.


为了平等和自由我宁愿牺牲生命。



The equation of happiness and wealth is dangerous.


将幸福与财富等同是很危险的。



He


changed


his


pounds


for


the


equivalence


amount


in


dollars.


他把英镑兑换成等值的美


元。




There is no equivalence of parental love for kids.


对孩子而言,父母之爱是无可替代的。




8.



appropriate ( adj.)


适当的



appropriately (adv.)


适当地



inappropriate (adj.)


不适当的,不相称的



e.g.


Appropriate table manner is required in a formal banquet.


正式聚会要求得体的餐桌礼仪。



Parents need to handle their emotion appropriately.


父母应当妥当处理自己的情绪。



It is inappropriate to put the knife into the mouth at the table.


就餐时不应当将叉子放入口


中。




II. Grammar



1. Simple prepositions and complex preposition


1)


The


prepositions,


such


as


in


,


of


,


at


,


and


to


,


are


all


single


words.


We


call


them


SIMPLE


PREPOSITIONS.


2) COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS consist of two- or three-word combinations acting as a single unit.


Here are some examples:


according to


,


but for


,


except for


,


in terms of


,


in point of


,


with regard


to


,


in the case of


, etc.




Practice


Complete the following sentences with the appropriate complex prepositions listed below.



regardless of




but for





in terms of





except for





according to




in case of




1. ___________ a few spelling mistakes, it is on the whole a good composition.


2. We would have arrived two hours ago _____________ the traffic jam.


3. ____________ money, they’re quite rich.



4. They divided themselves into three groups _____________ age.


5. ___________ fire, open this safety door.


6. ___________ danger, he climbed the tower.



Keys:


1. Except for



(―Except for‖ means ―


not including


‖. It is used to show that


a general statement made in the main


part of the sentence is not completely true


.)


2. but for



(―But for‖ means ―


except for the effects of


‖.)




43



3. In terms of


(―In terms of‖ means ―


in the circumstance of


‖.)



4. according to


(―According to‖ means ―


as determined by


‖.)



5. In case of


(―In case of‖ means ―


if there should happen to be


‖.)



6. Regardless of



(―Regardless of‖ means ―


in spite of


‖.)




2. Conjunctions


Conjunctions


are


used


to


express


a


connection


between


words


.


There


are


two


types


of


conjunctions


.


COORDINATING


CONJUNCTIONS



(or


simply


COORDINATORS)


connect


elements of


equal


syntactic status.



e. g.


Paul


and


David



I play tennis


but


I don't play well.



meat


or


fish



On the other hand,


SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS


(or SUBORDINATORS) connect


elements of


unequal


syntactic status.



e.g


. I left early


because


I had an interview the next day


.




I'll be home at nine


if


I can get a taxi


.





Practice


In each sentence, insert an appropriate conjunction from the list below.



as











because











whenever






where







although





or else




wherever



since









1. Many exam candidates lose marks simply __________ they do not read the questions properly.


2. Bill works __________ foreman at Whiting’s Corporation.



3. ________ the sun was shining, he went out wearing a coat.



4. ________ I hear that tune, it makes me think of my former classmates.


5. Take your passport with you ____________ you go.



6. It’s


a long time ________ I last heard from Albert.



7. Plant your fig-tree _________ there is plenty of sunshine.



8. Take your medicine regularly __________ you won’t get well.




Keys:


1. because



2. as



(―As‖ means ―in the capacity of‖ while ―like‖ means ―in the manner of.‖)



3. Although


4. Whenever



5. wherever


6. since



(―Since‖ introduces a past date, moment, event, a point of time while ―for‖ introduces a


period of time.)



44



7. where


8. or else



III. Translation


1




让她感 到为难的是,要不要把丈夫得了不治之症的真相告诉他。


(dilemma)



Explanation





If you are in dilemma, you are in a state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a


choice between equally unfavorable options.


Translation




The dilemma she is facing is whether to tell her husband the truth about his fatal disease.


Practice





很多女性面临着选择家庭还是事业的两难境地。



Many


women


are


faced


with


the


dilemma



of


choosing


between


work


and


family


commitments.


常见的难题:是留在家人朋友身边 ,还是去远方城市谋个好差事?



It is


a common dilemma


: Should you stay where you have friends and family, or take that


good job in a far-away city?


微软清楚地意识到这样的两难局面。



Microsoft has clearly seen the


dilemma


that arises.




2.


全世界几乎所有的政府都十分关注这个金融问题。


(be concerned about)



Explanation





If you are concerned about something, you care about it or you pay great attention to it.



Translation




Almost all the governments in the world


are very much concerned about


the financial issue.


Practice





当前,人们不仅关注要吃好,还要寻求营养平衡。



Nowadays,


people


are


not


only


c


oncerned


about



good


food,


but


also


about


balanced



nutrition.


她最近很出的这本书是关于环境保护的。



Her newly published book is


concerned about


environmental protection.




越来越多的人开始关心自然环境了。



More and more people begin to


concerned about


our natural environment.




3.


至于英语教学研讨会,我建议本周末召开。


(with regard to)



Explanation





With regard to equals


as for


or


concerning


.



Translation




With


regard


to



the


seminar


on


English


teaching,


I


suggest


that


it


be


held


on


the


coming


weekend.


Practice





政府已采取了多项调控房价的措施。




45



The government has taken several regulative measures


with regard to


housing prices.


< br>由于我的专业是旅游管理,所以我想得到一份与旅游相关的工作。



Since I major in management of tourism, so I want to get a job


with regard to


tourism.




亚洲国家对于外国游客也有一些规定,特别是在其国家的逗留时间。



Asian nations do have regulations for foreign visitors, particularly


with regard to


length of


stay.




4.


凭 借他的表演潜力,这个小伙子有可能成为娱乐界的超级明星。


(potential)



Explanation





If you have potential for something, you have the inherent capacity for making it coming into


being.


Translation




With


his



acting


potential


,


the


young


man


is


likely


to


be


a


superstar


in


the


field


of


entertainment.


Practice





所有人无论性别与家庭背景,都必须发掘自身才能,充分发挥 潜力。



All


girls


and


boys,


from


every


background,


must


discover


their


talents


and



fulfill


their


potential


.


她有做艺术家的潜质。



She has a potential to be an artist.


< p>
文字可以传递大量信息,但是如果使用不当,文字是有可能误导用户的。



Written language is capable of conveying dense information, but inappropriate use of text


has a great


potential


to confuse.






Unit 7


I. Vocabulary Analysis



1. Phrase practice




1. strap in= have the seat belt fastened on


系紧安全带



e.g.


Strap in, please, the plane is going to take off soon.


请系好安全带,飞机马上就要起飞了。




2. make a connecting flight= catch another flight to continue the journey


转机



e.g.


You don’t have to take a connecting flight anymore, which saves you three hours.

< p>
您不必转


机,从而可以节省三个小时时间。




3. pull oneself together =controll one's feelings and began behaving calmly again


冷静,振作



e.g.


It is not the dead end, and you need to pull yourself together.


现在还不是结束,你要振作起


来。




4. be indebted to= be very grateful to


感激于




46


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