-
Unit I. Vocabulary Analysis
1. Phrase practice
1. be confronted with = suddenly found
oneself faced with
面临,面对
2. have one
thing in common = share the same characteristic
具有相同之处
3. give in
to sth. = let oneself be overcome by
屈服,向??让步
4
. lock it away within sb. =
keep it in one’s mind and don’t ever forget it
埋藏起来
2. Word
comparison
1.
anger:
a
strong
feeling
of
wanting
to
hurt
or
criticize
someone
because
they
have
done
something bad to you or been unkind to
you
2.
special:
not ordinary or
usual, but different in some way and often better
or more important
3.
spend:
to use your money to
pay for goods or services
4.
conspicuous:
very easy to
notice
5.
last:
happening or coming after all other similar things
or people
6.
alone:
adv
./
adj
. without any
friends; without the help of other people or
things
7.
give
up:
to stop trying to do
sth.
8.
believe:
to feel certain that sth. is true or that sb. is
telling you the truth
3. Synonym /
Antonym
1.
Synonyms:
pain,
grief, sorrow, agony
ms:
loudly, harshly, roughly
3.
Synonym:
: sorrow, grief,
dismay
4.
Antonyms:
inconspicuously,
unnoticeably
5.
Synonyms:
small,
little
6.
Antonyms:
meet, join, unite,
gather
7.
Synonyms:
seriously,
severely, hopelessly
8.
Antonyms:
long, permanent, lasting
4. Word derivation
Fill
in
the
blank
in
each
sentence
with
an
appropriate
form
of
the
given
word
in
the
brackets.
1.
Nobody wanted to live in
the industrial part of the town. (industry)
2.
The police
asked him to give a description of the suitcase he
had lost. (describe)
3.
He had no suspicion that he was being
watched. (suspect)
4.
This is Alexandra, my personal
assistant. (assist)
5.
Although some of my work-mates quickly
found new jobs after the factory closed down, my
brother and I were unemployed for
several months. (employ)
6.
Although I was positive that the girl
had stolen my ring, I could not find any proof.
(prove)
1.
industry (
n
.)
工业、行业;勤奋
industrial
(
adj
.)
工业的;用于工业的;工业发达的
industrious
(
adj
.)
勤奋的、勤劳的
industriously
(
adv
.)
勤劳地、勤奋地
industriousness
(
n
.)
勤奋、勤劳
1
2.
describe
(
v
.)
描述某人(某物)
;叫做、称做;画(尤指几何图形)
description
(
n
.)
对某人(某物)的描述、叙述
descriptive
(
adj
.)
描述的、描写的
3.
suspect
(
v
.)
有(某事物)存在或属实的
想法,相信;怀疑(某物)
,不相信;怀疑某人有
某罪
suspect (
n
.)
嫌疑犯,可疑对象
suspect
(
adj
.)
不可靠的;不可信的;可疑的
suspicion
(
n
.)
怀疑;猜疑;些许味道,少量
suspicious
(
adj
.)
有疑心的,表示怀疑的;引起怀疑的,可疑的
unsuspecting
(
adj
.)
不怀疑的,无猜疑的,可信任的
4.
assist
(
v
.)
帮助、协助、援助;在某场合出席,参加某事物
assistance
(
n
.)
帮忙,援助
assistant
(
n
.)
助手、助理;店员
assistant
(
adj
.)
(定语)协理、副经理
5.
employ
(
v
.)
雇用某人;使用某人(某物
)
,利用(时间、注意力等)
employee
(
n
.)
受雇者;雇员;雇工
employer
(
n
.)
雇用者;雇主
employment
(
n
.)
雇用;使用;受雇用;职业
unemployed
(
adj
.)
未被雇用的;失业的;不在使用中的
unemployment
(
n
.)
失业;失业状况;失业人数
6.
prove
(
v
.)
证明、证实;显示出是某事物
proof
(
n
.)
证据、证物、证言;验证、证明
proof
(
adj
.)
可防某事物的,有防护
作用的;能抵御某事物的;
(用以构成复合词)抗??
的;防??的
disprove
(
v
.)
证明(某事物)有误或有假
disproof
(
n
.)
反证明;反证物
II.
Grammar Exercises
1. Tenses
Use of simple past tense:
1)
The simple past tense is used to
talk
about completed actions and habits in the
past
.
e.g.
Shakespeare died in 1616.
We used to walk a mile in the morning
when we were in London.
2) Past tense
of verbs such as
want
,
wonder
,
hope
is used for polite
inquiries.
e.g.
I wondered how you liked the film.
Use of past progressive:
1)
The
past
progressive
indicates
a
limited
duration
of
time
and
is
thus
a
convenient
way
to
indicate that
something took
place (in the simple past) while something else
was happening
.
e.g.
Carlos lost his watch
while he was running.
2
2) The past progressive
can express
incomplete
action
.
e.g.
I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie
smashed through the door.
※
as opposed to the simple past, which
suggests a completed action
e.g.
I slept on the couch
last night.
3)
The
past
progressive
is
also
used
to
poke
fun
at
or
criticize
an
action
that
is
sporadic
but
habitual in nature
.
e.g.
Tashonda
was always handing in late papers.
4) We use the past progressive of verbs
such as
wonder
to
show politeness
.
e.g.
I was wondering if you could give me a
lift.
※
This use is
even more polite and tentative than the simple
past.
Use of
past perfect tense:
1) The
past perfect tense expresses the idea that
something occurred before another
action in the
past
. It can
also show that
something happened
before a specific time in the past
.
e.g.
I had never seen such a
beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
2)
If
the
past
perfect
tense
is
not
referring
to
an
action
at
a
specific
time,
it
is
not
optional.
Compare the examples below. Here the
past perfect tense is referring to
a
lack of experience
rather than an
action at a specific time. For this reason, the
past perfect tense cannot be used.
e.g.
She never
saw
a bear before she moved
to Alaska.
Not
Correct
She
had
never
seen
a bear before she
moved to Alaska.
Correct
Practice:
Complete
the
following
sentences
using
the
simple
past,
past
progressive
or
past
perfect
tense.
Keys:
1. were bathing, were
looking, were playing (
The past
progressive refers to an event in
progress
.)
2. was leaving,
was, arrived, learned, had left, found, had used
3.
was cycling,
stepped, was going, managed, didn’t hit
4. was playing; was singing (We use the
simple past tense to express a
short
action that happens
in the middle
of the long
action. We can join the two ideas with
when
or
while
.)
5. tried, wanted, had had, ended
6. entered, didn't
recognize, had lost, grown
2. Verbs of perception
Verbs
of perception are a set of verbs denoting the use
of one of the physical senses. Some
verbs of perception
see
,
look
at
,
hear
,
listen
, and
feel
, along with
watch
and
sense
can be used
with objects followed by verbs in
-
ing
form,
-
ed
form and infinitive
form.
e.g.
We
heard you leave. (Emphasis on our
hearing
.)
We
heard you leaving. (Emphasis on your
leaving
.)
John
has never heard the piece played before. (Emphasis
on
the passive voice of
play
.
)
Practice
:
Fill in the blanks with the proper form
of the verbs in the brackets.
1. The
instructor watched the student ________ (take) the
test.
3
2. I heard the dog
________ (bark), but it
didn
’
t keep me awake.
3. She felt herself
________ (lift) up by the wind and ________
(throw) to the ground.
4. The missing boy was last
seen ____ (play) near the river.
5. They knew her very well.
They had seen her _____ (grow) up from
childhood.
Keys:
1. take 2. barking 3.
lifted, thrown 4. playing 5. grow
3. Special word order with as and
though
In a concessive clause
introduced by
though
or
although
, the
complement or the adverbial can be
placed at the beginning of the
sentence. The formula for the inversion is:
complement / adverbial + as
/ though + subject + predicate verb
e.g.
Old as / though he is,
he works hard as a young man.
Hard as /
though he studied, he did not pass the
examination.
Practice
:
Rewrite
the following sentences according to the model.
Model: Though it was brief, it had been
spent in that big old house.
?
Brief as it was, it had
been spent in that big old house.
1.
Though he was
poor, he was honest.
2.
Though I admire him much as a writer, I
do not like him as a man.
3.
Although he is a child, he knows a lot.
4.
Though he
worked
hard, he didn’t
finish the work satisfactorily.
Keys:
1. Poor as
/ though he was, he was honest.
2. Much
as/though I admire him as a writer, I do not like
him as a man.
3. Child as / though he
is, he knows a lot.
4. Hard as / though
he worked, he
didn’t
finish
the work satisfactorily.
4.
Present participle phrases used as adverbials
Present participle phrases can be used
as adverbials to express
reason
,
condition
,
time
,
result
and
attending circumstances
.
e.g.
Turning around, she saw
an ambulance driving up. (time)
Knowing
English well, he can read Shakespeare. (reason)
Working still harder, you will succeed.
(condition)
Their car was caught in a
traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (result)
He sat at the window eating. (attending
circumstances)
Practice
:
Fill
in
each
blank
with
the
proper
form
of
the
verb
in
the
brackets
and
decide
what
it
expresses.
Keys:
1. breathing, looking
(
attending circumstances
)
2. Considering
(
reason
)
4
3. happening
(
condition
)
4.
saving (
result
)
5. Hearing (
time
)
III. Translation exercises
1.
他为这次面试中可能被问到的问题做好了准备。
(confront)
Translation
:
He has prepared answers to the
questions that he expects to confront during the
interview.
Confronted by an angry
crowd, the police retreated.
2.
他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们,我们几乎要哭出声来。
(touch)
Translation
:
His sad story touched us so deeply that
we nearly cried.
3.
上海人容易听懂苏
州话,因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。
(in common)
Translation
:
People from Shanghai can understand
Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and
Suzhou dialect have much in common.
4.
亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在三年内买一幢新房子。
(look
into)
Translation
:
Henry
and
his
wife
are
looking
into
the
possibility
of
buying
a
new
house
within
three
years.
Unit
2.
Vocabulary Analysis
1. Phrase practice
1. be through with = have sth. finished
完成
2. look
over one’s shoulder =
by
looking from behind one's shoulder
回头看
3.
take … apart =dissemble
拆开;粗暴对待
4. be
prepared to = like/ want to
想要做
2. Word
comparison
1.
entitle:
to give a title to
a book
2.
scornful:
if you are
scornful of someone or something, you show
contempt for them
3.
technical:
a
technical
language
is
the
one
that
is
difficult
for
most
people
to
understand
because it is connected with one
particular subject or used in one particular job
4.
code:
a set of rules which are accepted as
general principles, or a set of written rules
which
state how people in a particular
organization or country should behave
e.g.
Clinics will
be subject to a new code of conduct and stronger
controls by local authorities.
discipline:
the
practice
of
making
people
obey
rules
or
standards
of
behavior,
and
punishing
them when they do
not
e.g.
Children have to obey
the discinples.
5
key:
the part
of a plan, action, etc, that will make it possible
for it to succeed
e.g.
Working well as a team
is key to success.
principle:
a basic idea or
rule that explains or controls how something
happens or works
e.g.
The most important
principle is the equal opportunity for all.
5.
number:
to give a number to something that is
part of an ordered set or list
e.g.
They have
not numbered the pages of the report.
calculate:
to
judge
the
number
or
amount
of
something
by
using
the
information
that
you
already have, and
adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing
numbers
e.g.
The
new tax system would be calculated on the value of
property owned by an individual.
figure:
to calculate an
amount
e.g.
I am
still figuring my taxes.
estimate:
If you estimate a
quantity or value, you make an approximate
judgment or calculation
of it.
e.g.
I estimate
that the total cost for treatment will be $$12,500.
6.
score:
the number of points, goals, etc.
achieved in a game or competition
e.g.
Have you
heard of the latest cricket score?
point:
one of the marks or
numbers that shows your score in a game or sport
e.g.
He is three
points behind the leader.
mark:
a
point
that
is
given
for
a
correct
answer
or
for
doing
something
well
in
an
exam
or
competition
e.g.
He did well to get such
a good mark.
number:
one of
a series of symbols used in counting, which is
used to mark a particular example
of
something
e.g.
Please write your
credit card number on this form.
7.
superior:
used
to
describe
someone
who
believes
that
they
are
better
than
other
people
and
acts
in such a way
e.g.
I
can
’
t bear Amanda-
she
’
s so superior.
lofty:
if you say that
someone behaves in a lofty way, you are
criticizing them for behaving in a
proud and rather unpleasant way, as if
they think they are very important
e.g.
She has such a lofty
manner.
stupid:
if you say
that someone or something is stupid, you mean that
they show a lack of good
judgment or
intelligence and they are not sensible at all
e.g.
I
’
ll never do anything so
stupid again.
advanced:
modern and well developed
e.g.
This is the most
advanced type of engine available.
8.
smart:
intelligent or sensible
e.g.
The smart
kids get good grades and go off to the college.
wise:
a
wise
person
is
able
to
use
their
experience
and
knowledge
in
order
to
make
sensible
decisions and
judgments
e.g.
She has the
air of a wise woman.
6
intelligent:
being able to learn and understand things easily
e.g.
Helen had a
few intelligent things to say on the subject.
modern:
made or done using
the most recent designs or methods
e.g.
A lot of progress has
been made with the use of modern technology.
3. Synonym / Antonym
Give synonyms or antonyms of the word
underlined in each sentence in the sense it is
used.
1. Today Tommy found a real book.
Synonyms:
actual, genuine,
true
2. They
turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly,
and it was awfully funny to read words
that stood still instead of moving the
way they were supposed to
—
on
a screen, you know.
Antonyms
: moving, movable,
mobile, restless,
3. They
turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly,
and it was awfully funny to read words
that stood still instead of moving the
way they were supposed to
—
on a screen, you know.
Synonyms
: rough, coarse,
uneven
4.
Margie always hated school, but now she hated it
more than ever.
Antonyms
:
like, love, enjoy
5. Margie
was scornful.
Synonyms
:
disdainful, contemptuous
6.
Tommy looked at her with very superior eyes.
Antonyms
: inferior,
subordinate, secondary
7.
“Maybe,” he said
nonchalantly.
Synonyms
: indifferently,
coldly, coolly, casually, offhandedly
8. Little girls learned better if they
learned at regular hours.
Antonyms
: irregular,
uncertain, random
4. Word
derivation
Fill
in the blank(s) in each sentence with an
appropriate form of the given word in brackets.
1.
It’s quite
pointless
to ask him again.
He’ll never agree. (point)
2.
No, this is not the
original; it’s a
good reproduction,
though. (produce)
3.
We’d
better go by t
rain. The car is too
unreliable for such a long journey. (rely)
4. Thanks to your generosity we have
now collected the money we need. (generous)
5. Jenny has sent me a very apologetic
letter explaining why she didn’t do
what she had promised.
(apology)
6. You must realize that such
disobedience cannot be tolerated. (obey)
7. I have never worked for such a
considerate employer; I think all the other
employees have the
same opinion
(employ)
7
8. Without your encouragement he would
never have been able to do it. (courage)
1. point (n.)
点,要点,尖端,细节,目标
pointless (adj.)
不尖的,钝的,不得要领的
pointy (adj.)
非常尖的,有明显尖状突出部分的
e.g.
This point is no leeway
for dispute.
这一点是没有争论的余地的。
He heaped scorn on painting and
sculpture which he described as pointless
pastimes.
他嘲笑
绘画和雕塑,称它们为无意义的消
遣。
2. produce
p>
(
v.
)生产,提出,引起,生产
product (n.)
产品,成果
production
(n.)
生产,产品,产量,作品,成果
productivity (n.)
生产率,生产能力
productive (adj.)
能生产的,有生产价值的,多产的
reproduce (v.)
复制,再生,生殖
reproduction (n.)
复制品,复制,繁殖,生殖
e.g.
Can water turn into
wine? How can earth and water produce a live frog!
水能变成酒吗
?
泥
土与水何以能制造出一只活生生的青蛙
?
During
the most productive time in her career, she wrote
five novels.
在她创作生涯中最多
产的时期,她
写了五本小说。
We need to build a
sales force with high productivity.
我们必须建立一支高产能的销售队
伍。
3.
rely(v.)
依赖,依靠
reliable (adj.)
可靠地,可信的
reliability (n.)
可靠性
unreliable
(adj.)
不可靠的
unreliability (n.)
不可靠性,不安全性
e.g.
The only man a girl
can rely on is her father .
一个女孩唯一可以依赖一
生的男人就是她的
父亲。
I
don’t think he is a reliable man.
我不认为他是一个可靠的人。
That he always failed to appear raises
serious doubts as to his reliability.
他
一直未露面,实
在使人怀疑他是否可靠。
I was fed up with my old and unreliable
car.
我受够我那辆又老又不可靠的车子了。
4. generous
(
adj.
)慷慨的,宽宏大量的,丰盛的,味浓的
generousness (n.)
慷慨,宽大,丰富,肥沃
generosity (n.)
慷慨,大方
e.g.
The generous man receives more than he
gives.
大方的人得到的比给予的多。
If children live with sharing, they
learn generosity.
如果生活在分享之中,
孩子们将学会慷
慨。
5. apology (n.)
道歉;勉强的替代物
apologize (v.)
道歉,谢罪
8
apologetical
(adj.)
辩解的
apologetic (adj.)
道歉的,认错的,赔罪的
e.g.
In my judgment, we should accept their
apology.
依我看,我们应该接受他们的道歉。
I apologize for what happened.
我为所发生的事情道歉。
He
spoke in an apologetic voice.
他说话充满歉意。
6. obey (v.)
服从,听从,顺从
obedient
(adj.)
服从的,顺从的
obedience (n.)
服从,顺从
disobedient
(adj.)
不服从的,不顺从的
disobedience (n.)
不服从,违抗
e.g.
You must obey her
without question.
你必须绝对服从她的命令。
“我只想要三个听话的孩
子,
”母亲回答。
p>
His father beat the
disobedient boy.
父亲打了那个不听话的孩子
.
7. employ
(
v.
)雇佣,使用
employee (n.)
雇员
employment
(n.)
职业,雇佣,使用
employer (n.)
雇主
employless (adj.)
失业的,无业的
unemployment (n.)
失业率,失业人数
unemploy
(v.)
解雇,使失业
e.g.
I employ all my
energies in writing.
我把我的全部精力用于写作。
He
has no permanent employment.
他没有固定的工作。
Lack
of
job
opportunities
results
in
severe
unemployment.
工作机会的缺乏导致严重的失
业。
8. courage (n.)
勇敢,胆量
courageous
(adj.)
勇敢的
discourage (v.)
使气馁,阻碍
discouraged (adj.)
泄气的,沮丧的
discouragement (n.)
挫折
e.g.
Courage is grace under
pressure.
勇气是压力下的风度。
A courageous man never wants weapons.
勇敢之人从来不需要武器。
Teachers should discourage their
students from smoking and drinking.
教师应劝阻学生吸
烟喝酒。
My mother always speaks words of cheer
to me when I feel discouraged.
每当我觉得气馁<
/p>
的时候,我母亲总会对我说安慰鼓励的话。
II. Grammar
Exercises
1.
Generic reference and specific reference of
a/an, the
9
We usually use
“
the
” when we talk about
things that are unique:
the
sun
,
the sky
,
etc, and
about things that are
context specific
and are
known by both the speaker and the
listener
. If
we want to
describe
a particular
instance
of these we can use
“
a/an
”.
e.g.
I could see
the
plane
(
context specific, both the speaker and
the listener know about the
plane that
is mentioned
) high up in
the
sky (
unique
).
When I woke up there was
a
bright blue sky
(
an
instance
).
Practice: Put in
a/an
or
the
where necessary.
1.
______ Renaissance was the period of
the revival of classical art and literature in the
14th to
16th centuries.
2.
English has
become _____ international language of
business.
3.
Within a day of washing, my hair it
starts to feel greasy. I have yet to find ______
shampoo to
solve this problem.
4.
Do
you
remember
when
Mark
and
Julie
came
over
and
had
that
terrible
row?
That
was
______
day I wouldn’t want
to go through again.
5.
I couldn’t go
to Jane’s party. It was
______ day I
was babysitting for Derek and Linda.
6.
I know the
meeting will be on ______
Sunday in
June, but I don’t know th
e exact date
yet.
Keys:
1. The (
a unique event in
history
)
2. the
(
unique and context
specific
)
3. a (
a
kind of shampoo
)
4. a
(
an instance
)
5.
the (
context specific
,
both the speaker and the listener know
which day
)
6. a
(
one
)
2.
A/an
,
the
and
zero
articles
can
all
be
used
in
set
collocations
or
fixed
collocations
and
idioms. Caution that
collocations with different choices of articles
can mean differently.
e.g.
A man is standing
in the front of
the house.
(The man is
in the house
.)
A tree is standing
i
n front of
the house. (The
tree is
outside the house
.)
I
go to
school
every day. (=I go to the school
to
study
every day.)
I
went to the
school
today. (=Today I
went
to some place
and that place was a
school.)
Practice
:
Put in
the
where necessary.
1.
He sleeps during _____ day and works at
_____ night.
2.
It is cold outside. Put on your sweater
or you will catch _____ cold.
3.
We heard the
news on _____ radio. They watched the news on
_____ television.
4.
He was very
religious. He used to go to _____ church every
Sunday.
5.
He couldn’t wait any longer. He decided
to go to _____ church to find her himself.
6.
He
was the officer in _____ charge of the
investigation
Keys:
1. the, /
2. a
3. the, /
4. /
5. the
6. /
10
III.
Translation exercises
1..
一个由
外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非,开始对该国进行为期
3
天的友好访问。
(
Head
)
Explanation
:
If you
head a group of
people
(sometimes followed by
up
), you go at the head of
or in front of
them
or
you
are
the
head
or
chief
of
them:
e.g.
to
head
a
school;
to
head
up
a
department.
When
you
head
something
,
you
direct
the
course
of
sth.
or
turn
the
head
or
front
of
in
a
specified
direction
.
Translation
:
Yesterday a government
delegation
headed
by the
Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South
Africa and began a three-day friendly
visit to the country.
Practice
:
我们看见他向我们走来
,
就让到一边。
We saw him
heading for us, so we stepped aside.
2.
小张的母亲前天突然病倒,他赶
紧派人去请医生。
(send for)
Explanation
:
To
send for sb.
is to request someone to come by sending them a
message.
Translation
:
Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day
before yesterday
; he
sent
for
a doctor immediately.
Practice
:
静脉注射液快要输完了,我要准备叫护士来了。
I'm going to send for a nurse, as the
intravenous drip will run out soon.
p>
3.
在这个信息爆炸的时代,我们必须不断努力更新知识,才能适应
工作的需要。
(
become
adjusted to
)
Explanation
:
If
you
become adjusted to
something or a place, you get used to
it.
Translation
:
In
this
era
of
information
explosion,
we
have
to
make
constant
efforts
to
renew
our
knowledge. Only thus can
we
become adjusted to
the
requirement of our work.
Practice
:
去适应一个腐朽的社会也是心理健康的表现么?
Is becoming well-adjusted to a sick
society a sign of good mental health?
4.
那男孩把衬衫塞到裤腰里,将皮包夹在腋下,看上去俨然一
副老板样。
(tuck)
Explanation:
To
tuck
is
to make one or
more folds in or to gather up and fold, thrust, or
turn in so as to
secure or confine.
Translation:
With his shirt
tucked
into the top of his
trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy
looks just like a boss.
11
Practice:
俗语说:
“
夹紧尾巴做人。
< br>”
As the
saying goes,
如果你
去郊游的话,
记得在包里带上塑料袋。
Remember to
tuck a plastic bag in your bag.
When you go for a walk in
the countryside,
Unit 3
I. Vocabulary Analysis
1. Phrase practice
1. get
away from sth. = become different from what it
should be like
避免,与
……
不同
e.g.
The
book produces a new image of teacher which gets
away from the stereotype.
这本书描绘
< br>了一个与以往大不相同的教师形象。
2. pull out into traffic =move out onto
the main road
驶入车流
e.g.
The murderer winded
down the window and pulled out into traffic.
凶手摇下车窗,
将车驶入
车流。
< br>
He waved me goodbye and
pulled out into traffic.
他向我挥手告别,将车驶入车流。
3. on the receiving end =who receives
sth.
接收方;
be the one who
suffers something unpleasant
承受不愉快、接受打击的人
e.g.
No one want to be on
the receiving end of game playing.
游戏中,谁也不想成为被动的一
方。
4. go a long way = produce
a far-reaching effect
有长远的影响
e.g.
Tomorrow’s game will go
a long way toward determining their team’s
future.
明天的比赛对决定他们队的未来意义重大。
2. Word
comparison
1.
matter:
to be
important, or to affect what happens
e.g.
We were late
but it didn’t seem to matter.
happen:
when something
happens, there is an event, especially one that is
not planned
e.g.
It’s important to predict what will
happen next.
care:
if you care about
something, you feel that it is important and are
concerned about it
e.g.
Does anybody
know we’re here,
does anybody care?.
mind:
to take care of
someone or something
e.g.
She asked me
if I’d mind the children for an hour while she
went shopping.
2.
hurry:
to do
something or go somewhere more quickly than usual,
especially because there is not
much
time
12
e.g.
I hate having to hurry a meal.
rush:
if you rush somewhere,
you go there quickly
e.g.
A schoolgirl
rushed into a burning flat to save a man’s
life.
hasten:
you
hasten something by acting in order to make it
happen sooner
e.g.
He hastened to the
office.
quicken:
to become
quicker or make something quicker
e.g.
Ray glanced at his
watch and quickened his pace.
3.
copartner:
a joint partner (as in a business
enterprise)
e.g.
She is a copartner of a law firm.
coworker:
your coworker is
someone you work with, especially people on the
same job or project
as you
e.g.
A coworker urged him to
see a psychiatrist, but Faulkner refused.
colleague:
your colleagues
are the people you work with, especially in a
professional job
e.g.
We’re
entertaining some colleagues of Ben’
s
tonight.
cooperative:
a business or
organization owned equally by all the people
working there
e.g.
They decided to set up
a cooperative.
4.
pull up:
when a car or
someone driving a car pull up, the driver stops
the car, often for a short
time
e.g.
A car pulled up outside my house.
pull out:
if a vehicle pulls
out, it starts moving onto a road or onto a
different part of the road
e.g.
A car pulled right out
in front of me.
pull off:
to
drive a car off a road in order to stop, or to
turn into a smaller road
e.g.
We pulled off the road
to get some food.
pull down:
to earn a particular amount of money
e.g.
He is pulling down
$$5,000 a year.
5.
manner:
the way
in which people behave and talk when they are with
other people, for example
whether they
are polite, confident or bad-tempered
e.g.
His manner
was self-assured and brusque.
behaviour:
the thing that a
person or animal does
e.g.
It is important to
reward good behavior.
act:
something that you do
e.g.
The simple act of
telling someone about a problem can help.
way:
the ways of a
particular person or group of people are their
customs or their usual behavior
e.g.
He has rather strange
ways.
6.
graceful:
behave in a
pleasant way
e.g.
She finally apologized, but she wasn’t
very graceful ab
out it.
gracious:
behaving in a
polite, kind, and generous way, especially to
people of a lower rank
e.g.
Sibyl was the most
gracious, helpful, and generous person to work
with.
grateful:
if you are
grateful for something that someone has given you
or done for you, you have
a warm,
friendly feeling towards them and wish to thank
them
13
e.g.
She was
grateful to him for being so good to her.
grand:
splendid in style and
appearance; attracting admiration and attention
e.g.
They always
entertain their guests in a grand
style.
7.
menu:
a list of all the
kinds of food that are available for a meal,
especially in a restaurant
e.g.
Could we
have the menu, please?
cookbook:
a book that
contains recipes for preparing food
e.g.
This is a house that
specializes in cookbooks.
recipe:
a set of
instructions for cooking a particular type of food
e.g.
His recipe
will be enough for four servings.
ingredient:
a food that is
used with other foods in the preparation of a
particular dish
e.g.
The list of ingredients
included 250g of almonds.
8.
huge:
extremely
large in size, amount, or degree
e.g.
There shoes make my feet look huge.
enormous:
emphasizing the
great degree or extent of something
e.g.
It was an enormous
disappointment.
vast:
extremely big
e.g.
A vast audience watched
the broadcast.
colossal:
used to emphasize that something is extremely
large
e.g.
The
whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.
3. Synonym / Antonym
Give synonyms or antonyms of the word
underlined in each sentence in the sense it is
used.
1.
… never giving a
wave or nod of
appreciation when
another motorist lets them pull out into
traffic.
Synonyms
: thanks,
recognition
2. In our
laziness
we think that something like a
simple ―Thank you‖ doesn’t really
matter.
Antonyms
:
activeness, liveliness, briskness, eagerness
3. We can’t be truly
stylish without good manners.
Synonyms
: fashionable,
graceful, elegant
4.
Haven’t you noticed that the kindest, most
generous people seem to keep getting
prettier?
Antonyms
: selfish,
mean, ungenerous
5. A
gracious manner not only sets an excellent example
for your children and grandchildren but it
adds panache to your image.
Synonyms
: nice, courteous,
polite, friendly
6. I know
we all have busy lives.
Antonyms
: leisurely,
relaxed, idle, unoccupied, lazy
14
7. Bu
t when someone does
stop and turn around and genuinely apologizes,
doesn’t it melt away
most
—
if not all
—
of the irritation you
felt?
Synonyms
: annoyance,
vexation, displeasure, dissatisfaction
8. And punctuality is not a thing of
the past, either.
Antonyms
:
promptness, timekeeping, reliability
4. Word derivation
Fill in the blank in each
sentence with an appropriate form of the given
capitalized word in
the brackets.
1..The next-door neighbours are so
unfriendly that we have stopped trying to talk to
them. (friend)
, I can speak a little
Spanish because I spent some of my boyhood in
Spain. (boy)
doctor dealt with the
hysterical patient with understanding.
(understand)
’s a
reception
at the British Embassy tonight. (receive)
disappearance of the money from the
cash-box shows that somebody in this office is a
thief.
(appear)
must accept
the decision of the committee. (decide)
and Tim are twin brothers. They look
exactly alike, differing only in height.
(difference)
relieve
the
traffic
congestion,
the
government
has
built
several
elevated
roads
in
the
city.
(elevator).
1.
friend (n.)
朋友,友人,支持者
friendly (adj.&adv.)
友好的,友善的
friendship (n.)
友谊,友好
friendliness (n.)
友好,亲切
friendless
(adj.)
没有朋友的,无依无靠的
unfriendly (adj.)
不友好的,有敌意的
e.g
. She smiled at him, a
friendly smile.
她向他微笑着,一种友好的微笑。
Cheerfulness is the basis of
friendliness.
令人愉快是友谊的基石。
What we are doing now is wasteful of
resources and unfriendly to environment.
我们现在做
的是浪费资源
、
对环境
不利的事情。
2. boy
(n.)
男孩,
儿子,男服务员
boyish
(adj.)
像男孩子的
boyhood (n.)
少年时代
boylish (adj.)
男孩样的,很帅气的
boyishness (n.)
少年,幼稚,孩子气
e.g.
It had perhaps been his
boyish defiance.
这也许是少年时代放荡不羁的表现。
The picture reminds me of my boyhood.
这张照片让我想起了我的童年。
He
was conscious of colouring , and was annoyed at
his boyishness.
他感到一阵脸红,为自
己的
幼稚而感到烦恼。
3.
understand (v.)
理解,懂,听说,获悉
understanding (n.)
了解,理解,个人见解,非正式协议
15
understandingly (adv.)
谅解地
understandable (adj.)
可理解的,能够懂的
understandability (n.)
易懂性,可理解性
understandableness (n.)
不可理解
misunderstand (v.)
误会,误解
misunderstanding (n.)
误会,误解
e.g.
He did not understand
the importance of this question.
他不理解这个问题的重要性。
It
is understandable that he wishes to study in the
USA.
他要在美国学习的愿望是可以理
解的。
They pretended to misunderstand me.
他们假装听错了我的话。
We
must clear away the misunderstanding.
我们必须消除这个误会。
4. receive
(
v.
)收到,接到,受到
received
(adj.)
被一般承认的,公认的
receiving (n.)
接收,买卖赃物
receiver
(n.)
接收器,收款员,接待者,听筒
receivable (adj.)
可收到的,应收的
receivability (n.)
可以接受,可接纳
e.g.
Nothing is more important than to
receive education.
没有什么比接受教育更重要的了。
In the modern world, smoking is no
longer be considered to be a receivable
activity in social
communication.
在当今的世界上,在社交时吸烟不再为人们所接受。
5. appear
(
v.
)出现,显得,出版,抵达
appearance (n.)
外表,外貌出场,露面,出现
disappear (v.)
消失,不见
disappearance (n.)
消失
e.g.
Freckles appear on her
face every summer.
每年夏天她脸上都显露(日晒的)斑点。
In appearance it is a very strong
building.
从外表来看,这座大楼是很坚固的。
One by one his symptoms disappeared.
他的症状一个一个地消失了。
No
one could tell the reason of the disappearance of
the money.
谁也说不清楚这些钱丢失的
原因。
6. decide
(
v.
)决定,判断
decided (adj.)
确定的,坚决的
decision
(n.)
决定,决策
decisiveness (n.)
坚决,果断
decisive
(adj.)
决定性的
e.g.
They've decided to buy the house in the
country.
他们已拿定主意购买那所乡下的房子。
But it is a decidedly climate-
unfriendly strategy.
但这种策略肯定会对气候不利。
Have they reached a decision yet?
他们作出决定了么?
He has
a decisive character.
他性格果断
。
7. difference (n.)
差异,分歧,差额,不同
different (adj.)
不同的,差异的
16
differ (v.)
不同,相异,有区别
differential (adj.)
差别的,特定的,微分的
differentiate (v.)
识别,使差异,求导数,区分
differentiation (n.)
区别,分化,变异
e.g.
Every country has something that
differences it from another.
每个国家自有与别国不同之
处。
He shook his head, for he thought
differently.
他摇了摇头,因为他有不同想法。
Each writer's style differs from that
of another.
每个作家的风格各不相同。
8. elevator (n.)
电梯,飞机升降陀
elevate
(v.)
举起,提拔,素养提升,鼓舞
elevation (n.)
海拔,提拔,提高
elevatory (adj.)
向上举的,升高的
e.g.
You can take the
escalator to your right, or the elevator to your
left.
您可以搭您右手边的电
扶梯,或您左手边的升降梯
。
Good books may elevate the
mind.
好书可以提高思想修养。
My
elevation watch just shown 5,600 meters.
我看了一下海拔表,只有
5600
米。
II Grammar Exercise
1.
You use more
than construction to indicate that there is a
greater amount of something than before
or than average, or than something
else.
e.g.
This parcel is
heavier than that one.
John
is a worker more efficient than Jack.
※
You can use ―a little‖, ― a
lot‖, ―a bit‖, ―a great deal‖, ―any‖, ―far‖, ―
even‖ ―still‖,
and ―much‖ in
front of
more than
construction.
e.g.
Tom is a
little younger than Tim.
You get far
more than you pay for it.
Practice:
Complete the sentences using a
comparative form.
1. Children used to
be quiet. Nowadays they seem to be much
____________.
2. I’m getti
ng
old. This is a job for a ________ man.
3. You’re standing too near the camera.
Can you move a bit ________?
4. China has a population _________
than any other country in
Asia.
5. The weather of
Harbin in winter is _________ than that of
Beijing.
6. He ran a fever
yesterday but feels far __________ today.
Keys:
1. more noisy
2. younger
3. further
4.
larger
5. colder
6. better
2.
as …
ss
construction
The basic pattern of
as
+adjective / adverb + as
.
17
e.g.
John is as bright as
Bob.
The swimming pool
isn't as wide as that one.
※
You
can
use
―just‖,
―almost‖,
―nearly‖
,
―quite‖
in
front
of
as
construction,
e.g.
Listening skills are
just as important as speaking.
Maybe I didn't
love you quite as often as I should have.
Practice:
Complete the sentences using the ―as …
as‖ construction or the comparatives of the
adjectives given.
1. Mary is
just ___________ (pale) before. She needs more
exercises.
2.
Are
you
going
to
watch
the
football
game?
I
believe
it
will
certainly
be
much
_________________ (exciting) it was
last year.
3. Don’t worry about Susan.
She hasn’t been _____________ (unlucky) she
pretends.
4.
—
Are
you
feeling
any_________
(good)?
—
Yes
,
I'm
fine
now.
5.
The
experiment
was
much
__________
(easy)
than
we
had
expected.
6.
The
fashion
show
is
not
nearly
_____________
(bad)
people
imagined.
Keys:
1. as pale as (The
premodifier is ―just‖.)
2.
more exciting than (The premodifier i
s
―much‖.)
3. as unlucky as
4. better
5. easier
6. as
bad as
3.
the most
The
superlative
construction
is
used
when
three
or
more
than
three
people
or
things
are
compared
. In this
construction there is usually
a scope
of comparison
which may be expressed
by
a
prepositional
phrase,
a
relative
clause,
or
a
non-finite
clause
.
Sometimes
the
scope
of
comparison is understood in the context
and need not be expressed. In some set
expressions, a
scope of comparison is
unnecessary at all.
The negative form
of the superlative construction is
least
which,
in
practical
usage,
is
usually
replaced
by
the
superlative
degree
of
antonymous adjectives or
adverbs.
e.g.
This is the least difficult book I have ever read.
The idea of highest degree can also be
expressed by other constructions. In some contexts
the
positive
or
comparative
degree
expresses
the
same
meaning
as
is
usually
conveyed
by
the
superlative.
e.g.
George did more work than anyone else.
Nothing in my life shook me so deeply
as my first visit to China.
Practice:
Use superlatives
or comparatives of the adjectives given to
complete the sentences.
1. I prefer
this chair to the other one. It’s ___________
(comfortable).
2. That’s
_______________ (funny) joke I have ever
heard.
3. Now I’ve realized
tha
t giving up my job is _____________
(bad) mistake I have ever made.
4.
Racing is ___________
(interesting) sport I've ever known.
18
5. The Yellow River is the second
_____________ (long) river in China.
6.
Which is the _____________ (large) country, Canada
or Australia?
Keys:
1. more comfortable; (The comparative
form is used because two chairs are being
compared.)
2.
the
funniest;
(When
a
noun
is
postmodified
by
a
relative
clause
or
a
prepositional
phrase,
a
superlative is used to
premodify it.)
3. the worst
4. the most interesting
5.
longest (When there is an ordinal number before a
noun, a superlative is used after the ordinal
number.)
6. larger (The
comparative form is used because two countries are
being compared.)
III.
Translation exercises
1.
在音乐会上,
歌手每唱完一首美妙动听的歌曲,
观众便高声喝彩表示欣赏。
(
appreciation
p>
)
Explanation
:
or
magnitude of something.
Translation
:
At the concert, whenever a singer
finished singing a beautiful song, the audience
would burst
into loud cheers to show
their
appreciation
.
Practice
:
对美酒的赞美和良好的分辨力总是相配的。
The
appreciation
of fine wine
and that of fine intellectual distinctions often
go together.
对于艺术作品的欣赏必然受到一种特殊的兴趣爱好的支配。
Appreciation
of works of art
is bound to be dominated by a particular kind of
interest.
爱因斯坦的天才受到如此广泛的赞赏似乎相当引人注目。
It seems remarkable that there was such
general
appreciation
of
Einstein's genius.
2.
她是个穿着时髦的人,但对饮食很少讲究。
(stylish)
Explanation
:
If you are stylish, you have elegance
or taste or refinement in manners or dress, or you
are in
accordance with current social
fashions.
Translation
:
She is always wearing
stylish
clothes, but seldom
cares about what she eats or drinks.
Practice
:
他身穿吊带西裤,跳起舞来非常潇洒。
He is wearing a suit with
shoulder straps and doing a stylish dance
p>
阿玛尼所推出的夹克宽松而有型,一般大众都乐于接受这种变化。
Armani's loose,
stylish
jackets were seen as
a welcome change.
重庆不是一个时尚的城市,这对重庆女孩来说,当然有些遗憾。
Chongqing is not a
stylish
city, and this is,
of course, a pity to its girls.
19
3.
颁奖
时,主席赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。
(compliment)
Explanation
:
Translation
:
When awarding the prize,
the chairman comlimented the winner on his great
contribution to
mankind.
Practice
:
威尔逊太太不屑地把眉毛一扬,否定了这句恭维话。
Mrs. Wilson rejected the
compliment
by raising her
eyebrow in distain.
他沽名钓誉。
He angled for
compliments.
他会说动听的恭维话。
He can turn pretty
compliments
.
4
这只是例行的体格检查,无须太紧张。
(routine)
Explanation:
is
a
course
of
action
to
be
followed
regularly;
a
standard
procedure
or
a
set
of
normal
procedures, often performed mechanically.
Translation:
It is just a routine physical checkup,
nothing to get worried about.
Practice
:
我厌倦了这日复一日、一成不变的日常工作。
I'm bored with
the same old
routine
day
after day.
你需要从日常工作中抽身去休息一下。
You need a break from
routine
.
那天傍晚,他没有把报告按规定送去存档,而是放进一个夹子
,锁进了自己的抽屉。
Later
that
day,
instead
of
sending
it
for
routine
filing,
he
placed
the
report
in
a
folder
in
a
locked drawer of his desk.
Unit 4
I. Vocabulary Analysis
1. Phrase practice
1. live life up= to have a very
enjoyable and exciting time
积极向上地生活
e.g.
I was determined to live life up after
witnessing the tragedy.
目睹那场悲剧之后,我决定要
p>
积极的生活。
2. turn one’s back on = to go away from
or refuse to be with
拒绝帮助
e.g.
I can’t turn
my back on friends who are in need of help.
我不能在朋友需要的时候拒绝他
们。
20
They didn’t see
each other since he turned his back on her.
自从他拒绝帮助她,他们就再也
不联系了。
3. stick it out =not to give up
坚持到底
e.g.
As long as you stick it out, you will
have your day.
只要你坚持到底,你总会成功的。
Be brave, and stick it out!
勇敢一点,坚持到底!
4. go through so much =to experience so
much pain and stress
经历辛苦
e.g.
Why do you quit now
after going through so much?
经历了那么多艰辛,<
/p>
你怎么现在放弃了
呢?
2. Word
comparison
1.
tighten:
if you
tighten your grip on something, or if your grip
tightens, you hold it more firmly or
securely
e.g.
Stefano’s
grip tightened and his tone became
colder.
strengthen:
to
make
something
stronger
or
more
effective,
or
to
become
stronger
or
more
effective
e.g.
They have
been strengthening their border defenses in
preparation for war.
lengthen:
to make something
longer or to become longer
e.g.
The days lengthened as
summer approached.
widen:
if
you widen something or if it widens, it becomes
greater in measurement from one side
or
edge to the other
e.g.
The river widens
considerably as it begins to turn east.
2.
disturbed:
not thinking or behaving normally
because of mental or emotional problems
e.g.
This is a center for emotionally
disturbed teenagers.
bothered:
worried or upset
e.g.
He doesn’t seem too bothered about the
things that are written about him in the
papers.
worried:
when you are worried, you are unhappy because you
keep thinking about problems that
might
happen in the future
e.g.
If you’re at
all worried about his progress, do discuss it with
one of his teachers.
troubling:
something that is
troubling makes you worried or nervous
e.g.
Some troubling
questions remain about the legal status of human
cloning .
3.
as
to:
about
e.g.
He was
uncertain as to which road to take.
in
terms
of:
if
you
talk
about
something
in
terms
of
something
or
in
particular
terms,
you
are
specifying which aspects of it you are
discussing or from what point of view you are
considering it
e.g.
Paris has played a
dominant role in France, not just in political
terms but also in economic
power.
concerned:
involved in
something or affected by it
e.g.
I’d like to
thank everyone concerned for making the occasion
run so
smoothly.
regard:
to consider or have
an opinion about something or someone
21
e.g.
Her parents always
regarded her as the cleverest of their children.
4.
influence:
to affect the way someone or something
develops, behaves, thinks, etc. without directly
forcing or ordering them
e.g.
His writing
was greatly influenced by Henry James.
impress:
if something
impresses you, you feel great admiration for it
e.g.
Cannon’s film impresses on many
levels.
affect:
to have an influence on someone or something, or
to cause them to change
e.g.
Both buildings were
badly affected by the fire.
shake:
to make someone feel
very upset or shocked
e.g.
The murder shook the
whole town.
5.
handling:
the way that
someone deals with a situation or person
e.g.
I admired
your delicate handling of the crisis.
dealing:
the activity of
buying, selling, or doing business with people
e.g.
penalties
for drug dealing
treat:
to
behave towards someone or deal with something in a
particular way
e.g.
I treat remarks like
that with the contempt that they deserve.
manage:
to be responsible
for controlling or organizing someone or something
especially a
business
e.g.
He’
s not very good at
managing people.
6.
complain:
to say
that you are annoyed, not satisfied, or unhappy
about something or someone
e.g.
She
complained that no one had been at the airport to
meet her.
criticize:
if you
criticize someone or something, you express your
disapproval of them by saying
what you
think is wrong with them
e.g.
His mother had rarely
criticized him or any of her children.
disapprove:
to feel that
something or someone is bad, wrong, etc. to not
approve
e.g.
I
strongly disapprove of under-age drinking.
blame:
to say or
think that someone or something is responsible for
something bad
e.g.
I blame his mother. She
does everything for him.
7.
outlook:
the likely future
situation
e.g.
The outlook for the economy is bleak.
future:
someone’s
future, or the future of something, is what will
happen to them or what they
will do
after the present time
e.g.
His future as prime
minister depends on the outcome of the elections.
view:
what you think or
believe about something
e.g.
She has strong views
about politics.
condition:
if you talk about the condition of a person or
thing, you are talking about the state that
they are in, especially how good or bad
their physical state is
e.g.
You can’t
drive in that condition.
8.
stuff:
It is
used to refer to a substance or a group of things
or ideas, etc., often with a description
22
of their general type or quality or
saying who they belong to, without saying exactly
what they are
e.g.
There’s sticky stuff all over the
chair.
staff:
the
people who work for an organization
e.g.
The entire staff has
done an outstanding job this year.
matter:
physical substance
in the universe
e.g.
Some
scientists
believe
that
there
is
about
ten
times
as
much
matter
in
the
universe
as
astronomers have
observed.
means:
a way of
doing or achieving something
e.g.
For most people, the
car is still their main means of transport.
3. Synonym / Antonym
Give synonyms or antonyms of the word
underlined in each sentence in the sense it is
used.
1.
Dealing
with
AIDS
strengthens
the
bond
of
friendship,
encourages
emotional
and
mature
growth.
Synonyms:
tighten,
intensify, enhance
2. I was
the most carefree person in the world.
Antonyms:
unhappy, wretched,
miserable, cheerless
3. My
whole life was changing so fast
that I
couldn’t keep up.
Synonyms:
quickly, rapidly,
swiftly
4.
Everyone
said
that
I
must
keep
a
positive
attitude
for
his
sake,
because
attitude
means
everything.
Antonyms:
negative,
doubtful, pessimistic, uncertain
5. She thought that the trip would do
me good; she said that I was not the one that was
dying.
Synonyms:
benefit,
profit, advantage
6. David
had lost weight, had purple lesions all over his
body, and was very pale.
Antonyms:
gain, increase,
gather
7. All I want you to
do is to remember me, enjoy life and be careful.
Synonyms:
cautious, alert,
watchful
8. The fifth of
June, 1996 marked the end
of my best
friend David’s life.
Antonyms:
beginning, start,
commencement
4. Word
derivation
Fill
in
the
blank
in
each
sentence
with
an
appropriate
form
of
the
given
word
in
the
brackets.
1.
Let’s go for a picnic tomorrow unless
the weather forecast is
unfavourable.
(favour)
2.
A
successful business needs good organization.
(organize)
3.
The
ring was not at all valuable; in fact, it was
almost worthless. (worth)
23
4.
Your job will be to see that no
imperfect product leaves this part of the factory.
(perfect)
5.
The
floor of the attic needs strengthening
if we’
re going to make it
into a bedroom. (strong)
6.
He is ashamed of what he has done.
(shame)
7.
She
expressed her gratitude to me by inviting me to
dinner. (grateful)
8.
In youth, he showed great promise, but
finally he turned out mediocre. (young)
1. favour (n.)
好意,喜好,偏爱,特权
favorite
(adj.
)流行的,喜爱的
favorable (adj.)
有利的,赞许的,良好的,顺利的,偏袒的
favoritism (n.)
偏爱,偏袒,不公平
unfavorable (adj.)
不宜的,不理想的
unfavorite (adj.)
最不喜爱的,最讨厌的
e.g.
A teacher should not favour any of his
pupils.
教师不应该偏爱任何一个学生。
What are your favorite sports?
你最喜爱的运动是什么?
He
soon won the favour of his boss.
他很快赢得了老板的青睐。
The
condition (being) favorable, he may succeed.
条件有利的话,他有可能会成功。
2. organise
(v.)
组织,有机化,安排
organism (n.)
生物体,有机体
organisation (n.)
组织,团体,有机体
organisational (adj.)
组织的,编制的
organiser (n.)
组织者
e.g.
When that happens, I
organise my defence.
如果这样的话,我的任务就是组织防守。
The army is an extremely complex
organism.
军队是一个极其复杂的组织。
In fact, it might help you improve
organisational performance.
事实上,
它可能帮助你改善组
织的表现。
3. worth
(n.)
价值,财富
worthy (adj.)
有价值的,可尊敬的,值得的,配得上的
worthiness (n.)
值得,相当,有价值
worthful (adj.)
有价值的,宝贵的
worthwhile (adj.)
值得(做)的
worthless (adj.)
无价值的,无用的,可鄙的
unworthy (adj.)
无价值的,没有优点的
unworthiness (n.)
不值得,无价值
e.g.
Do not underestimate
his worth.
不要低估了他的价值。
His achievements are worthy of record.
他的功业是值得记载的。
He
chucked his money away on a worthless plan.
他把钱白白花在一个毫无价值的计划上。
Such a conduct is unworthy of a decent
citizen.
这样的行为不是一个正直公民应有的行为。
A little pain wouldn't make up for her
unworthiness.
一点点疼痛不能补偿她的无价值。
4. perfect
(adj.)
完美的,完全的,十足的
; (v.)
改进,美化
perfection (n.)
完美,完善
perfectionist (n.)
十全十美主义者
24
perfectness (n.)
完全,精通,分毫不差
imperfect (adj.)
不完美的,有缺点的,未完成的
imperfection (n..)
不完全,不完备,缺点
imperfectness (n.)
不完美,不完备
imperfective (adj.)
不可能完善的
e.g.
He needs to perfect his
spoken English before going to work in Canada.
他需要把英语口语
学好才能到加拿大工作。
Everyday we should walk on the road of
pursuing perfection.
每一天我们都应该走在追求完
美的路上。
Flawless as he
is, he goes along with an imperfect life.
< br>他是一个完美的人,
却过着一种并不
完美的生活。
5. strong
(adj.
)强壮的,强烈的,坚强的,浓的
strength (n.)
力气,力量,长处,强度
strengthen (v.)
加强,变坚固
strengthless (adj.)
无力量的
e.g.
Reliability is our
strong point.
可靠性是我们的优点。
I believe in that definition very
strongly.
我坚信那个定义是对的
.
We renew our strength in sleep.
我们以睡眠来恢复体力。
You're too weak; and you'd better
strengthen with rich food.
你的身体太虚弱了,得补养补
养。
6. shame (n.
v.)
羞愧,耻辱
shameful (adj.)
可耻的
shameless (adj.)
无耻的
shamefulness (n.)
可耻,不名誉
shameable (adj.)
羞愧的
e.g.
He felt no shame and no regret.
他既不感到羞愧,也不感到遗憾。
Are you not ashamed of your shameful
behavior?
你不为你的行为可耻而感到羞愧吗
?
He is a shameless liar.
他是一个
―
无耻
‖
的撒
谎者。
Thirty years later, when I recall the
memory, I still feel a bit of shamefulness to her.
30<
/p>
年以后,当我回想起往事,依旧对她有羞愧感。
7. grateful
(adj.)
感激的,感谢的
gratitude (n.)
感恩之心
gratify (v.)
使满足,使高兴
gratification (n.)
满足,喜悦
gratuitous (adj.)
免费的,无缘无故的
e.g.
I am very grateful for
all the help.
我感激所有对我的帮助。
He smiled at them with gratitude.
他向他们笑了笑表示谢意。
Does
it gratify your curiosity?
这是否满足了你的好奇心?
His
success is a great gratification to us.
他的成功对我们是一大喜事。
8. young (adj.)
年轻的,没有经验的,初期
25
youngster
(n.)
年轻人,少年,小伙子,儿童
youthful (adj.)
年轻的,有青春活力的
youth
(n.)
年轻,初期,青春
youthhood (n.)
青春期,少壮期
youthy
(adj.)
年轻的,少壮的
youthen (v.)
使
……
变年轻
youthify (v.)
使显得年轻
e.g.
Celebrations are for young people.
庆祝是属于年轻人的。
My
youth and youthful strength fled long ago.
我的青春和青春的活力早已消失。
There is a little pain in our
youthhood.
我们的青春中有一点痛楚。
II. Grammar Exercises
1.
Some, any,
all, each, every
and their compounds
Some,
any,
all,
each
and
every
can
be
used
together
with
other
words
to
build
new
compounds, such as
someone,
anywhere, everything, etc
. But the
basic usages of these words
don’t
change. For example, generally we still use
some
- in
positive
sentences
, and use
any
- in
non
-
affirmative
contexts
or
to
refer
to
non
-
specific
,
unspecified
things
.
We
still
use
every
-
to
emphasize we are talking about a group
as a whole rather than as individuals
.
e.g.
I was
visiting some friends last week.
It was impossible to see anything in
the dark.
Everyone was waiting to
hear the results. (= All were waiting to hear the
results.)
Practice: Put in
some
,
any
,
each
,
every
or one of their
compounds.
1.
I had __________ reason to believe that
she would keep my secret.
2.
I
must get
to the shops
__________ or other this afternoon. I
ha
ven’t got _________ in the
house for supper.
3.
In a rugby
league game __________ side has 13 players.
4.
She left her handbag
__________
and now she can’t
find it.
5.
They sought solace in religion from the
harshness of their __________ lives.
6.
Do you know
________
who would be
interested in a position as a receptionist in our
office?
We need
_________
with a really friendly manner.
Keys:
1. every
2. sometime,
anything (―Sometime or other‖ means sooner or
later.)
3. each
(
Each
emphasizes that we are
thinking of the two sides separately.)
4. somewhere
5. everyday
6. anyone, someone
2. Countable and
uncountable nouns
26
Common nouns can be
classified into 1)
countable nouns and
uncountable nouns
, or 2)
individual nouns, collective nouns,
material nouns and abstract nouns
.
Usually
individual nouns
and
collective nouns are countable
while
material nouns and abstract nouns are
uncountable
.
But sometimes
abstract nouns and material nouns can be countable
if they are used in specific
sense, for
example with an attribute.
e.g. My children are
a great
joy
(an attribute) to me.
His room, at
sixteen dollars a day, was
a
disappointment
(something specific, and
something that disappoints people).
Sri Lanka produces
many
teas
(many kinds of tea).
Practice
:
Choose the best answer.
1.
The earthquake
caused ______ to the district.
A.
damage
B. a damage
C. damages
D. the damage
2.
As everyone knows, warm ______ is
comfortable in winter.
A. clothes
B. clothings
C. cloth
D. clothing
3.
______ of English is essential for
those who apply for the post.
A. Good
knowledge
B. A good knowledge
C. Good knowledges
D. The good
knowledge
4.
Clint will give us _______ on our
grammar study.
A. an advice
B. some advice
C.
some advices
D.
advices
5.
Ten
years had elapsed, I found she had ________.
A. a few white hairs
B. much white
hair
C. a little white hairs
D. few white hair
Keys:
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
3. Prepositions
Prepositions
are a class of structural words that indicate
various semantic relations between
words or expressions.
Some
adjectives, nouns and verbs can collocate with
prepositions to form
adjective phrases,
noun phrases and verb phrases.
e.g.
His parents will be
disappointed with
her if she
fails the exam.
I would
support a
ban on
smoking in
restaurants.
He doesn’t
seem to
care about
the
effect smoking has on him.
Practice: Insert suitable prepositions
in the following sentences.
1.
I object
________ being kept waiting. Why are you always
late ________ appointments?
2.
I have no
intention ________ lending Dan any more money.
3.
After
years
of
service
in
the
Cairo
embassy,
M.
Lapierre
has
become
extremely
adept
________ Middle East
diplomacy.
4.
There is no doubt that she can produce
work that is equal ________ anyone else’s in her
class.
5.
Although he had
no criminal
record, police are inquiring ________ some of
Wilson’s business
deals.
6.
A lot of
Japanese students of English have difficult
________ the pronunciation of ―b‖s and
―v‖s.
27
Keys:
1. to, for
2. of
3. at / in
4. to
5. into
6. in
III.
Translation exercises
1.
这个地区的警察知道那些小偷经常出没于哪些地方。
(hang
out)
Explanation
:
If you
often stay with him.
Translation
:
The police in this district know where
the thieves usually hang out.
Practice
:
我可不想总是和这群人混在一起。
I
don't always want to
hang out
with the group.
手里有了钱,这孩子去了其他年轻人喜欢去的地方。
Having money to burn, the child goes to
places
where
other young
people just like them
hang
out
.
作为孩子,我们和母亲生活在不同的世界里,这是一个母亲常出现的世界。
As teenagers we live in a different
world from our mothers, a world
where
mothers
hang
out
on the
peripheries.
2.
这些签署的协议将冲破对自由贸
易设置的所有障碍。
(break down)
Explanation
:
working together and having
a successful relationship with each other. If
something breaks
down, it fails to
work.
Translation
:
The agreement signed will
break down
all the barriers to free
trade.
Practice
:
有什么能保证它不会轻易出故障?
What guarantee do I have that it won't
break
down
easily?
当用户工作时,使用工具的数量太多将会影响工作效率。
The
efficiencies
break
down
when
the quantity
of
tools
in
a
user’s
working
set
gets
too
large.
有了孩子,夫妻之间
就会亲密起来,打破目前彼此之间无形的隔阂。
Children would bring the husband and
wife close together and
break
down
this invisible
barrier
.
3.
他是我最好的朋友。既然他需要
我的帮助,我可不能对他置之不理。
(turn one’s back
on)
Explanation
:
If someone turns his back
on you, he refuses to help you when you are in
need of help.
Translation
:
28
He is my best friend. I just cannot
turn my back on
him that he
needs my help now.
Practice
:
我不能一边嚷着责任心,一边却拒绝帮助困境中的邻居。
I can't yell responsibility
and
turn
my
back
on
a neighbor who needs
help.
我意识到,如果我真想说一口流利的英语,就得
完全丢开死记硬背语法书的老习惯。
I realized
that if I really wanted to become fluent in
English, I would have to
turn
my
back
on
all my grammar books.
他一直对我很好,现在他贫病交加,我可不能不加理会。
He's always been kind to me. I can't
just
turn
my
back
on
him now because he's ill
and poor.
4
.只要你努
力工作,你迟早会成功,实现自己的抱负的。
(sooner or later)
Explanation:
If
something happens sooner or later, it will happen
eventually.
Translation
:
So
long
as
you
work
hard,
you
are
bound
to
succeed
and
realize
your
ambition
sooner
or
later
.
Practice
:
纳税人迟早会认为夜间的警卫是正常的市政职责。
Sooner or later,
the
taxpayers accepted night policing as a normal
municipal charge.
我时刻提心吊胆,唯
恐她迟早有一天会看见我正在干最粗的活儿。
I was
haunted by the fear that she would,
sooner or later,
find me out
doing the coarsest part of
my work.
Unit 5
I. Vocabulary
Analysis
1. Phrase practice
1. at hand = that is
current
当前的,在手边
e.g.
I have no dictionary at
hand.
我现在手头没有字典。
2. in short supply = difficult to find
or obtain
缺货,不足
e.g.
Stoves are always in
short supply in hostile winter.
寒冷的冬天,煤炉常常缺货。
Luck is never
in short supply if you possess ample confidence.
只要有充分信心,你是不缺
好运的。
3. give … credit = always
recognize and praise rightly sb’ s achievement
给予赞扬
e.g.
The teacher was given credit for
encouraging students to face the difficulty.
老师因为鼓励学
生面对困难得到了大家的称赞。
4. be oneself= behave in a
way that is natural or normal
显得自然
e.g.
Facing great honor and fame, he found
it difficult to be himself.
面对巨大的荣誉,
他觉得很
29
难保持自我本色。
2. Word comparison
1.
elect:
when people elect
someone, they choose that person to represent
them, by voting for them
e.g.
The country
is about to take a radical departure by electing a
woman as its new president.
choose:
decide what you want
from two or more things or possibilities
e.g.
He chose a
shirt from the many in his wardrobe.
pick:
choose a person or
thing, for example because they are the best or
most suitable
e.g.
Students have to pick
three courses from a list of fifteen.
select:
if you select
something, you choose it from a number of things
of the same kind
e.g.
The movie is being
shown in selected cities.
2.
demonstrate:
show; make clear
e.g.
These
figures clearly demonstrate the size of the
economic problem facing the country.
show:
let someone see
something
e.g.
The children proudly
showed me their presents.
express:
show what you think
or feel
e.g.
He
expresses himself easily in English.
display:
show a feeling
e.g.
The British
traditionally tend not to display much emotion in
public.
3.
sell out:
be disloyal or
unfaithful to one's principles or friends, money
e.g.
French farmers feel they’ve been sold
out by their government in the
negotiation.
escape:
get away from a
place or dangerous situation when someone is
trying to catch you or stop
you
e.g.
He broke
down the locked door and escaped.
stand
firmly:
stay in a particular place
without moving
e.g.
The
car’
s been standing firmly in the
garage for weeks.
object:
feel or express
opposition to or dislike of something or someone
e.g.
He objects
to the label
4.
inner:
inner thoughts are
ones that you feel strongly but not always show to
other people
e.g.
She never
shared her inner thoughts with anyone.
inside:
in or into a room,
building, container, or something similar
e.g.
Luckily, no
one was inside the building when it collapsed.
conscience:
(n.) the part of
your mind that tells you whether what you are
doing is morally right
or wrong
e.g.
It was his
guilty conscience that made him offer to help.
within:
(prep.) if something
is within a place, area, or object, it is inside
it or surrounded by it
e.g.
Clients are entertained
within private dining rooms.
30
5.
action:
doing something for a particular
purpose
e.g.
The government is taking emergency
action to deal with a housing crisis.
act:
behavior which hides
your real feelings or interests
e.g.
Was she really upset or
was that just an act?
behaviour:
the thing that a
person or animal does
e.g.
The headmaster will not
tolerate bad behaviour.
deed:
an intentional act,
especially a very bad or very good one
e.g.
We should be true in
word and resolute in deed.
6.
rare:
not seen or found very often, or not
happening very often
e.g.
This species
of plant is becoming increasingly rare.
scarce:
if something is
scarce, there is not enough of it
e.g.
Food was scarce
throughout the war.
short:
(be short of) to not have enough of something
e.g.
We’re a bit short of coffee. I must get
some more.
few:
a
small number of things or people
e.g.
We saw few students
there.
7.
key:
the key
person or thing in a group is the most important
one
e.g.
He is expected to be the key witness at
the trial.
main:
large, more
important, or having more influence than others of
the same type
e.g.
The main thing is not
to worry.
chief:
most
important
e.g.
One of the chief causes of crime today is drugs.
major:
you use
significant than other things in a
group or situation
e.g.
Drug abuse has long
been a major problem for the authorities
there.
8.
promise:
tell
someone that you will certainly do something
e.g.
He promised faithfully to call me every
week.
ensure:
make certain
that something will happen properly
e.g.
Our task is to ensure
the safety of every passengers on the plane.
assure:
If
you
assure
someone
that
something
is
true
or
will
happen,
you
tell
them
that
it
is
definitely true or will definitely
happen, often in order to make them less worried.
e.g.
He hastened
to assure me that there was nothing important to
report.
declare:
announce
something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially
e.g.
They
declared their support for the proposal.
3. Synonym / Antonym
31
Give synonyms or antonyms of the word
underlined in each sentence in the sense it is
used.
1. My grandparents believed you
were either honest
or you
weren’t.
Synonyms
: truthful, upright,
frank
2. Integrity is an
inner standard for judging your behavior.
Antonyms
: outer, external,
exterior
3. Unfortunately,
integrity is in short supply today
—
and getting scarcer.
Synonyms
: rare, uncommon,
scant
4. If each of us
hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall
become a company of dwarfs.
Antonyms
: fire, sack,
dismiss
5. Stand firmly for
your convictions in the face of personal pressure.
Synonyms
: resolutely,
determinedly, unyieldingly
6. Don’t be
afraid of those
who might have a better idea or who might even be
smarter than you
are.
Antonyms
: fearless,
dauntless, brave, bold
7.
Don’t engage in personal cover
-up of
areas that are unpleasing.
Synonyms
: unpleasant,
disagreeable
8. Integrity
means you do what is right and not just
fashionable or politically correct.
Antonyms
: unfashionable,
old-fashioned, outdated
4.
Word derivation
Fill
in
the
blank
in
each
sentence
with
an
appropriate
form
of
the
given
word
in
the
brackets.
1.
It
is
dangerous
for
an
inexperienced
driver
to
drive
a
car
in
the
center
of
Paris
during
the
mid-
day rush. (experience)
2.
Douglas, now that you’re the
he
ad of the family, you must take your
rightful place at the head
of the table
(right)
3.
If
you
behave
with
this
sort
of
impoliteness
to
your
other
customers,
I
don’t
think
you’ll
remain in business
long. (polite)
4.
Kenneth gave the child a handful of
sweets. (hand)
5.
Don’t put on any more of that perfume,
Julie. It’s
heady stuff. (head)
6.
The speaker
showed his nervousness by constantly straightening
his tie. (straight)
7.
I feel so sleepy
that I’m going to bed.
(sleep)
8.
The beggar stood on his head, begging
from door to door. (beg)
1.
experience (n.v.)
经历,经验
experienced
(adj.)
有经验的
experienceless (adj.)
无经验的,缺乏经验的,不老练的
32
experiment (n.)
经验,实验,尝试
experimental (adj.)
实验(性)的,试验(性)的
inexperienced (adj.)
无经验的,不熟练的
e.g.
This was a new experience for him.
这一切于他都是全新的经历。
It
was a successful experiment.
那是一次成功的试验。
The
experimental results show that the method is
effective.
实验结果表明,该方法是正确有
效的。
We don't want to hire
inexperienced worker.
我们不想聘用没有经验的工人。
2. right
(adj.)
正确的,对的,右边的,合适的
rightful (adj.)
合法的,正确的,依法享有权利的
rightness (n.)
正义性,正确性
righteous (adj.)
公正的,公义的,当然的
righteousness (n.)
正当,正义,正值
rightless (adj.)
没有权利的
e.g.
We respect the righteous but we despise
the wicked.
我们敬重正直的人,但鄙视不道德的
人。
Everyone admires his
spirit of doing boldly what's righteous.
人人都赞美他这种见义勇为的
精神。
Who is the rightful owner of this
car
?
谁是这辆汽车的合法主人?
They
are just a rightness of simple
farmers
!他们只是朴实的农民
!
3. polite
(adj.)
有礼貌的,客气的,有教养的,文雅的
politeness (n.)
礼貌,优雅
impolite (adj.)
不礼貌的,粗鲁的
impoliteness (n.)
失礼,粗鲁
e.g.
It is not polite to
stare at others.
盯着别人看是一种不礼貌的行为。
One never loses anything by politeness.
礼多人不亏。
It's
impolite to smoke during a meal in France.
在法国就餐时吸烟是不礼貌的。
He
will have to answer for his impoliteness.
他将因为无礼而受到责备。
4. hand (n)
手,掌握,协助
handy (adj.)
方便的,手边的,灵巧的,便于使用的,现成的
handful (n.)
少数,一把,棘手之事
e.g.
This is a very handy tool for opening
cans.
这是一种很简便的开罐头工具。
A handful of common sense is worth
bushel of learning.
一点点常识胜过很多有价值的学
问。
5. head
(n.)
头脑,能力,领袖,硬币的正面,顶端
heading (n.)
标题,题目,航向
heady (adj.)
顽固的,任性的,性急的
headless (adj.)
不在意的,没有头的,愚笨的
e.g.
Where do you think web
design is heading?
你认为网页设计现在的方向在哪儿?
He is heady with success.
他因成功而飘飘然。
33
A headless
man haunts the castle.
一个无头幽灵常在城堡出现。
6. straight
(
adj.
)
直的,准的,正直的,坦率的,连续的
straighten (v.)
弄直,使正确,整顿,挺直
straightening (v.)
变形矫正,整直,校正
straightness (n.)
笔直,正值,直率
e.g.
She has long, straight,
red hair.
她的红发又长又直。
I was straightening my schoolbag when
you phoned me.
你给我打电话时,
我正在整理书包。
Excuse me. Do I go straightly for the
Mayflower Hotel?
对不起,去五月花旅馆是一直往前
走吗?
(n.v.)
睡觉,睡眠
sleeping (n. adj.)
睡着的
sleepy (adj.)
嗜睡的
sleeper (n.)
睡眠者,枕木,卧铺,爆冷门
sleepless (adj.)
不睡眠的,睡不着的,警觉的
sleeplessness (n.)
失眠
e.g.
Sleeping is the best cure for waking
troubles.
睡眠是治疗一切醒时烦扰的良药。
She always has a sleepy expression.
她总是一副懒洋洋的表情
.
She
looked haggard after a sleepless night.
一夜失眠之后,她看上去很憔悴。
8. beg
(v.
)乞讨,恳求
beggar (n.)
乞丐,穷人
(v.)
使沦为乞丐;使贫穷
begging (n.)
请求,乞求
beggarly
(adj.)
像乞丐的,赤贫的,下贱的
beggary (n.)
赤贫
e.g.
Do not beg, steal, lie.
不要乞讨,偷窥,说谎。
The
family had been beggared by the war.
战争使这家人沦为乞丐。
Idleness is the key of beggary,the root
of all evil.
懒惰是行乞的敲门砖,是万恶的根源。
II. Grammar Exercises
1. Imperative sentences
Imperative
sentences,
also
known
as
―commands‖
begin
with
a
verb
in
the
imperative
mood
and express
a command, an instruction, an order, a
warning, a request,
a suggestion, a
wish, an invitation, etc
.
There
are
three
kinds
of
imperatives
:
the
second
person
imperatives,
the
first
person
imperative, and the third person
imperatives
. For
the second
person imperatives
, if we want to
enhance the force of the
imperative,
we can add an emphatic
DO
or
YOU
at the beginning of
the sentence.
e.g.
Mr. Smith, you
sit
over there.
Do
come
in.
Let me
have
a look.
34
Let’s
stop
and
finish
it later.
Don’t let
anyone
shirk
his
responsibility.
Practice: Rewrite the following
sentences using the imperative.
1.
You’d better
go and
buy yourself a new pair of
shoes.
2.
We shall never forget the brave men and
women who made the ultimate sacrifice.
3.
I would like
somebody to open the door.
4.
In this play
you will play the part of the pr
incess
and I’ll pretend to be the witch.
5.
Would you
please allow me to stay in to finish my letter? I
want to get it off to London today.
Keys:
1.
Go and buy
yourself a new pair of shoes.
2.
Let us never
forget the brave men and women who made the
ultimate sacrifice.
3.
Somebody open the door.
4.
In this play
you be the princess and I be the witch.
(
Here ―you‖ and ―I‖ are explicit
subjects of
the imperative
sentence.
)
5.
Let me stay in to finish my letter. I
want to get it off to London today.
2. Question tags added to imperative
clauses
Sometimes we add question tags
to the imperative sentences to soften the
imperative tone.
For
the
second
person
imperatives,
after
a
positive
imperative,
the
question
tag
can
be
―will/would/can/can’t/won’t
you/?‖
―Won’t‖
is
used
to
in
vite
.
―Will
you‖
is
often
used
as
request.
―Won’t
you‖ is used to show less forceful orders. ―Would‖
is less forceful than ―will‖
and
much
less
common.
―Can’t
you‖
can
show
the
speaker’s
annoyance
.
After
a
negative
imperative, the question tag is ―will
you?‖
If
the
part
addressed
includes
only
the
speaker
the
question
tag
usually
is
―will/won’t
you?‖ If the
part addressed includes both the speaker and the
listener, the tag should be ―shall
we?‖
e.g.
Don’t be so noisy, will you?
Stop talking,
will/won’t/would/can/can’t you?
Let me drive you home, will
you?
Let’s take a taxi,
shall we?
Practice: Add a question tag to the
following sentences.
1.
Let’s go to the movies,
__________?
2.
Don’t turn the lights on,
__________?
3.
Let me come and stay, __________? You
can put it that it was arranged before.
4.
Shut up, __________?
5.
Don’t let me
have to speak to you again,
__________?
Keys:
1.
shall we
2.
will you
(a
negative
imperative)
3.
will/won’t
you
35
4.
can’t you
(to
show
annoyance
)
5.
will you
3.
Another, other(s), the other(s)
*―Another‖ means 1)
additional, one more (sometimes two
more, three more ...) person or thing of
the same type
; 2)
a different one, not the same person or
thing
.
e.g.
I
need another week / two weeks to finish this
investigation.
We finally
moved to another apartment.
*―Other‖ is always followed by
plural nouns
. It means 1)
additional
; 2)
else, different
.
―Others‖
means
more people or things
.
e.g.
Danny is playing with
two other children.
Saudi
Arabia produces more oil than any other country
(Singular noun must be used after
―any
other‖.)
I only know about this book, but there
might be others (= other books).
*―The other (one)‖ means t
he
second of the two people or things
.
―The others‖ (= the other ones)
means
the rest of the people or
things
. Note that here there must be
a specific context
.
e.g.
You can
park on the other side of the street.
She’s
much
brighter
than
all
the
other
children
in
her
class
(―In
her
class‖
serves
as
a
specific
context.).
Practice
:
Complete
the following sentences with the words or phrases
in the box.
another
other
the
other
others
the others
1.
I
spent half of my time teaching law and ________ in
London as a consultant to a big firm.
2.
Cars are
useful, but whether they are good for the
environment is ________ matter altogether.
3.
The Company says it has to reduce its
labor costs. In ________ words, some of us are
going to
lose our jobs.
4.
You shouldn’t
expect ________ to do your work for you.
5.
She was the only person who replied to
the invitation
—
none of
______ bothered.
6.
There is room
for ______ few people in the back of the bus.
7.
A:
Have you met Sally’s brothers?
B: I’ve met one. I didn’t know he has
____________
.
A:
Oh, he has two
____________
.
Keys:
1.
the other
(the second part of my
time)
2.
another
(a different one)
3.
other
(different, usually it is
followed by plural nouns)
4.
others
(
5.
the others
(the
rest)
6.
another
7.
another,
others
36
III.
Translation exercises
1.
那个精神
科医生因为在公共场合谈论他的病人而被指控违反了职业道德规范。
(ethics)
Explanation
:
moral values and rules.
Translation
:
That
psychiatrist
who
had
talked
about
his
patients
in
public,
was
charged
with
violating
professional
ethics
.
Practice
:
他的职业道德不容许他这么做。
The ethics of his profession don't
permit him to do that.
社会力量,包括伦理,在法律通过前就已经形成。
Social forces, including
ethics
, arise before laws
are passed.
公共关系部于
2009
年开展了增强商业道德的活动。
The
public relation department launched a program to
promote business
ethics
in
2009.
2.
我们都信任董事长,因为他是个刚正不阿的人。
(integrity)
Explanation
:
same time,
integrity can also refers to the state of being
united as a complete thing.
Translation
:
We all trust the president for his
absolute integrity.
Practice
:
他为人正直,决不食言。
He's a man of integrity and he never
breaks his promises.
罗马城墙尚可见到,但已经不完整了。
Roman Walls may still be seen, but not
in their integrity.
良好的
诚信记录对一个企业来讲非常重要。
、
The tradition of integrity
is very important for the company.
3.
在我们投票支持他之前,我们想知道他的主张。
(stand
for)
Explanation
:
Translation
:
Before we vote for him, we want to know
what he
stands for.
Practice
:
他的这种理论是站不住脚的。
He hasn't a leg to
stand
for
a theory of his.
我们坚持
―
平等互利
‖
的原则。
We
stand
for
the principle of
equality and mutual benefit.
4
.这笔钱是在被告家里发现的,被
告对此不能作出令人满意的解释。
(account for)
Explanation
:
37
a
particular amount or part of something.
Translation
:
The defendant couldn’t account for the
fact that the money was found in his house.
Practice
:
中国的山区面积占国土总面积的<
/p>
70%
。
Mountainous areas
account
for
70 percent of China's
total territory
.
他突然感到一阵莫名其妙的不安情绪。
He was suddenly seized with
a relentlessness he couldn't account for.
Unit 6
I . Vocabulary
1 Phrase practice
1.
demanding
jobs
= jobs needing a lot of attention
or effort
费力的工作
e.g.
Being babysitter is
really a demanding job, which requires love,
patience and the skills.
看护
婴儿确实是一项费力的工作,它需要爱心、耐心,还有技巧。
2.
with regard to
= in connection with; on the subject of
关于,至于
e.g.
With regard to your health, you must
quit smoking right now.
考虑到你的健康,
你必须马上
戒烟。
With regard to
the financial difficulties, the company decided to
cut its expense.
考虑到财政
困难,公司决定压缩支出。
3.
stigma
=sign of shame;
feeling of being ashamed
耻辱,受到侮辱
e.g.
The stigma has deprived him of all joy
and fun in those days.
那些日子里,他心中的耻辱使
他的生活没有了任何快乐。
4. g
ive-and-take
=willingness of each person to satisfy
others’ wishes
妥协,互让
e.g.
Give-and-take is the
secret of successful friendship.
付出和给予是成功的友谊的秘密。
2. Word / Phrase comparison
1.
with regard to:
in
connection with
e.g.
I am writing
to you with regard to your letter of 15 March.
for the purpose of:
why you
do sth. or why sth. exists
e.g.
I came to Brighton for
the express purpose of seeing you.
in
view of:
used to introduce the reason
for a decision, action or situation
e.g.
In view of
his conduct, the club has decided to suspend him.
in accordance with:
according to a rule, system, etc.
e.g.
Use this
product only in accordance with the
manufacture’
s instructions.
2.
38
ensure:
to make certain that sth. happens
e.g.
We must ensure the purity of drinking
water.
entertain:
to keep a
group of people interested or enjoying themselves
e.g.
We hired a
magician to entertain the children.
enable:
to make it possible
for someone to do something, or for something to
happen
e.g.
Our
main goal is to enable healthy change and growth.
enquire:
if you enquire
about something, you ask for information about it
e.g.
He was so impressed that he enquired
the young shepherd’
s name.
3.
associate with (sb.):
to
spend time with someone, esp. someone that other
people disapprove of
e.g.
He may have been associating with the
criminals.
care about:
if
you care about something, you feel that it is
important and are concerned about it
e.g.
Does anybody
know we’re here,
does anybody care
about it?
be concerned with:
to be about a particular thing or person
e.g.
Today’
s lesson is concerned
with punctuation.
touch:
to have an effect on
someone or something, especially by changing or
influencing them
e.g.
He has touched the
lives of many people.
4.
at times:
sometimes
e.g.
Life is hard
at times.
in time:
before
the time by which it is necessary for something to
be done
e.g.
Will you be able to finish it in time?
on time:
at the correct time
or the time that was arranged
e.g.
Jack was
worried about whether he’d be able to get there on
time.
sometime:
at a time in the future or the past which is not
known or not stated
e.g.
We really should meet
sometime soon to discuss the details.
5.
result
in:
to cause a particular situation to
happen
e.g.
The fire resulted in damage to their
property.
result from:
if a
situation or problem results from a particular
event or activity, it is caused by it
e.g.
His
difficulty in walking results from a childhood
illness.
6.
cite:
if you cite something,
you quote it or mention it, especially as an
example or proof of what
you are saying
e.g.
She cites a favorite poem by George
Herbert .
site:
a place
where something is, was, or where something
happened, is happening, or will happen
e.g.
The council hasn’t yet chosen the site
for the new hospital.
sight:
the physical ability
to see
e.g.
Anne’
s sight is very good
for someone of her age.
borrow:
if you borrow
something that belongs to someone else, you take
it or use it for a period
of time,
usually with their permission
39
e.g.
He wouldn’t
let me borrow his clothes.
7.
despite:
without taking any notice of or being
influenced by; not prevented by
e.g.
I still
enjoyed the week despite the weather.
in spite of:
despite,regardless of; not being prevented by
(sb./sth.)
e.g.
In spite of
his injury, Ricardo will play in Saturday’s
match.
8.
equivalent:
if
one amount or value is the equivalent of another,
they are the same
e.g.
The
equivalent of two tablespoon of polyunsaturated
oils is ample each day.
same:
exactly like another
or each other
e.g.
She was wearing exactly
the same dress as I was.
related
to:
things that are related are
connected in some way
e.g.
Police now believe that
the three crimes could be related to each other.
different to:
Things are
unlike in nature or quality or form or degree.
e.g.
My approach is totally
different to his.
3. Synonym / Antonym
Give
synonyms or antonym s of the word underlined in
each sentence in the sense it is used.
1.
A
concern
that
is
often
heard
with
regard
to
single
children
is
whether
one
child
necessarily
means a lonely
child.
Synonyms
: only, sole
2.
Another
common
argument
against
having
just
one
child
is
that
an
only
child
may
be
more
spoiled
than one with siblings.
Antonyms
: uncommon, unusual,
extraordinary, exceptional
3.
Many
people
believe
that
a
single
child
will
not
have
learned
to
negotiate
with
others,
and
respect the give-and-take involved in
many relationships.
Synonyms
: honor, admire,
esteem
4. Despite these
arguments, the number of parents choosing to have
only one child is increasing in
many
parts of the world.
Antonyms
: decrease,
diminish, lessen
5.
This
has
led
to
government
concerns
about
supporting
an
increasing
population
of
elderly
people
in the future.
Synonyms
:
worries, anxiety
6. For
some single-child parents, the pressures of
devoting time and energy to a second child can
seem too overwhelming.
Antonyms
: insignificant,
weak, feeble, powerless
40
7.
For
other
parents,
the
financial
burden
of
having
a
second
child
may
be
the
prime
consideration.
Synonyms
: first, chief,
main, primary, principal, foremost, leading
8. Unfortunately,
there
is
no
simple
answer
to
the
question
of
whether
or
not
to
have
a
second
child.
Antonyms
: fortunately,
luckily
4. Word derivation
Fill in the blank in each sentence with
an appropriate form of the given word in brackets.
1.
She is famous
for her advocacy of human rights. (advocate)
2.
When the time
for parting came, he shook hands with everyone
respectfully. (respect)
3.
It
is
estimated
that
China has
enormous
potential
for
economic
development
in
the
coming
year.
(potentially)
4.
The job of a surveyor is to examine the
condition of a building, or to measure and record
the
details of an area of land.
(survey)
5.
The
British Air Force succeeded despite overwhelming
odds against them. (overwhelm)
6.
The
association between the two companies dates back
to the last century. (associate)
7.
There is no
English equivalent
for ―bon appetite,‖
so we have adopted the French expression.
(equivalence)
8.
I thought his remark was highly
inappropriate, given the circumstances.
(appropriate)
1.
advocate (
v.
)
提倡,主张,拥护
advocation (
n.)
拥护,支持,辩护
advocator
(
n.)
提倡者,拥护者
advocatory (
a.)
拥护者的,有关拥护者的
advocacy (
n.)
拥护,主张,辩护
Chinese-
English translation
1)
你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗?
Do
you advocate banning cars in the city center?
2)
小说的历史价值在于对人文精神的关怀上。
The historical value of the novel lies
in its advocation of humanism.
3)
作为全球化的积极推动者,这个国家得到了巨大的回报。
As the active advocator of
globalization, the country has been greatly
rewarded.
t
(v.
)
尊敬,尊重;遵守
respectable (
a.
)
人格高尚的,值得尊敬的
respectful (
a.)
恭敬的,礼貌的
respective
(
a.)
分别的,各自的
Chinese-English translation
1
)你应该尊敬你的老师。
You need to respect your teachers.
2
)他是个受人尊敬可信赖的人。
He is respectable and reliable.
41
3)
他们和经理站开了一些距离,以示尊敬。
They stood at a respectful distance
from the manager.
4)
下课后,学生们各自回家。
The
students returned to their respective homes after
class.
3.
potential
(
n.
)
可能性,潜能
potent
(adj.)
有效的,强有力的,有权势的
e.g.
It is the most potent
poison.
这是最厉害的毒药。
One has unlimited potential waiting to
be explored.
人们有着无尽的潜能等待发掘。
4.
su
rvey
(
v.
)监督,监视
surveillance (n.)
监督,监视
surveyor
(n.)
测量员,检验员
e.g.
It is impossible to
survey the will of the people in such short time <
/p>
想要在这么短时间内完成
民意调查是不可能的。
< br>
The surveyor announced that all the
walls were completely sound.
检查员宣布所有墙壁均
完好无损。
Surveillance video captures a woman
with the kidnapped boy.
监视器拍摄到了一名妇女带
着这名被绑架的男孩。
5.
overwhelm (v.)
压倒,淹没,受打击
overwhelming (adj.)
压倒性的,势不可挡的
overwhelmingly
(adv.)
压倒性地,不可抵抗地
e.g.
No difficulty can
overwhelm the brave.
勇敢的人是不会被困难打倒的。
She felt an
overwhelming desire to see her boy.
她无比渴望见到自己的儿子。
Chinese
youth
overwhelmingly
want
personal
computer.
中国的年轻人非常渴望拥有个人
电脑。
6.
as
sociate
(
v.
)结交,交往<
/p>
association (n.)
协会,联盟,社团
associative (adj.)
联合的,联想的,组合的
associator (n.)
社员,伙伴,会员
e.g.
Many people associate dark clouds with depression
and bad luck.
许多人把乌云与沮丧和厄
运联系起来。
The anti-smoking association launches a
new campaign in the campus.
禁烟协会在校园里发
p>
动了一场新的运动。
His
associative ability impressed me a lot.
他的联想能力使我印象深刻。
The
associators are working hard together for their
common goal.
会员们为了他们共同的目
标团结奋斗。
7.
equal (adj.)
相等的,胜任的,平等的
equality (n.)
平等,相等
equation
(n.)
等式,方程式
equivalent (adj.)
相等的,等价的,同意义的
42
equivalence (n.)
等值,相等
e.g.
Woman and man should
enjoy equal pay for the same job.
男性女性应当同工同酬。
I
would sacrifice my life for equality and freedom.
为了平等和自由我宁愿牺牲生命。
The equation of happiness and wealth is
dangerous.
将幸福与财富等同是很危险的。
He
changed
his
pounds
for
the
equivalence
amount
in
dollars.
他把英镑兑换成等值的美
元。
There is no equivalence of
parental love for kids.
对孩子而言,父母之爱是无可替代的。
8.
appropriate ( adj.)
适当的
appropriately
(adv.)
适当地
inappropriate (adj.)
不适当的,不相称的
e.g.
Appropriate table
manner is required in a formal banquet.
正式聚会要求得体的餐桌礼仪。
Parents need to handle their emotion
appropriately.
父母应当妥当处理自己的情绪。
It
is inappropriate to put the knife into the mouth
at the table.
就餐时不应当将叉子放入口
中。
II. Grammar
1. Simple prepositions and complex
preposition
1)
The
prepositions,
such
as
in
,
of
,
at
,
and
to
,
are
all
single
words.
We
call
them
SIMPLE
PREPOSITIONS.
2) COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS consist of two-
or three-word combinations acting as a single
unit.
Here are some examples:
according to
,
but
for
,
except for
,
in terms of
,
in
point of
,
with regard
to
,
in the case
of
, etc.
Practice
Complete the
following sentences with the appropriate complex
prepositions listed below.
regardless of
but for
in terms of
except for
according to
in case of
1. ___________ a few spelling mistakes,
it is on the whole a good composition.
2. We would have arrived two hours ago
_____________ the traffic jam.
3.
____________ money, they’re quite rich.
4. They divided themselves into three
groups _____________ age.
5.
___________ fire, open this safety door.
6. ___________ danger, he climbed the
tower.
Keys:
1.
Except for
(―Except for‖
means ―
not including
‖. It is
used to show that
a general statement
made in the main
part of the sentence
is not completely true
.)
2.
but for
(―But for‖ means
―
except for the effects
of
‖.)
43
3. In terms
of
(―In terms of‖ means ―
in
the circumstance of
‖.)
4. according to
(―According
to‖ means ―
as determined
by
‖.)
5. In case
of
(―In case of‖ means ―
if
there should happen to be
‖.)
6. Regardless of
(―Regardless of‖ means ―
in
spite of
‖.)
2. Conjunctions
Conjunctions
are
used
to
express
a
connection
between
words
.
There
are
two
types
of
conjunctions
.
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
(or
simply
COORDINATORS)
connect
elements of
equal
syntactic status.
e. g.
Paul
and
David
I play tennis
but
I don't play well.
meat
or
fish
On the other hand,
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(or SUBORDINATORS) connect
elements of
unequal
syntactic status.
e.g
. I left
early
because
I had an
interview the next day
.
I'll be home at nine
if
I can get a
taxi
.
Practice
In each
sentence, insert an appropriate conjunction from
the list below.
as
because
whenever
where
although
or else
wherever
since
1. Many exam
candidates lose marks simply __________ they do
not read the questions properly.
2.
Bill works __________ foreman at Whiting’s
Corporation.
3. ________ the
sun was shining, he went out wearing a coat.
4. ________ I hear that
tune, it makes me think of my former classmates.
5. Take your passport with you
____________ you go.
6.
It’s
a long time ________ I last heard
from Albert.
7. Plant your
fig-tree _________ there is plenty of sunshine.
8. Take your medicine
regularly __________ you won’t get well.
Keys:
1. because
2. as
(―As‖ means ―in the
capacity of‖ while ―like‖ means ―in the manner
of.‖)
3. Although
4. Whenever
5.
wherever
6. since
(―Since‖ introduces a past date,
moment, event, a point of time while ―for‖
introduces a
period of time.)
44
7. where
8. or else
III. Translation
1
.
让她感
到为难的是,要不要把丈夫得了不治之症的真相告诉他。
(dilemma)
Explanation
:
If you are in dilemma, you
are in a state of uncertainty or perplexity
especially as requiring a
choice
between equally unfavorable options.
Translation
:
The dilemma she is facing is whether to
tell her husband the truth about his fatal
disease.
Practice
:
很多女性面临着选择家庭还是事业的两难境地。
Many
women
are
faced
with
the
dilemma
of
choosing
between
work
and
family
commitments.
常见的难题:是留在家人朋友身边
,还是去远方城市谋个好差事?
It is
a common dilemma
: Should you
stay where you have friends and family, or take
that
good job in a far-away city?
微软清楚地意识到这样的两难局面。
Microsoft has clearly seen the
dilemma
that arises.
2.
全世界几乎所有的政府都十分关注这个金融问题。
(be
concerned about)
Explanation
:
If you are concerned about
something, you care about it or you pay great
attention to it.
Translation
:
Almost all the governments in the world
are very much concerned
about
the financial issue.
Practice
:
当前,人们不仅关注要吃好,还要寻求营养平衡。
Nowadays,
people
are
not
only
c
oncerned
about
good
food,
but
also
about
balanced
nutrition.
她最近很出的这本书是关于环境保护的。
Her newly published book is
concerned about
environmental protection.
越来越多的人开始关心自然环境了。
More and more people begin to
concerned about
our natural
environment.
3.
至于英语教学研讨会,我建议本周末召开。
(with
regard to)
Explanation
:
With regard to equals
as for
or
concerning
.
Translation
:
With
regard
to
the
seminar
on
English
teaching,
I
suggest
that
it
be
held
on
the
coming
weekend.
Practice
:
政府已采取了多项调控房价的措施。
45
The government has taken several
regulative measures
with regard
to
housing prices.
< br>由于我的专业是旅游管理,所以我想得到一份与旅游相关的工作。
Since I major in management of tourism,
so I want to get a job
with regard
to
tourism.
亚洲国家对于外国游客也有一些规定,特别是在其国家的逗留时间。
Asian nations do have regulations for
foreign visitors, particularly
with
regard to
length of
stay.
4.
凭
借他的表演潜力,这个小伙子有可能成为娱乐界的超级明星。
(potential)
Explanation
:
If you have potential for
something, you have the inherent capacity for
making it coming into
being.
Translation
:
With
his
acting
potential
,
the
young
man
is
likely
to
be
a
superstar
in
the
field
of
entertainment.
Practice
:
所有人无论性别与家庭背景,都必须发掘自身才能,充分发挥
潜力。
All
girls
and
boys,
from
every
background,
must
discover
their
talents
and
fulfill
their
potential
.
她有做艺术家的潜质。
She
has a potential to be an artist.
文字可以传递大量信息,但是如果使用不当,文字是有可能误导用户的。
Written language is capable of
conveying dense information, but inappropriate use
of text
has a great
potential
to confuse.
Unit 7
I. Vocabulary
Analysis
1. Phrase practice
1. strap in=
have the seat belt fastened on
系紧安全带
e.g.
Strap in, please, the plane is going to
take off soon.
请系好安全带,飞机马上就要起飞了。
2. make a connecting
flight= catch another flight to continue the
journey
转机
e.g.
You don’t have to take a connecting
flight anymore, which saves you three hours.
您不必转
机,从而可以节省三个小时时间。
3. pull oneself together
=controll one's feelings and began behaving calmly
again
冷静,振作
e.g.
It is not the dead end, and you need to
pull yourself together.
现在还不是结束,你要振作起
来。
4. be indebted to= be very
grateful to
感激于
46