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1.
Psycholinguistics
is the study of psychological aspects of language;
it
usually studies the
psychological states and mental activity
associated
with
the
use
of
language.
As
an
interdisciplinary
academic
field
basied
on
psychology
and
linguistics,
psycholinguistics
investigates
the
six
following
subjects:
language
acquisition,
language
comprehension,
language
production,
language
disorders,language
and
thought,
and
cognitive
architecture
of
language,
the
most
important
research
subjects
are
acquisition,
comprehension
and
production.
2.
Language acquisition is one of the
central topics in psycholinguistics.
Acquiring a first language is something
every child does successfully,
in a
matter of a few years and without the
need for formal
lessons.
Four
phrases
are
identified
and
acknowledged
in
the
process
of
language acquisition: holophrastic
stage, two-word stage, three-word
utterances, and, fluent grammatical
conversation stage.
3.
holophrastic stage is the first phase
of language acquisition. The main
linguistic accomplishments during this
stage are control of the speech
musculature
and
sensitivity
to
the
phonetic
distinctions
used
in
the
parent
s’
language. Shortly before their first birthday,
babies begin to
unstand words, and
around that birthday, they start to produce them.
4.
two-word stage
is the second phase of language
acquisition. Around
18 months, the
child begins to learn
words at the rate
of one every
two
walking
hours,
and
keeps
learning
that
rate
or
faster
through
adolescence.
5.
Three-word
utterances stage is the third phase of language
acquisition.
Three-word utterances look
like samples drawn from longer potential
sentences expressing a complete and
more complated idea.
6.
connectionism:
With
respection
to
the
respect
to
language
comprehension,
connectionism
in
psycholinguistics
claims
that
readers use the same
system of links between spelling units and sound
units to generate the pronunciations of
written words and to access the
pronunciations
of
familiar
words,
or
words
that
are
exceptions
to
these patterns. In this view,
similarity
and frequency play
important
roles
in
processing
and
comprehending
language,
with
the
novel
iterms being processed based on their
similarity to known ones.
7.
Cohort
model
is
a
supposed doctrine
dealing
with
the
spoken
word
recognition
postulation
postulated
by
Marslen-Wilson
and
Welsh
in
1990.
It
is
suggested
that
the
first
few
phonemes
of
a
spoken
word
activate a set or cohort of word
candidates that are consistent with the
input. These candidates compete with
one another for activation. As
more
acoustic
input
is
analyzed,
candidates
that
are
no
longer
consistent with the
input drop out of the set. This process
continues
until only one word candidate
is a clear winner.
8.
Interactive model holds that in
recognizing the spoken words higher
processing
levels have
direct,
“
top-
down
”
influence on lower
levels.
Lexical
knowedge
can
affect
the
perception
of
phonemes. There
is
interactivity
in
the
formal
of
lexical
effects
on
the
perception
of
sublexical units. In
certain cases, listeners
’
knowledge of words can
lead
to
the
inhibition
of
certain
phonems;
in
other
cases,
listeners
continue to
“
hear
”
phonemes that have been removed from the speech
signal and replaced by noise.
9.
Race
model
suggests
in
spoken
word
recognition
there
are
two
routes
that
race
each
other
—
a
pre-lexical
route,
which
computers
phonological information from the
acoustic signal, and a lexical route
in
which
the
phonological
information
associated
with
a
word
becomes
available
when
the
word
itself
is
accessed
When
word
—
level
information appears to affect a lower-level
process, it is
assumed that the lexical
route won the race.
10.
Serial
model
proposes
that
the
sentence
comprehension
system
continually
and
sequentially
follows
the
constraints
of
a
language
grammar
with
remarkable
speed.
serial
model
describes
how
the
processor
quickly
constructs
one
or
more
representations
of
a
sentence
based
on
a
restricted
range
of
information
that
is
guaranteed to be relevant
to its interpretation ,primarily grammatical
information .Any such representation is
then quickly
interpreted and
evaluated, using the full
range of information that might be
relevant.