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Define the
following terms:
1.
Linguistics:
Linguistics
is
generally
defined
as
the
scientific
study
of
language.
2.
Phonology:
The study of how sounds are put together and used
in communication
is called phonology.
3.
Syntax: The
study of how morphemes and words are combined to
form sentences is
called syntax. .
4.
Pragmatics:
The study of meaning in context of use is called
pragmatics.
5.
Psycholinguistics:
The
study
of
language
with
reference
to
the
workings
of
mind
is called
psycholinguistics.
6.
Language:
Language
is
a
system
of
arbitrary
vocal
symbols
used
for
human
communication.
7.
Phonetics:
The study of sounds which are used in linguistic
communication is
called phonetics.
8.
Morphology:
The study of the way in which morphemes are
arranged to form words
is called
morphology.
9.
Semantics: The study of meaning in
language is called semantics.
10.
Sociolinguistics: The study of language
with reference to society is called
sociolinguistics.
11.
Applied
linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied
linguistics refers to the
application
of
linguistic
principles
and
theories
to
language
teaching
and
learning,
especially
the
teaching
of
foreign
and
second
languages.
In
a
broad
sense,
it
refers
to
the
application
of
linguistic
findings
to
the
solution
of
practical
problems
such
as
the recovery of speech ability.
12.
Arbitrariness:
It
is
one
of
the
design
features
of
language.
It
means
that
there
is no logical connection between
meanings and sounds
13.
Productivity:
Language
is
productive
or
creative
in
that
it
makes
possible
the
construction and
interpretation of new signals by its users.
14.
Displacement: Displacement means that
language can be used to refer to things
which are present or not present, real
or imagined matters in the past, present,
or future, or in far-away places. In
other words, language can be used to refer to
contexts removed from the immediate
situations of the speaker
15.
Duality: The
duality nature of language means that
language is a
system, which
consists of two sets of structure, or
two levels, one of sounds and the other of
meanings.
16.
Design features: Design features refer
to the defining properties of human
language that distinguish it from any
animal system of communication
17.
Competence:
Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's
knowledge of the
rules of his language,
18.
Performance:
performance
is
the
actual
realization
of
the
knowledge
of
the
rules
in
linguistic communication.
19.
Langue :
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system
shared by all the
members of a speech
community; Langue is the set of conventions and
rules which
language users all have
to follow; Langue is relatively stable,
it does
not change
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。
frequently
20.
Parole:
Parole refers to the realization of langue in
actual use; parole is
the
concrete
use
of
the
conventions
and
the
application
of
the
rules;
parole
varies
from person to
person, and from situation to situation.45.
phonology: Phonology
studies
the
system
of
sounds
of
a
particular
language;
it
aims
to
discover
how
speech
sounds in a language
form patterns and how these sounds are used to
convey meaning
in linguistic
communication.
21.
phoneme:
The
basic
unit
in
phonology
is
called
phoneme;
it
is
a
unit
of
distinctive
value.
But
it
is
an
abstract
unit.
To
be
exact,
a
phoneme
is
not
a
sound;
it is a collection of distinctive
phonetic features.
22. allophone: The
different phones which can represent a phoneme in
different
phonetic environments are
called the allophones of that phoneme.
23. international phonetic alphabet: It
is a standardized and internationally
accepted system of phonetic
transcription.
24.
intonation:
When
pitch,
stress
and
sound
length
are
tied
to
the
sentence
rather
than the word in
isolation, they are collectively known as
intonation.
25. phonetics: Phonetics is
defined
as the study of the
phonic medium
of language;
it is concerned with all the sounds
that occur in the world' s languages
26.
auditory
phonetics:
It
studies
the
speech
sounds
from
the
hearer's
point
of
view.
It studies how the sounds are perceived
by the hear-er.
27.
acoustic
phonetics:
It
studies
the
speech
sounds
by
looking
at
the
sound
waves.
It
studies the physical means by which speech sounds
are transmitted through the
air from
one person to another.
528.
phone
:
Phones
can
be
simply
defined
as
the
speech
sounds
we
use
when
speaking
a
language.
A
phone
is
a
phonetic
unit
or
segment.
It
does
not
necessarily
distinguish
meaning.
529.
phonemic
contrast:
Phonemic
contrast
refers
to
the
relation
between
two
phonemes.
If
two
phonemes
can
occur
in
the
same
environment
and
distinguish
meaning,
they are in
phonemic contrast.
30. tone: Tones are
pitch variations, which are caused by the
differing rates of
vibration of the
vocal cords.
31. minimal pair: When two
different forms are identical in every way except
for
one sound segment which occurs in
the same place in the strings, the two words are
said to form a minimal pair.
33.
Morphology:
Morphology
is
a
branch
of
grammar
which
studies
the
internal
structure of words
and the rules by which words are formed.
34.
inflectional
morphology: The inflectional morphology studies
the inflections
35.
derivational
morphology:
Derivational
morphology
is
the
study
of
word-
formation.
36.
Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful
unit of language.
37.
free
morpheme:
Free
morphemes
are
the
morphemes
which
are
independent
units
of
meaning and can be used
freely all by themselves or in combination with
other
morphemes.
38.
Bound
morpheme:
Bound
morphemes
are
the
morphemes
which
cannot
be
used
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。
independently
but have to be combined with other morphemes,
either free or bound,
to form a word.
39.
Root:
A
root
is
often
seen
as
part
of
a
word;
it
can
never
stand
by
itself
although
it
bears
clear,
definite
meaning;
it
must
be
combined
with
another
root
or
an
affix
to form
a word.
40.
Affix: Affixes are of two types:
inflectional and derivational. Inflectional
affixes manifest various grammatical
relations or grammatical categories, while
derivational affixes are added to an
existing form to create a word.
41.
Prefix:
Prefixes
occur
at
the
beginning
of
a
word
.
Prefixes
modify
the
meaning
of
the stem, but they usually do not change the part
of speech of the original
word.
42.
Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end
of the stems; they modify the meaning of
the original word and in many cases
change its part of speech.
43.
Derivation:
Derivation is a process of word formation by which
derivative
affixes are added to an
existing form to create a word.
44.
Compounding:
Compounding can be viewed as the combination of
two or sometimes
more than two words to
create new words.
45.
syntax:
Syntax
is
a
subfield
of
linguistics.
It
studies
the
sentence
structure
of
language.
It
consists
of
a
set
of
abstract
rules
that
allow
words
to
be
combined
with other words to
form grammatical sentences.
46.
Sentence:
A
sentence
is
a
structurally
independent
unit
that
usually
comprises
a number of words
to form a complete statement, question or command.
Normally, a
sentence
consists
of
at
least
a
subject
and
a
predicate
which
contains
a
finite
verb
or a
verb phrase.
47.
coordinate sentence: A coordinate
sentence contains two clauses joined by a
linking word called coordinating
conjunction, such as
48.
syntactic categories: Apart from
sentences and clauses, a syntactic category
usually
refers
to
a
word
(called
a
lexical
category)
or
a
phrase
(
called
a
phrasal
category) that performs a particular
grammatical function.
49. grammatical
relations: The structural and logical functional
relations of
constituents are called
grammatical relations. The grammatical relations
of a
sentence concern the way each noun
phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In
many cases, grammatical relations in
fact refer to who does what to whom .
50.
linguistic
competence:
Universally
found
in
the
grammars
of
all
human
languages,
syntactic rules comprise the system of
internalized linguistic knowledge of a
language speaker known as linguistic
competence.
51.
Transformational
rules:
Transformational
rules
are
the
rules
that
transform
one
sentence type into
another type.
52.
D-structure:
D-
structure
is
the
level
of
syntactic
representation
that
exists
before movement takes place. Phrase
structure rules, with the insertion of the
lexicon, generate sentences at the
level of D-structure.
53.
Semantics:
Semantics
can
be
simply
defined
as
the
study
of
meaning
in
language.
54.
Sense: Sense
is concerned with the
inherent
meaning of the linguistic
form.
It
is the collection
of all the features of the linguistic form; it is
abstract and
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