-
第十一章
Part Two
The Republic of
Ireland
爱尔兰共和国
地理与历史
Geography and History
不列颠群岛由两大岛屿和几百座小岛组成。
< br>两大岛屿是大不列颠和爱尔兰岛。
爱尔兰也因其乡村
绿荫
而被称为绿宝石岛。
爱尔兰分为两个政治区域：
北爱尔兰和爱尔
兰共和国。
北爱尔兰是联合
王国的一部分。爱尔兰共和国是个独
立国家。
The British
Isles are made up of two large islands and
hundreds of small ones. The
two large islands are Great Britain and
Ireland. Ireland is also called the
Emerald
Isle
because ot its rich green countryside.
Ireland
is
divided into
two political
units.
They
are
Northern
Ireland
and
the
Republic
of
Ireland. Northern Island is
part
of the
United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is
an independent country.
phical
Features
地理特征
爱尔兰共和国的面积为
70
，
282
平方公里。与北爱尔兰接壤的边界为
434
公里。
The
Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 land
border with Northern
Ireland is 434 km.
首都是都柏林，
The
capital is Dublin.
爱尔兰一直被比作
盆地，内有海滨高地围起的石灰岩高原。海洋性气候影响全国。
Ireland has been compared
to a basin in which a
limestone
plateau
is
rimmed
by
coastal
highland
s. Maritime
influences penetrate the land.
最高峰是卡朗图山
(1
，
041
米
)
The highest peaks
are
Carrantuohill
(1,041 m)
爱尔兰最大的河是香农河，它发源于斯利戈湾附近的高原
,
香农河为共和国提供了大部分电力。
The largest river in Ireland
is
the
Shannon
River
. It rises in the plateau near
Sligo
Bay, The
Shannon River provides electric power for much of
the Republic.
多
样化是低地的主要特征。
中部低地是爱尔兰的心脏。
山谷的通道
和低地走廊通向每一个爱尔兰
海岸，
Variety is the main feature of the
lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of
Ireland. Easy passageways
along valley and lowland
corridors
lead from it to every Irish
shore.
因为爱尔兰在冰川时
期完全被冰层覆盖，现在所有的动植物种类都是从欧洲其他地方迁徙来的。
As Ireland was completely
covered by ice sheets during the lce Age, all
extant plants
and animals
are migrant species from other parts of Europe.
沼泽仍是爱尔兰最重要的地形特征。在所有山脉中随处可见，
并覆盖低地的大片地
区。
．
Bogs
remain the most
significant feature of Irish landscape. They occur
on all the
mountains and
cover large areas of the lowlands.
l.
气候
Climate and Weather
爱尔兰的气候被描绘成温和、温润
和多变
,
地理学家把全岛划分为六大气候区：
< br>
The weather of Ireland
is described as mild, moist and changeable.
Geographers
have
distinguished six climatic regions
爱尔兰雨量过多。中部低地
,
是爱尔兰雨量最
少的地区
Ireland
has
excessive
rainfall
. The Central Lowland is the
area of the lightest rainfall in
Ireland,
东北部以极佳的农场和庄稼闻名
The Northeast is noted for its
excellent cattle pastures and crops.
Ⅲ
.
人口与
宗教
Population and Religion
爱尔兰的基本民族是凯尔特人，同
时还混合有挪威人、法国人、诺曼人和英国人。
In
Ireland
the
basic
ethnic
stock
is
Celtic,
with
an admixture
of
Norse
,
French, Norman
and
English.
因为其种族的同一性，历史上的爱尔兰一直没有种族冲突。
There
are
no
significant
ethnic
minorities
.
Historically
Ireland
has
been
free
of
ethnic conflicts because of its racial
homogeneity.
爱尔兰有四大不寻常的人口特征：
Ireland has four unusual
demographic
features:
(1)
结合整个世纪的迁移而形成的
低出生率；
a low birthrate
compounded
by a century of
emigration,
(2)
晚婚
(
男性
35
岁，女性
< br>29
岁
)
；
a late marriage age (35 for men and 29 for women),
(3)
人口中男性过剩；
an
excess of males in the population .
(4)
人口中各种年龄的独身男女占高比例。
a high proportion of
bachelors
and
spinsters
of
all ages.
1845
年开始的大饥荒标志着爱尔兰社会历史的一个时代结束和另一个时
代的开始。
The year
1845, when the Great
Famine
began, marks the end of one era and the
beginning of another in the
social history of Ireland.
在人口自然下降的基础上雪上加霜的是同样历史悠久的人口外迁浪潮。从
1845
年起，赤贫的人
们跳上任何一艘能运载他们渡过爱尔兰海或大西洋的船
只。约有
6
百万人离开了爱尔兰。
To natural decrease was
added a flow of emigration almost as 1845
onward
the
desperately poor
sought
any
ship that could carry them across the Irish Sea
or the Atlantic. some 6
million people are estimated to have left Ireland
in the century
following
the Great Famine.
爱尔兰自由邦建立后
(1921
年
)
，移民锐减。
After the establishment of
the Irish Free State
(1921), emigration
showed a sharp
decline.
爱尔兰有两种官方语言：爱尔兰语
(
凯尔特语
)
和英语。
There are
two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish
(or Gaelic) and English,
爱尔
兰是欧洲最为信奉天主教的国家。美国约有一半的天主教主教是爱尔兰裔。
Ireland is one of the
most
Catholic
countries
of
Europe. About half the
Catholic
bishops in the
United States are of Irish origin.
爱尔兰圣公会是最大的非天主教教派。
尽管天主教占绝对优势，
但很少发生反对非天主教徒的宗
教歧视。
Despite
，
denomination
non-
Catholic largest the is Ireland of Church
Anglican
The
non-against very the
Catholic predominance, there is little religious
discrimination
Catholics.
Historical
Background
.
Ⅳ历史背景
世在史前时代，爱尔兰遭受许多凯尔特部落的入侵，最重要
的是盖尔人。约公元前
4
，
纪他们抵达
此岛，
征服了北方的皮克特人和南方的爱兰人部落
(
这是爱尔兰名称的来源
)
后来
< br>他们定居下来建立了繁荣的盖尔文明。
most times. The
Celtic a number of tribes
in
prehistoric
by Ireland was
invaded
They about the 4th
BC. century island They important were the Gaels.
arrived in the
tribe (from whom the name Ireland is
Erainn
conquered
the
Picts
in the north and
the
derived) in the south.
Then they settled down to establish a flourishing
Gaelic civilization.
年圣帕特里克
来到爱尔兰岛，并把此岛变爱尔兰历史上最重要的事件或许是公元
432
成学问中
心和基督教文化中心。
in AD 432 was perhaps the
most important event in Irish
Patrick
The
arrival of
St.
history and transformed the island into
a centre of learning and Christian culture.
年。亨利八世是使爱尔兰置于英国的完全英国人和爱尔兰人之
间的冲突持续了近
800
统治下的
首位国王。
Conflict
between the English and the Irish went on for
almost 800 years. Henry VIII
was the first king to bring all Ireland
under English control.
年苏格兰定居者在乌尔斯特建立殖民地。
1610Scottish
settlers established a colony in Ulster in
1610.
年，
英国人签署了
< br>-1921)
爱尔兰共和军和英国政府之间爆发了战争
(
1919
，
1921
《英爱条约》<
/p>
，
建立拥有自治身份的爱尔兰自由邦，并在国教占统治地位的北爱
尔兰建立
分离的政府。
War
broke out between the Irish Republican
Army (IRA) and the British government
(1919~21). In 1921 the British signed
the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free
Protestant-dominated
dominion State with status in the government
separate
with a
Northern Ireland.
年就职的阿蒙·德·凡勒拉领导的爱尔兰没有参加二战，以表明它与英国人之间
19
32
年颁布一
部新宪法，选出的总统取代了总督，国家的名称正
式改为爱尔
1937
的长期不睦，
兰。
Under
Eamon de
Valera,
who took office in 1932,
Ireland kept out of World War 1I to
demonstrate its continued
displeasure
with the
British. In 1937, under a new constitution,
the Governor-General was
replaced by an elected president and the name of
the country
was officially
changed to Ireland (Eire in Gaelic).
<
/p>
1948
年，爱尔兰投票使自己脱离英联邦，
1949
年
4
月
< br>18
日宣布为共和国。
In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of
the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949
declared itself a republic.
Ⅴ
.
外交政策
Foreign Policy
独立以来，爱尔兰一直奉行中立与不结盟政策。
Since independence Ireland
has
adhered
to a policy of
neutrality
and
nonalignment,
1979
年
6
月<
/p>
22
日，爱尔兰与中国建立外交关系。目前爱尔兰与
46
个国家保持外交关系。
Ireland established
diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979.
Ireland
currently maintains
diplomatic relations with 46 countries.
第十二章
今日爱尔兰
Ireland
Today
Ⅰ
.
政治体制
Political Structure