-
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动
作，即
“
过去的过去（
past-in-the-past
）
”
。
----|-------------------------- |------
-------------------------|------------------------
---->
那时以前
那时
现在
构成：过去完成时由
“
助动词
had +
过去
分词
”
构成，其中
had
通用于
各种人称。
They had already had breakfast before
they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing
the composition by 10
：
00
this morning.
二、过去完成时的判断依据
1.
由时间状语来判定
一般说来，
各种时态都有特定的时间
状语。
与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
（
1
）
by +
过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by
nine o'clock last night.
（
2
）
by the end of +
过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand
English words by the end of last
term.
（
3
）
before +
过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees
before last Wednesday.
2. <
/p>
由
“
过去的过去
”
来判定。
过去完成时表示
“
过去的过去
”
，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动
作，即动作有先后关系
，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种
用法常出现在：
（
1
）宾语从句中
当宾语
从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从
句要用过去完成时。
在
told, said, knew, heard, thou
ght
等动词后的宾语从句。
如：
She
said that she had seen the film before.
（
2
）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语
从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后
关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要
用一般过去时。如：
When I got to the station,
the train had already left.
After he had
finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：
before, after
引导的时间状语从句中，
由于
before
和
after
本
身已表达了动作的先后
关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用
一般过去时。如：
Where did you study before you came
here?
After he closed the
door, he left the classroom.
（
3
）
表示意向的动词，
如
hope, wish, expect, think,
intend, mean, suppose
等，用过去完成时表示
< br>
原本
…
，未能
< br>…
We had hoped that you would
come, but you didn't.
3.
根据上、下文来判定。
I
met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't
seen each other
since he went to
Beijing.
三、过去完成时的主要用法
1.
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之
前已经完
成或结束，即发生在
“
过去的
过去
”
。如：
When I woke up, it had
stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了
。（主句的动作发生在
“
过去的过去
”
）
2.
过去完成时是一个相对的时态
，表示的是
“
过去的过去
”
，只有和过去
某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：
He told me that he had written a new
book. (had written
发生在
told
之前
)
3.
过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，
它不能离开过去时
间而独立存在。
此时多与<
/p>
already
，
yet
，
still
，
just
，
before
，
never
等
时间副词及
by
，
before
，
until
等引导的短语或从句连用。如：
Before she came
to China, Grace had taught English in a middle
school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300
Chinese stamps by the time he
was ten.
4.
过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，
一直
延续
到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：
By the end of last year, he had worked
in the factory for twenty years.
（
had worked
已有了
20
年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去
，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的
影响，与现在有关，其结构为
“
助动词
have (has)
+
过去分词
”
；过去完成时则是
一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调
“
过去的过去
”
，只有
和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so
far.
到目前为止我已经学会了
1000
个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English
words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了
1000
个英语单词。
—
I'm sorry to
keep you waiting.
对不起，让你久等了。
—
Oh, not at
all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么，我只等了几分钟。（
“
等
”
的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
—
John returned home yesterday.
约翰昨天回到家的。
—
Where had he been?
他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在
returned home
之前去
了哪些地方，即
“
过去的过去
”
）
五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的
动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注
意以下几点：
1.
时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调
“
过去的过去
”
；而一般过去
时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten
yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten
yesterday.
2.
在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，
< br>谓语动词动作发生的时间先后
须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发
生的则用一般过去时。如：
She was very happy. Her
whole family were pleased with her, too. She
had just won the first in the
composition competition.
3.
当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用
and
或
but
连接时，
按时间顺
序，
只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；
另外，
在
before
，
after
，
as soon
as
引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后
，因此也可以用过
去时来代替过去完成时。如：
He
entered the room, turned on the light
an
d read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the
office.
英语过去完成时重难点实例讲解
<
/p>
要掌握好英语过去完成时，最关键的一点是要掌握它的含义。现在很多的文
章在讲解过去完成时的时候，都用了一句流行的说法，叫
“
过去的过去
”
。虽然这
样的概括点
明了过去完成时的要点，但究竟什么才叫
“
过去的过去
”
呢？如果不搞
清它的含义，只是去记住什么时
间状语
(
如：
before, by,
until , when, after
等
)
，
或者记住哪些动词常用于过去完成时等等，是不能很好掌握过去完成时的。<
/p>
一、重点
英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去
完成时呢？要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是：假设在过去发生了两件
(
或以上
)
的事件，一件是
< br>A
事件，另一件是
B
事件，如果
A
、
B
两个事
件几乎是同时发生
的，
那就用一般过去时；
但是，
如果
A
、
< br>B
两个事件不是同时发生的，
怎么办呢？
那就是：
哪个事件先发生，
就用过去完成时；
哪个事件后发生，
就用过去完成时。
在上面的假
设中，如果
A
事件先发生，
A
就用过去完成时；如果
B
事件先发生，
B
就用过去完成时；而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示
的。请
看例句：
［例
1
］
She said (that) she
had never been to Paris.
［例
2
］
When the police arrived,
the thieves had run away.
［例
3
］
We
had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
［例
4
］
Tom
was disappointed that most of the guests had left
when he arrived
at the party.
［例
5
］<
/p>
The students were writing, busily when
Miss Brown went to get a book
she had
left in the office.
在上面的五个例子中，我们只要稍微分析
一下，就可以发现：每个例子讲述
的内容中，都包含着两个
(<
/p>
或以上
)
在过去发生的事件。我们将两件
事抽取出来看
一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后发生的：
［例
1
］
……said…… had never been to
(
先没有
“
去
”
，后
“
说
”)
［例
2
］
……arrived……had run away. (
先
“
跑
”
了，后
“
到
”)
< br>
［例
3
］
……
had hoped ……would come……didn't (
先
“
希望
”
，后才发生
“
没去
”)
［例
4
］
……was
disappointed……had left ……arrived (
先
“
离开
”
，
后
“
到达
”
和
“
失
望
< br>”)
［例
5
< br>］
……were writing……went ……had
left
(
先
“
离开
”
，后
“
到
”
和
“
写
”)
二、难点
过去完成时的难点在于：有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件，因此无法比
较两个事件的
先后。那为什么也用过去完成时呢？请看下面的例句：
［例
1
］
By
the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a
living by
himself.
实际上，在上面的例句中，仍然有着
“
先、后
”
之分的。不过，这次不是<
/p>
A
、
B
两件
事件的先后，而是有两个过去时间的
“
先、
后
”
关系。
首先，句子中有个明确的过去时间点：
12
岁。说他
“12
岁
”
，显然是过
去式。
那么，
紧接着说
“
他已经开始谋生了
”
，
这个
“
谋生
”
是发
生在
“12
岁
”
时，
还是
“12
岁
< br>”
前，
还是
“12
岁
”
后？答案是肯定的：
他
的
“
谋生
”
发
生在
“12
岁
”
之前
!
也就是说，
“12
岁
”
已经是一般过去时，而在
“12
岁
”
之前发生的事，当然是
过去完成时。所以，在
那么多表示时间状语的词中，大家要特别注意
By
、
Until
等的用法。可以
说，在
讲述过去的事件中，
如果出现
B
y……
时间状语，
很有可能要用过去完成时了。
(
当
然，我说的是很有可能。
)
类似的时间表达方式还有
Until
、
Before
等。
只要大家把握
了过去完成时的基
本含义，不管句子怎么变化，应该没有多大的问题。例如：
［例
2
］
Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six month.
?
此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点
那时
)
，而
发生在
then
之前
(
包
括
then)
。所以此句用的是过去完成时。
< br>
再举
两个例子，请大家自己分析：
［例
3
］
We
had learned about 4000 English words by the end of
last term.
［例
4
］
I
waited until he had finished his homework.
［例
5
］
We
had got to the station before 10:00.
过去完成时练习和分析
［提示］请先
阅读本站的文章
“
过去完成时重难点实例讲解
< br>”
，然后完成下列练习。
汉译英
1.
到上学期你们学会了多少首歌？
2.
到昨天晚上，
他把这篇课文读了三
遍。
< br>3.
十点钟前，我们到达了车站。
4.
< br>在他上中学之前，已学会了两百多个英语
单词。
5.
当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始五分钟了。
6.
昨天找看见李平了。自从我
们离开北京，
就一直没有见面。
7.
我昨天没有给魏华那本书，因为她已经为自己买了一本。
8.
他问李先生是
< br>否已经回来了
9.
我听说他住那五年了。
1.
How
many songs had you learned by the end of last
term?
［注］两个时间点的比较。
2. By yesterday evening, he had read
the text three times.
［注］两个时间点的比较。
3. We had got to the station before
10:00.
［注］两个时间点的比较。
4. He had learned two hundred English
words before he went to middle
school.
［注］两个事件的比较。
we got to the cinema,
the film had been on for five minutes.
［注］两个事件的比较。
6. I saw Li Ping
yesterday. We had not seen each other since we
left
Beijing.
［注］两个事件的比较。
7. I did not give the book to Wei Hua
yesterday, because she had already
bought a copy for herself.
［注］两个事件的比较。
8. He asked if Mr Li
had already come back.
［注］两个事件的比较。
9. I heard he had lived there for five
years.
［注］两个事件的比较。
练习
1 They
usually_____TV in the evening.
A. watch
B. will watch
C. are watching
D.
watches
2 The sun ___ in the east
and___ in the west.
A.
raises; set B. rise; sets C. rises; sets D. rises;
set
3 Our teacher will return by the
time school________.
A. will begin
B. began
C. is
beginning
D. begins
4
-I usually have milk and bread for breakfast. What
about you, Jim?
-So do I, but my sister ___.
A. hasn't
B. doesn't
C. didn't
D. won't
5 -That ten pound
note belongs to me. --__________
A.
Yes, it belongs B. No, it doesn't C. Yes, it is D.
No, it isn't
6 She will go if it ___
tomorrow.
A. isn't rain
B. don't rain
C. doesn't
rain
D. didn't rain
初中英语综合时态练习
(1)
B.1 .My sister _____ the
Youth League last year. She _____ a Youth League
member for about a year now.
A.
joined…has
become
B.
joined…has
been
C.
has
joined…has been
D. did join…had been
C.2. Neither of us ______ a
doctor.
A. were
B. am
C.
is
D. are
C.3. Mr Zhao doesn’t like
swimming, _____?
A.
didn’t
he
B.
did
he
C.
does
he
D. won’t he
C.4. I’ll talk to him when
he ______.
A. come
B. will come
C. comes
D.
came
C.5. They
_____ supper when we _____ into the room.
A.
are
having…went
B.
were
having…go
C.
were
having…went
D. are having…go
D.6. We’ll go climbing if
it _____ t
omorrow.
A.
won’t
rain
B.
did
rain
C.
isn’t
rain
D.
doesn’t
rain
A.7. I
don’t know if it _____ tomorrow.
A.
will
rain
B.
rains
C.
rained
D. is rain
D.8.
Nathan Hale ____ he ____ his life for his country.
A.
said…give
B.
says…will
give
C.
said…gives
D. said…would give
C.9. Most people ____ TV.
A.
enjoy
to
watch
B.
enjoy
watch
C.
enjoy
watching
D. enjoys
watching
____ his cap and
went
out.
A.
put
on
B.
puts
on
C.
had
put
D. will
put on
long
_____ your uncle ____ in the army ?
A.
has…joined
B.
has…been
C.
does…join
D. had…joi
ned
_____ the work in a week.
A.
have
finished
B.
finishes
C.
is
finishing
D.
will
finish
students _____ the History Museum if
it _____ fine tomorrow.
A.
will
visit….is
B.
will
visit…will
be
C.
would
visit
…was
D.
would visit…would be
____ me whether I _____ the book
before.
A.
asked…had
read
B.
asked…shall
read
C.
asked…would
read
D. asked…has
read
the end of
last term, we _____ Book Five.
A.
have
learned
B.
would
learn
C.
had
learned
D. were
learning
A.16._____ she
_____ her lessons at seven yesterday evening
?
A.
Was…going
over
B.
Is…go
over
C.
Has…gone
over
D.
Will…go over
can’t go to
the cinema with me because
he ____ a
meeting.
A.
was
having
B.
would
have
C.
is
having
D.
had
of the two
dictionaries ____ very useful.
A. are
B. is
C.
was
D. am
C.19. He _____ to me since last month.
A.
didn’t
write
B.
hadn’t
written
C.
hasn’t
written
D.
won’t write
D.20. Xu Ping ____ to Japan only once.
A.
has
gone
B.
had
gone
C.
had
been
D. has been
B.21. Nobody ____ the
answer.
A.
have
known
B.
knew
C.
didn’t
know
D.
are knowing
B.22.______ you
ever ____ to Nanjing ?
A.
Have…gone
B.
Have…been
C.
Do…go
D. Will
…g
o
C.23. He
____ he ____ something wrong before.
A. says…was
B. say….have
done
C. said…had done
D. said…would
do
D.24. He ____ me he ____
an interesting book.
A. tell…would borrow
B. told …will borrow
C.
tell…w
ill borrow
D.
told …had
borrowed
B.25.
Thomas Edison ____ already ____ a chemistry lab
for himself by the time he ____ ten.
A.
has…built…was
B.
had…built…was
C.
would…build…was
D.
was…building…is
A.26. At the age of eleven, my
grandfather _____ to work in a factory.
A. began
B. has begun
C.
will begin
D.
begins
D.27. One
day while I ____ along the street, I ____ someone
calling.
A.
walked…was
hearing
B.
was
walking…ha
s
heard
C.
was
walking…had heard
D. was walking…heard
C.28. Neither I nor he
_____.
A.
can swims well
B. are swimming
well
C.
swims
well
D.
have
swum well
D.29. ____ you ____ where your sister
has gone ?
A.
Did …know
B. Will…know
C. Are…know
D. Do
…know
C.30.
Betty ____ morning exercises yesterday.
A. not did
B. don't do
C. didn’t
do
D. won’t
do
C.31. The
door of her room _____ every day.
A. are not cleaned
B. not are
cleaned
C. is not cleaned
D. not
is cleaned
rubbish ____ for three
weeks.
A. collected
B. is collected
C.
has collected
D. has been
collected
1980 the bridge ______.
A. was completed
B.
had been completed
C.
has been completed
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