《FACS》附录一(面部表情编码系统)_高中生题库网|高考真题|高考试题-「密云二中」

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2021年2月12日发(作者：零七八碎)

Appendix I:

Index to Video Examples

AUs and combinations that are illustrated with MPEG video are sorted in AU order in the table below. Each video is

cross-referenced to the filename of the video clip, the Manual page containing the scoring commentary, and the sequence

of the clip in the continuous MPEG master video (roughly the order of appearance in the Manual and in the table of scor-

ing commentaries). (The digital transfer of the original film examples does not contain the newer examples.) The video

clips are in the Examples/Video directory of the CD ROM. (An identical set of video clips in QuickTime

format can be

found in the Examples/Video/QT directory.) The continuous MPEG is in the Manual directory. Online viewers can click

e hyperlinks in the column “Filename of Video Clip” to see the video, and the links in the “Page Number of Scoring

Commentary” to see the commentary.

AUs Illustrated

1+2

1+2+4

1+2+5

1+4

4+5

5+7

6+7 (i)

6+7 (ii)

6+7+12

6+12 (i)

6+12 (ii)

6+15

6+4E3, 7+43E

Filename of Video

Clip

AU1_

AU1_2_

AU1_

AU4_

AU5_

AU6_

AU67_12

AU6_

AU6_7_

Page Number

of Scoring

Commentary

page 413

page 416

page 415

page 413

page 415

page 414

page 415

page 414

page 423

page 422

page 424

page 416

Sequence in

MPEG

Master

Facial Action Coding System

377

Index to Video Examples

7 (i)

7 (ii)

7+12

8+26

9+16+25 AU9_

9+17

10+12+16+25

10+12+25

10+14

10+15

10+15+17

10+16+25

10+17

10+17+23

10+20+25

10+22+25

10+23+25

12 (i)

12 (ii)

12+15

12+15+17

12+16+25

AU7_

AU8_

page 414

page 422

page 429

page 417

page 418

AU9_

AU10_

page 418

page 417

page 423

page 420

page 419

page 418

page 419

page 427

page 421

page 426

page 421

AU12_

AU14_

page 421

page 422

page 424

page 423

page 424

page 427

page 426

page 423

page 424

page 422

page 420

12+17

12+17+23

12+23

12+24

12+26

12+27

14+17

Facial Action Coding System

378

14+23

15+17

15+17+23

15+23

16+20+25

16+22+25

16+23+25

AU14_

AU15_

AU17_

AU18_

AU20_

AU22_

AU23_

page 426

page 417

page 419

page 427

page 428

page 421

page 429

page 418

page 417

page 427

page 425

page 428

page 429

page 419

page 428

page 420

page 429

page 428

page 425

page 428

page 425

page 430

page 431

16+25 (i)

16+25 (ii)

17+23

17+24

18+23

20+23+25

20+26

20+27

22+23+25

22+25

23+26

Facial Action Coding System

379

Index to Video Examples

38; 39

M55

M57

M59

M60

M61

M68

M69

M83

AU38_

page 431

page 415

page 432

page 433

page 432

Facial Action Coding System

380

Appendix II:

Scores for Reference

Example Images and Videos

The example images and videos portray AUs to illustrate AU descriptions

. Although every attempt was made to use

examples that show only the AUs intended to be represented, this goal was not always achieved because of the difficulty

of eliminating all other actions from the performance of the intended AUs. Below are complete FACS scores for each of

the example images. These scores contain the intensity score, which is usually not emphasized in the AU descriptions of

Section A, a unilateral prefix if unilateral or an asymmetry score (a scoring option) if asymmetrical. These scores allow

the careful student to determine more precisely what causes certain appearances in the example images. An example may

inadvertently contain a score for an AU that has not been previously discussed. If so, focus on the intended AUs and

return to the example later when the as yet unfamiliar AU is discussed. The scores for the examples will help to under-

stand the relevance of the examples for scoring decisions made in practical scoring situations after FACS training is com-

plete. The commentaries present the evidence for the AUs scored and the intensity assigned, and discuss why other AUs

were not scored. Any difficulties in scoring are highlighted. In the scoring of the video, the scores pertain to the maximum

extent of the movement in the clip and include all the actions of significance, regardless of the complexities that might be

introduced by the event scoring in Chapter 11.

If you are reading online, click the thumbnail to view the image in an external viewer, click the page number link to move

to the

Manual

page containing the image, or click on the “(Get Neutral)” link to see the neutral for the person in an exter

nal viewer.

Example Image

Image Name &

Page Number

page 465

FACS Score

Rationale

The face is not showing any action, often called a neutral face. The

face is not actually at rest because the eyes are open, the jaw is

closed, etc., but no AU can be scored. This neural face is the base-

line for scoring AUs in the example images of this person, and

similar states of “neutral” faces are used most often as baselines in

actual scoring situations, although other baselines can also be used,

as discussed in Chapter 11.

1. The images of the AU examples for FACS were photographed and scored for the first edition under the Minimum Requirements and

Co- occurrence rules of the original FACS Manual. For this version of the Manual, these photos were scanned into digital images, re-

cropped, and then re-scored using the Intensity Criteria approach. Differences in the scoring techniques, especially eliminating Min-

imum Requirements, changed the rules that originally assessed the quality of the photos as examples. Minor deviations from the

intended actions occur in the examples, but the portrayals do not contradict the AU’s description.

Facial Action Coding System

381

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

page 466

(Get Neutral)

4ii

page 466

(Get Neutral)

page 465

(Get Neutral)

page 465

(Get Neutral)

V4C+38A

4B+38A

Slight

marked

vertical wrinkles appear in the glabella and the

eyebrows are pulled together

markedly

. The inner parts of the eye-

brows are pulled down a

trace

on the right and

slightly

on the left

with

traces

of wrinkling at the corners. Notice the skin bunching

that begins above the middle of each eyebrow and continues more

medial making shallow waves, a sure sign of AU 4, and the bunch-

ing of skin in the glabella. The 4 meets criteria for the C level on

the basis of the pulling together. Because the skin bunching above

the eyebrows is a

trace

greater on the left, and the left eyebrow is

lowered a

trace

more, asymmetry is L1 and the V prefix is

assigned to the 4. How about AU 1 because of the arch in the first

horizontal wrinkle above the glabella? This change is due to the

bunched skin in the glabella bending that wrinkle up. Considering

AU 5 because of the harsh quality in the eye? There is no hard evi-

dence for 5, which you can confirm by covering the eyebrows with

a card. The

trace

of nostril flaring in the changed shape of the

thinned nostril wings is sufficient for 38A.

Severe

vertical wrinkles and skin bunching between the eyebrows,

severe

drawing together of the eyebrows, and

severe

extreme

eyebrow lowering put this 4 at the D intensity. Both lowering and

drawing together of the eyebrows has increased from image 4i, but

the lowering has increased much more. Notice that the other signs

of 4 listed for image 4i have also increased. The arch in the lowest

horizontal furrow of the forehead has straightened because of the

lowering and pulling down of the glabella. Again, there is no evi-

dence of AU 5 when looking closely at only the eyelid. The dark

shadow between the lips should not entice the coder to score 25

because 25 requires certainty, but they are certainly closed.

The neutral face shows the appearance of a lowered, slanting eye-

brow, a permanent feature. Also, note the furrows beyond the lip

corners, deepened parts of the nasolabial furrow. These furrows

and the wrinkling in the forehead are asymmetrical. The eye cover

fold is virtually hidden, making action of 5 more difficult to detect.

The eyebrows are

slightly

lowered and pulled together and

slight

vertical wrinkles form between the eyebrows, sufficient to score

4B. The

marked

thinning and flaring of the nostrils is sufficient to

score 38A in a still image.

Facial Action Coding System

382

page 466

(Get Neutral)

page 466

(Get Neutral)

1B+38A

V2C+38A

5B+38A

The inner corners of the eyebrows are lifted

slightly

, the skin of the

glabella and forehead above it is lifted

slightly

, and wrinkles

deepen

slightly

and a

trace

of new ones form in the center of the

forehead. Someone might contend that either the wrinkling or the

inner brow raise is

marked

, and therefore the score should be 1C,

but compare these changes to those in the image 1+2 below and

other images where AU 1 is at much greater intensity and re-cali-

brate. There is no sign of AUs 2, 4, 5, 6, or 7 whatsoever. In the

lower face, nostril flaring evident in the raised and thinned nostril

wing and increased nostril size is

marked

, A level in a still image.

The outer part of the eyebrow raise is

pronounced

. The wrinkling

above the right outer eyebrow has increased

markedly

, and the

wrinkling on the left is

pronounced

. Increased exposure of the eye

cover fold and skin is

pronounced

. The score is is no

sign that the inner corners of the eyebrows are raised, although

they may be drawn laterally, and wrinkling in the center of the

forehead has not changed in shape or position. Although these

wrinkles may have deepened somewhat, the changes in the outer

part of the wrinkles due to 2 can explain this change. Thus, AU 1 is

greater number and depth of wrinkling on the left

makes the asymmetry

trace

(L1), so assign the prefix V. The

slight

changes in the nostril again indicate 38A.

AU 5 is hard to see here because the eyebrows are set low and the

eye cover fold has little exposure. The upper eyelid is pulled up,

the medial part virtually disappearing into the revulsion margin of

the eye cover fold. More sclera around the upper part of the iris is

revealed The inner corner of the eye shows more mucosa and

sclera. In the neutral photo, no sclera is exposed and the upper eye-

lid covers the top part of the iris, but here, we can extrapolate from

the shape of the upper eyelid that virtually the entire iris is

exposed, if we could see under the eye cover fold obscuring the top

of the iris. This change is sufficient to score 5B on this person.

The upper eyelid is raised to about the

maximum

and a

maximum

amount of sclera shows above the iris. The bulging, staring appear-

ance is present without doubt. This evidence is sufficient to score

5E. The lower eyelid is somewhat raised and straightened, cover-

ing more of the iris, but this is due to the

maximum

5 pulling up on

the lower eyelid; but there is no 7 in this item. (A 7 would wrinkle

the lower eyelid and pull it up onto the eyeball, causing a bulge

and straightening it much more -- see item 7 below.)

The upper eyelid is raised to reveal virtually the entire top of the

iris, sufficient to score 5B as the top of the iris is covered in neu-

tral.

Slight

flaring and thinning of the nostrils is sufficient to score

38A.

page 467

(Get Neutral)

5ii

page 467

(Get Neutral)

w5i

page 467

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

383

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

w5ii

page 467

(Get Neutral)

page 468

(Get Neutral)

page 468

(Get Neutral)

page 468

(Get Neutral)

The upper eyelid is raised to reveal sclera in the

maximum

range,

evident on the right side, sufficient to score 5E. Notice that the

maximum

5 has stretched and lifted the lower eyelid a

trace

, but

there is no action of AU 7 in this item.

The lower eyelid is raised

markedly

and straightened

slightly

, caus-

ing

slight

bulging, and the narrowing of the eye aperture is

marked

pronounced

, sufficient to score 7C. No other actions are detect-

able in this item.

The infraorbital triangle is raised

markedly

, pushing skin below the

eye up,

slightly

deepening the nasolabial furrow, and pulling up the

skin of the upper lip a

trace

Marked

crow’s feet wrinkles form at

the eye corners as the lateral top of the infraorbital triangle is

raised and the lateral part of the eyebrow is lowered

slightly

changing the shape of the eye cover fold as the outer ring of orbic-

ular muscle constricts. This evidence is sufficient to score 6C.

Even though the action of 6 is expected to push up skin below the

eye and wrinkle the lower eyelid, the eyelid in this item is pulled

far up on the eyeball, beyond the effect that 6 alone can produce,

causing

severe

bulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid and nar-

rowing of the eye aperture. Note how the skin of the lower eyelid

is drawn

markedly

to the inner corner of the eye, narrowing

severely

the angle around the lacrimal gland. The upper eyelid is

lowered, contributing to the changes in the eye cover fold pro-

duced by the action of 6. This evidence is sufficient to score 7D.

Both the wrinkling and the narrowing due to 7 are a

trace

greater

on the right, or R1, so the prefix G is assigned. Even though the

corners of the lips are turned up a

trace

and the nasolabial furrow

beyond the lip corners is pulled laterally a

trace

, these effects are

probably due to the AU 6 pulling, and no AU 12 is scored here,

lacking evidence from the movement.

The lower lid is raised and straightened

markedly

on the eyeball,

causing

pronounced

bulging and narrowing of the eye aperture,

sufficient to score 7C. Notice how the skin of the lower eyelid is

drawn in towards the inner eye corners to affect the angle of the

eyelid around the lacrimal duct. A

trace

of vertical wrinkling

between the eyebrows, a

trace

of brow lowering, especially the

right, is sufficient to score 4A.

G7D+6C

4A+7C

Facial Action Coding System

384

page 468

(Get Neutral)

43i

page 469

(Get Neutral)

6C+7D

43B

43D

43E

The raise of the infraorbital triangle is

pronounced

, the deepening

of the nasolabial furrow is

marked

, and skin of the upper lip is

raised a

trace

Pronounced

crow’s feet wrinkles form at the eye

corners as the lateral top of the infraorbital triangle is raised

severely

, and the infraorbital furrow is deepened

severely

. This evi-

dence is sufficient to score 6C. The action of 6 pushes up skin

below the eye, but the eyelid in this item is pulled far up on the

eyeball, beyond the effect that 6 alone can produce, causing

severe

bulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid and

severely

narrowing

the eye aperture. Note how the skin of the lower eyelid is drawn

severely

to the inner corner of the eye, narrowing the angle around

the lacrimal gland. This evidence is sufficient to score 7D. The

eyebrows may be lowered a

trace

, but the 6 can explain this effect.

The upper eyelid is relaxed and drooping down

slightly

, sufficient

to score 43B. Note that the shape of the lower eyelid is little

changed from neutral and there is no additional wrinkling. Be sure

to compare the appearance of relaxing the upper eyelid in 43 to

that resulting from the tensing of the orbicular muscle that is

apparent in the 6 and 7 items above.

Again, this appearance results from relaxing the upper eyelid, and

the eyelids are almost together (closed), but the gap between them

can still be seen, especially in the medial parts and around the lac-

rimal gland. This evidence is sufficient to score 43D. Compare this

appearance to the next item, which shows the eyelids closed.

The eyes are closed in 43E. Notice that when the eyes are closed,

you see the upper eyelashes laying on the skin of the lower lid and

little or nothing of the lower eyelashes. No sclera or mucosa can be

seen. No evidence of any other action is present in this example.

The lower lid is pulled and stretched

maximally

on the eyeball,

hiding most of the iris, and bulging and tensing of the lower eyelid

extreme

. This evidence is sufficient to score 7E.

Note that without a counteracting tension in the upper lid, the eye

would close and be scored 7E+43E, but the tension in the upper

eyelid is always active to keep the eyes open, so there is no need to

score AU 5 in such an ordinary situation, and the appearance

changes here do not meet any of the guidelines for scoring AU 5.

When both 7 and 5 act so that 5 is scored, the appearance is differ-

ent from this item, as you can see in the 5+7 item below.

43ii

page 469

(Get Neutral)

43iii

page 469

(Get Neutral)

page 469

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

385

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

4+5

page 470

(Get Neutral)

w4+5

page 470

(Get Neutral)

5+7

page 470

(Get Neutral)

1+4i

page 470

(Get Neutral)

1+4ii

page 471

(Get Neutral)

4C+5C

4C+5B+38A

5D+7C

The inner parts of the eyebrows are pulled together

slightly

form-

ing

slight

vertical wrinkling, and are pulled down

markedly

, form-

ing

slight

horizontal wrinkles at the inner corners of the eyebrows,

sufficient to score 4C. The upper eyelid is raised and tensed against

the downward movement of the eye cover fold caused by the low-

ered eyebrows, and more sclera shows at the upper, side parts of

the iris, indicating AU 5. Because the 5 occurs with 4, the special

intensity guidelines for 5 with 4 are used to score intensity. We can

see that more of the top part of the iris is revealed than in neutral

and the harsh stare is at least

marked

, so 5C is scored.

The eyebrows are

markedly

lowered and

marked

vertical wrinkles

form between the eyebrows, sufficient to score 4C. The upper eye-

lid appears raised from the increased exposure of sclera around the

iris. Tension of the upper lid against the eye cover fold is evident

as AU 4 pushes down and AU 5 pushes up. The eyes have a glare

that is not present in the w4 example (cover the eyebrows to com-

pare). This evidence is sufficient to score 5B. The

marked

thinning

and flaring of the nostrils is sufficient to score 38A in a still image.

The upper eyelid is raised to reveal much more than a hairline of

sclera around the top of the iris, which is partially covered in neu-

tral. At least a

severe

amount of sclera beyond the guideline for the

B intensity (virtually all of the top of the iris) is revealed, but not a

maximum

, sufficient to score 5D. The lower eyelid is raised and

straightened

markedly

on the eyeball forming a

marked

bulge, and

skin is drawn to the inner eye corner, sufficient to score 7C.

The increase in wrinkling in the center of the forehead is

marked

pronounced

, and the raising of the inner corners of the eyebrows is

pronounced

, sufficient to score 1C. The eyebrows are pulled

together

markedly,

and

marked

vertical wrinkling and bulging

appears between them. Using the guidelines for AU 4 in the com-

bination of 1+4, this evidence is sufficient to score 4C. Notice how

straight the eyebrows are compared to the example for AU 1, in

this table above, because the 4 is pulling down the center of each

eyebrow while the 1 is raising the inner corner, which decreases

the curvature of the eyebrow. The

markedly

thinned and flared

nostrils are sufficient to score 38A.

The same signs are apparent in this items as in the previous, but the

actions are more intense. The increase in horizontal wrinkling in

the center of the forehead and the raising of the inner corners of the

eyebrows are

pronounced

, about the same as in the previous item.

Yet, there is a more bulging, bunched, and knotted appearance to

the center of the forehead because the stronger AU 1 is counter-

acted by a stronger AU 4, shown in the

severe

vertical wrinkling

and bulging and wrinkling between the eyebrows, the

severe

draw-

ing together of the eyebrows, and the greater lowering of the eye-

brow centers. Also, notice the straightness of the eyebrow and eye

cover fold. This evidence is sufficient to score 4D, and the 1

remains in the C intensity range. The

markedly

thinned and flared

nostrils are sufficient to score 38A.

1C+4C+38A

1C+4D+38A

Facial Action Coding System

386

page 465

(Get Neutral)

j1+4

page 471

(Get Neutral)

This neutral image serves as a baseline for the j images. Note the

permanent wrinkles in the forehead and at or below the eye cor-

ners. Note the greater exposure of the eye cover fold and skin of

the upper eyelid, compared to the other faces, that makes changes

in the upper eyelid easier to detect. There is also more permanent

bulging in the glabella than the other faces seen thus far.

1C+4D+L11B

The inner corners of the eyebrows are raised

slightly

, and the hori-

zontal wrinkling in the center of the forehead is increased

mark-

edly

, sufficient to score 1C. The eyebrows are

markedly

severely

pulled together, forming

severe

vertical wrinkles and bulging

between the eyebrows, sufficient to score 4D (barely) using the cri-

teria for 4 in the 1+4 combination. This example shows clearly 1)

the triangular shape of the eye cover fold that often appears in 1+4,

and 2) how the inner corner of the eyebrow is pulled up by 1 and

the center is pulled down by 4. The middle part of the left nasola-

bial furrow is deepened

slightly

and the skin of the left upper lip is

stretched upward a

trace

, sufficient to score L11B.

It should be immediately obvious from the eyebrow raise and

wrinkling across the entire forehead that AUs 1 and 2 are involved

in this action, so use the Action Unit Combination description for

1+2 to score these actions (or the section on combination 1+2+4,

etc. if there were other AUs). This action is also asymmetrical. The

entire eyebrow is raised up

extremely

, wrinkles are

extremely

deep-

ened and/or extended across the entire forehead, except on the

outer right side where they are

pronounced

, and the eye cover fold

is exposed

extremely

. There is no evidence whatsoever for 4, 5, 6,

or 7, and although one might claim the upper eyelid is raised a

trace

, this change can be easily attributed to the lifting of the eye

cover fold by 1+2. The lower face shows little change, except a slit

of lip parting that is less than 2mm and a

trace

of nostril flaring

evident in the thinned nostril wings and changed nostril opening.

Because the 2 is C on the right and D on the left, and the difference

in wrinkling is

slight

(asymmetry is L2), W is assigned as prefix to

The raise of the entire brow, together with the flattening and pull-

ing together of the eyebrows indicate the presence of 1, 2, and 4 so

the guidelines for scoring the combination 1+2+4 are appropriate.

The entire brow is raised

markedly

, indicating the C intensity for

both 1 and 2, except that on the right side, the 2 is

slight

and the

difference between the sides is

slight

, indicating an asymmetry

score of 2 and a prefix of W. The

slight

pulling together appears

weaker than the raising, with only

slight

straightening and a

trace

of bulging between the brows, sufficient to score 4B.

1+2

page 471

(Get Neutral)

1+2+4i

page 472

(Get Neutral)

1D+W2D

+25A+38A

1C+W2C+4B

Facial Action Coding System

387

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

1+2+4ii

page 472

(Get Neutral)

j1+2+4

page 471

(Get Neutral)

1B+2B+4C+25A+

38A

1B+2C+4C

+5A+V11C

1D+2D+5B

1E+2E+5E

As in the previous item, the 1+2+4 scoring guidelines are used, but

here, the brow is less raised and more pulled together. The brow

raise, and the consequent deepening of the horizontal wrinkles is

slight

, indicating AUs 1 and 2 at the B intensity. Notice that

although the lateral parts of the eyebrows are not raised much more

than in neutral, the brow is very straight, indicating the tension

between a stronger AU 4 and AU 2. The pulling together of the

eyebrows is

pronounced

with

slight

bulging between them, but a

marked

amount of knotting and twisting in the forehead. This evi-

dence is sufficient for 4C. A slit of lip parting that is less than 2mm

and a

marked

nostril flaring evident in the thinned nostril wings

and changed nostril opening is sufficient to score 25A+38A.

Evidence of the raising of the entire brow is apparent in the

slight

pronounced

increase in horizontal wrinkling across the forehead

and the

slight

marked

raising of parts of the eyebrow. The eye-

brows are drawn together

slightly

, forming

marked

wrinkling and

bulging between the eyebrows, but the center of each eyebrow is

pulled down at least

markedly

. Using the intensity guidelines in the

description of the 1+2+4 combination, and weighing the evidence

for these AUs, the 1B+2C+4C intensity scores are assigned. The

raise of the upper eyelid is apparent in contrast to neutral, but not

quite enough to score B, so 5A is scored. The nasolabial furrow is

deepened in the middle

slightly

markedly

, with some pulling of

the skin in the upper lip, sufficient to score 11C. The 11 is stronger

on the lefts, as the left lip is raised more and the left infraorbital

furrow is deeper, a

trace

of a difference or the prefix V.

The obvious eyebrow raise and wrinkling across the entire fore-

head indicates AUs 1 and 2 are involved in this action, so the scor-

ing guidelines for the 1+2 combination are appropriate. The

raising, wrinkling, exposure of the eye cover fold, and other signs

of AUs 1 and 2 are

severe

extreme

, but not

maximum

, indicating

the D intensity. The upper eyelid is raised to expose virtually the

entire iris, which is covered in neutral, sufficient to score the B

intensity. Compare the effect of 5 in this item in exposing the iris to

the reveal of the iris in the previous two examples of 1+2+4 and

the item for 1+2, where 5 has not acted.

As in the previous item, the guidelines for combination 1+2 are

used, and the

maximum

raising, wrinkling, exposure of the eye

cover fold, and other signs indicate AUs 1 and 2 at the E intensity.

Likewise, the raising of the upper eyelid and exposure of sclera

above the iris is

maximum

, indicating 5E. Notice that the lower

eyelid appears to have raised up in respect to the iris. This is attrib-

utable to the effect of the

maximum

5; no other sign of AU 7 is

present.

1+2+5i

page 472

(Get Neutral)

1+2+5ii

page 472

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

388

6+43E

page 473

(Get Neutral)

7+43E

page 473

(Get Neutral)

6B+7E+43E

7C+43E

7C+9D

7C+9E+25C

The eyes are closed, the

maximum

intensity of AU 43. In addition,

each eye is squeezed shut by both the inner and outer parts of the

muscle around the eye, AUs 6 and 7. The eyelids are tensed and

squeezed together about as much as they can be, or 7E. The

infraorbital triangle is raised

markedly

, both the inner and outer

parts of the eyebrows are lowered

slightly

, and

slight

crow’s feet

wrinkles form, indicating 6B. Although the inner corners of the

eyebrows are lowered, they are not drawn together, so AU 4 is not

scored because 6 alone can cause such lowering.

The eyes are closed, the

maximum

intensity of AU 43. The lids are

not relaxed, however, but tensed, with the lower lid raised and

straightened. Compare the position of the eyelashes to item 43iii,

where they lay flat on the lower eyelid. Here, they appear held

between the tensed lids. The tensing, wrinkling, and raising of the

eyelid is

marked

pronounced

, or 7C. Note that the action of 7 is

not counteracted by increased tension of AU 5, which results in the

lids’ closure

The nose is wrinkled

severely

, with skin on the bridge of the nose

drawn upwards, lifting the nasal wings straight up, raising the

infraorbital triangle

severely

, and deepening the upper part of the

nasolabial fold

extremely

as the upper lip is drawn up

slightly

Severe

horizontal wrinkles form at the root of the nose, and the

inner corners of the eyebrows are drawn down. The infraorbital

furrow is deepened

markedly

. This evidence is sufficient to score

9D. AU 4 is not scored here because AU 9 draws the inner corners

of the eyebrows down, but they are not drawn together. Notice the

straight shape of the infraorbital furrow behind the nasal wings,

rather than the pouch of AU 10. Although AU 9 pushes skin up

under the lower eye lid to form bags, wrinkles, and bulges, this

effect does not generally push the lower eyelid as far up on the

eyeball as in this example, and the effect is limited to the medial

part of the eye, but here the

pronounced

wrinkles and straightening

extend to the lateral part of the eye, and the narrowing of the eye is

pronounced

, sufficient to score 7C.

The wrinkling of the nose, drawing of the skin onto the bridge of

the nose, and horizontal wrinkles at the root of the nose are in the

maximum

range. The raise of the infraorbital triangle and nasola-

bial furrow and the deepening of the infraorbital furrow are

severe

This evidence is sufficient to score 9E. As in the previous item,

AU 7 is acting here to raise and straighten the lower eyelid on the

eyeball, adding to the wrinkling and bulging of skin below the eye-

lid caused by 9, sufficient to score the C intensity. The separation

of the lips beyond the 2mm guideline for the B intensity is

pro-

nounced

, sufficient to score 25C.

page 473

(Get Neutral)

9+25

page 473

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

389

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

10i

page 474

(Get Neutral)

10ii

page 474

(Get Neutral)

10+25

page 474

(Get Neutral)

L10+25

page 474

(Get Neutral)

page 475

(Get Neutral)

10B

The upper lip is raised

slightly

and the nasolabial furrow has deep-

ened

slightly

to form the characteristic AU 10 pouch. This example

shows 10B.

The upper lip is raised

markedly

, with

marked

raising of the medial

infraorbital triangle and

severe

deepening of the nasolabial furrow

and forming the characteristic 10 pouch, sufficient to score 10D.

The lips are together only because 17 has acted, as shown by the

trace

of wrinkling at the bottom of the chin, the

trace

of lift and

push out of the lower lip, and the increased definition of the chin

boss, which is pushed up

slightly

, but not producing enough

change to score 17B.

The upper lip is raised to near the

maximum

level,

extremely

maximally

deepening the nasolabial furrow and bulging the medial

infraorbital triangle, forming the characteristic 10 pouch behind

the nostril wings. This evidence is sufficient for 10E. Notice that

the

marked

raising of the medial infraorbital triangle by 10 has

pushed skin up below the eyes, deepening the infraorbital furrow

and

slightly

wrinkling the lower eyelid, but there is no action of 7

here. Also, notice how 10 spreads the nostril wings laterally, in

contrast to 9 which expands them vertically. The extent of lip sepa-

ration beyond the 2mm guideline for 25B is

pronounced

, so 25C is

scored.

The upper lip is raised on the left

slightly

and the pouching and

deepening of the left upper nasolabial furrow is

slight

with

slight

evidence of the 10 pouch, sufficient to score L10B. There is no

trace

of action of 10 on the right separation of the lips is

roughly 2mm, so 25B is scored, and as the gap extends past the

philtrum, it is not scored as unilateral, and AU 25 is not scored for

asymmetry.

The chin boss shows

severe

extreme

wrinkling as it is pushed up

severely

, and the lower lip is pushed up and out

markedly

, suffi-

cient evidence to score 17D.

10D+17A

10E+25C

L10B+25B

17D

Facial Action Coding System

390

w17

page 475

(Get Neutral)

15i

page 475

(Get Neutral)

17D

15B

15E+38A

15B

15E

The wrinkling and puckering of the chin boss appears

maximum

but the pushing up of the lower lip appears only

severe

, with the

chin boss pushed up

extremely

. This evidence indicates a score of

17D; using the intensity guidelines, more pushing up of the lip is

needed for the E intensity.

The lip corners are pulled down

slightly

, with some lateral pulling

and angling down of the corners, and

slight

bulges and wrinkles

appear beyond the lip corners, sufficient to score 15B. Notice how

the corners of the lips are elongated and thinned as 15 pulls down.

The lip corners are pulled down

maximally

extreme

maximum

wrinkles and bulges appear beyond and under the lip corners, and

the lip stretching angles the lips down to form a characteristic

inverted-U shape. This evidence is sufficient to score 15E. The

markedly

thinned and flared nostrils are sufficient to score 38A.

The corners of the lips are pulled

slightly

down and the pouching

and wrinkling at the lip corners has increased

slightly

, sufficient to

score 15B.

The corners of the lips are pulled

extremely

down and the pouch-

ing, lip shape is angled down, and wrinkling at the lip corners has

increased to a

maximum

level, sufficient to score 15E. Notice how

the skin of the lips has stretched and the bulging beyond the lip

corners has increased from the previous item.

15ii

page 476

(Get Neutral)

w15i

page 475

(Get Neutral)

w15ii

page 476

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

391

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

6+15i

page 477

(Get Neutral)

6+15ii

page 476

(Get Neutral)

G6C+7C+15B

The lip corners are pulled down

slightly

to angle and stretch them

down, and

slight

bulges and wrinkles appear beyond the lip cor-

ners, sufficient to score shape of the lips, in comparison

to item 15i, is altered by the

pronounced

lifting of the nasolabial

triangle, which pulls skin of the upper lip upwards,

severely

deep-

ening the nasolabial furrow and pushing skin up below the eyes.

Marked

crow’s feet wrinkles appear. This evidence is sufficient to

score 6C, about the same intensity as item 6. The right side shows

trace

more wrinkling, a

trace

more lifting, and a

trace

bulging, indicating a trace of asymmetry, R1, or G6. The lower

eyelids are pulled up onto the eyeball more than this level of 6

would cause, but less than in example 6, with

marked

straightening

and bulging, narrowing the eye aperture

markedly

, sufficient to

score 7C.

The lips have appearance changes similar to the 15ii item (

extreme

pulling down of the corners, angled-down lip shape,

extreme

bulg-

6D+7D+15E+38B

ing and wrinkling), and are thus scored 15E, except that the action

of 6 counteracts somewhat the downward pulling on the lip corners

and changes the shape of the lips. The raising of the infraorbital tri-

angle is

severe

extreme

, forming

severe

crow’s feet wrinkles,

and pushing up skin below the eye. The lower nasolabial furrow is

deepened

severely

. This evidence is sufficient to score 6D. The

lower eyelids are pulled up onto the eyeball

severely

extremely

narrowing the eye aperture, and forming

severe

bulges, beyond

what 6 alone would do, sufficient to score 7D. The thinned and

flared nostrils are

pronounced

, enough to score 38B in this still

image.

6D+7D+15B

6E+7E+15E

The corners of the lips are pulled

slightly

down and the pouching

and wrinkling at the lip corners has increased

slightly

markedly

sufficient to score 15B. The shape of the lips is different from

example w15i because of the

severe

extreme

raising of the

infraorbital triangle, which pulls up the skin of the upper lip, and

deepens the nasolabial furrow

markedly

. With the

severe

crow’s

feet, this evidence is sufficient to score 6D. Some of the pushing

up of skin below the eye is due to AU 6, but the

extreme

pulling up

of the lower lid on the eyeball, the

severe

bulging and wrinkling of

the lower eyelid, and the

extreme

narrowing of the eye aperture are

due to AU 7 at the D intensity, a little more intense than in the w6

example, but not yet at a

maximum

intensity.

The corners of the lips are pulled

maximally

down and the pouch-

ing is

extreme

, the inverted-U shape is

maximum

, and wrinkling at

the lip corners has increased to a

maximum

level, sufficient to

score 15E. Again, the pulling up of skin in the lip area by AU 6 has

changed the shape of the lips compared to example w15. The rais-

ing of the infraorbital triangle and cheek is in the

maximum

range,

with

extreme

maximum

crow’s feet, and the outer corner of the

right eyebrow is clearly pulled down. This evidence is sufficient to

score 6E. The

maximum

pulling up of the lower eyelid, narrowing

maximally

and squinting the eye,

maximum

bulging and wrinkling

of the lower lid indicate the action of 7E.

w6+15i

page 477

(Get Neutral)

w6+15ii

page 476

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

392

page 477

(Get Neutral)

page 477

(Get Neutral)

25B

25C+26E

25C+27E

16C+25C

16D+25C

This example illustrates a 25B, and there is no specific action of

any other AU apparent that parted the lips. The teeth clearly show,

and the lips are separated by about 2mm (not more than

slightly

greater than 2mm), thus meeting the B level on both criteria. Noth-

ing suggests that the jaw has dropped even though the upper teeth

are not clearly visible.

The jaw is lowered about as much as it can drop from relaxing of

the AU 26 muscle, or 26E. AU 27 cannot be scored in a still image

showing this limited range of lowering because the rapid move-

ment of the jaw stretching muscle cannot be detected. The lips are

parted to about the extent that the jaw lowering can produce, or

25C. Although the lower teeth show, no action is apparent that

could account for any additional lowering of the lower lip beyond

trace

of what 26 does.

The jaw is lowered and stretched

maximally

. AU 27 must be

scored because action of 26 does not stretch the jaw and does not

lower the jaw nearly this far. The

maximal

lowering of the jaw is

sufficient to score 27E. The parting of the lips is no more than

might be expected from this degree of jaw opening, or 25C.

The lower lip is pulled down to reveal the gum line (a criterion for

the B intensity in a still image) and a little more. Notice how the

skin of the lips and chin is

markedly

pulled and stretched down-

wards and sideways and the chin boss is flattened. This evidence is

sufficient for 16C. The separation of the lips is

markedly

more than

the criteria for 25B when the jaw is closed, so the C intensity is

assigned.

The lower lip is pulled

extremely

down. The lower gum line is

revealed (a criterion in the guideline for 16B in a still image) and

much more of the gums. Notice how the skin of the lower lip and

chin is pulled down and laterally

severely

extremely

, stretching

and wrinkling it, but the pulling is in the center of the lip, not the

corners. This evidence is sufficient for the D intensity of 16. The

16 causes the lips to part beyond the guidelines for 25B when the

jaw is closed by a

pronounced

amount, or 25C.

page 478

(Get Neutral)

16+25

page 478

(Get Neutral)

w16+25

page 478

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

393

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

9+16+25

page 478

7C+9E+16D+25E

Maximum

skin is drawn upon the bridge of the nose forming

extreme

maximum

wrinkles on the bridge of the nose and hori-

zontal wrinkles on the root of the nose. The medial parts of the

infraorbital triangle are raised

severely

, deepening the nasolabial

furrow

severely

. This evidence is sufficient to score 9E. Notice that

the 9 has pulled the inner corners of the eyebrows down, but as

there is no other evidence of AU 4, it is not scored. The lower lip is

(Get Neutral)

10+16+25

page 479

(Get Neutral)

pulled down, revealing not only the gum line, but much of the

gum. The lower lip is affected across its entire length as compared

to example 16+25 above, and the stretching of lip and chin skin is

extreme

, sufficient to score 16D. The 9 has deepened the infraor-

bital furrow

slightly

, but additionally AU 7 has acted to narrow the

eye aperture

markedly

, pull the lower lid up

markedly

and wrinkle

markedly

, sufficient to score 7C. The combination of lifting the

upper lip and lowering the lower lip has separated the lips

extremely

beyond the criteria for 25B, so 25E is scored.

10C+16E+25E

The upper lip is raised

severely

, lifting the medial part of the

infraorbital triangle

markedly

, causing

pronounced

deepening of

the nasolabial furrow, and forming the characteristic 10 pouch

(compare this pouch to the shape of the top of the nasolabial fur-

row in the previous item 9+16+25). This evidence is sufficient for

scoring 10C. The lower lip is pulled down a

maximum

amount

(compare to the previous item) with lip and chin skin stretching

laterally and downwards and flattening of the chin boss and other

signs of 16 at a

maximum

, so 16E is scored. Notice the greater pro-

trusion forward of the lower lip here than in the previous item. The

combination of lifting the upper lip and lowering the lower lip has

separated the lips

extremely

beyond the criteria for 25B, so 25E is

scored.

As in items 9+25 and 9+16+25, AU 9 is assigned the E intensity

due to

maximum

skin drawn upon the bridge of the nose,

extreme

maximum

wrinkles on the bridge of the nose and horizontal

wrinkles on the root of the nose,

severe

raising of the medial parts

of the medial infraorbital triangle and deepening of the nasolabial

furrow. Again, the inner corners of the eyebrows are drawn straight

down by 9, but no other signs of AU 4 are evident. The eye aper-

ture is narrowed even more than in these other items, with

severe

bulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid, indicating 7D. The

pushing up of the lower lip and chin boss is

severe

, with

severe

chin boss wrinkling, indicating 17D, similar in intensity to item 17

above and 10+17 below.

The intensity of AU 15 is similar to items 15ii and 6+15ii, but the

guidelines for 15 in 10+15 combinations are used. The

maximum

pulling down of the lip corners that are angled into an inverted-U,

and

extreme

wrinkling and bagging beyond and below the lip cor-

9+17

page 479

(Get Neutral)

7D+9E+17D

10+15

page 479

(Get Neutral)

10D+15E+17A

ners indicate 15E. The

pronounced

raise of the upper lip, the

severe

raising of the medial part of the infraorbital triangle,

severe

deepening of the nasolabial furrow, and the

severe

characteristic 10

pouch indicate 10D. The

trace

of wrinkling below the chin boss

and the

trace

of push up of the chin boss, with the increased defini-

tion of the chin boss indicates the presence of 17A, which helps

keep the lips together in the face of the

severe

10.

Facial Action Coding System

394

10+17

page 479

(Get Neutral)

10E+17D

As in items 10+25 and 10+15+17, the AU 10 here is assigned the E

intensity based on the

maximum

raising of the upper lip and medial

part of the infraorbital triangle,

maximally

deepening the infraor-

bital furrow and forming a

maximum

characteristic 10 pouch. The

severe

pushing up of the lower lip and chin boss, with

severe

chin

boss wrinkling, indicate 17D, as in items 17 and 9+17 above.

Notice the difference in the shape of the middle and lower parts of

the nasolabial furrow here as contrasted to the 10+15 item above,

where the shape is stretched down by 15. Also, the infraorbital fur-

row is

markedly

deepened as skin is pushed up below the eye, but

the lower eyelid is not raised by this activity or by AU 7.

The

maximum

pulling down of the lip corners, curved inverted-U

shaped lips, and

maximum

wrinkling and bagging beyond and

below the lip corners indicate 15E, similar to the intensity of 15 in

items 15ii, 6+15ii, and 10+15 above but using the guidelines for

15+17 combinations. The pushing up of the lower lip and chin

boss is

maximum

, with

maximum

wrinkling of the chin boss and

marked

protrusion of the lower lip. This evidence is sufficient for

17E. Notice how the 15 and 17 have combined to shape the lips

into an extreme example of the characteristic inverted-U. The

pro-

nounced

flaring and thinning of the nostrils indicates 38B.

Using guidelines for 15 with 17,

severe

extreme

pulling down of

the lip corners that have an angled down inverted-U shape, and the

extreme

bagging and wrinkling beyond and below the lip corners is

sufficient to score 15D (not quite as intense as the previous 15+17

item or the 10+15 above, which lacks the 17 that enhances some of

15+17

page 480

(Get Neutral)

10+15+17

page 480

(Get Neutral)

15E+17E+38B

10E+15D+17E

the changes due to 15 here). As in the previous item, the pushing

up of the lower lip and chin boss is

maximum

, with

maximum

wrin-

kling of the chin boss and

marked

protrusion of the lower lip, indi-

cating 17E. The

maximum

raising of the upper lip and medial part

of the infraorbital triangle,

maximum

deepening of the infraorbital

furrow and

maximum

characteristic 10 pouch indicate 10E, as in

the items 10+25 and 10+17 above.

6+15+17

page 480

6D+G7D+15E

+17E+38B

(Get Neutral)

As in item 15+17 above, AU 15 is assigned the E intensity using

the 15+17 guidelines based on the

maximum

pulling down of the

lip corners, inverted-U shape, and

maximum

wrinkling and bag-

ging near the lip corners. As in the previous two items, the pushing

up of the lower lip and chin boss is

maximum

, with near

maximum

wrinkling of the chin boss and

slight

protrusion of the lower lip,

indicating 17E. As in example 6+15ii, the

severe

raising of the

infraorbital triangle,

severe

crow’s feet wrinkles, pushing up of

skin below the eye and pulling of lower nasolabial furrow skin of

the lips is sufficient to score 6D. The

severe

pulling up of the lower

eyelids onto the eyeball,

extreme

narrowing of the eye aperture,

and

severe

bulging is sufficient to score 7D, which is a

trace

stron-

ger on the right (R1), so the G prefix is assigned.

Marked

flaring

and

pronounced

thinning of the nostrils indicates 38B.

Facial Action Coding System

395

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

20+25

page 480

(Get Neutral)

20i

page 481

(Get Neutral)

20ii

page 481

(Get Neutral)

page 481

(Get Neutral)

L14

page 481

(Get Neutral)

20B+25A

20B

The stretching of the lips to the side is

pronounced

and the mouth

is elongated

markedly

with

marked

bulging and wrinkling beyond

the lip corners as skin of the lips is pulled sideways. This evidence

in a still image is sufficient to score 20B, but it is close to a C

intensity (and might be scored so if the motion were seen). The lips

are clearly parted, but the teeth do not show and the part is not near

2mm, so 25A is scored.

The

marked

lip stretching to the side,

marked

mouth elongation,

and

marked

wrinkling and bulging at the lip corners is evidence of

a bit less intensity than in the previous item, but still sufficient to

score 20B. In both this and the previous example, note how the lips

begin to be flattened against the teeth, the lateral pulling of the

nasolabial furrow, and lateral stretching of skin above the chin

boss. The pulling and gathering of the skin has created a flattening

of the cheeks lateral to the lip corners and above the wrinkled,

bulged area.

The stretching of the lips to the side and the elongation of the

mouth are

maximum

, and the flattening of the lips, wrinkling and

bulging at the lip corners, and flattening in the cheek area are

extreme

, sufficient to score 20E. Note how the additional signs

listed in the previous item have increased here. The right side also

shows

trace

deeper and more wrinkling (R1), so the G prefix is

assigned. Enough of the neck is visible to see clearly

slight

marked

stretching and wrinkling characteristic of AU 21, particu-

larly where the neck touches the shirt collar. The B intensity is

assigned to this extent of evidence. Although the nostrils are

slightly

flared, this change could be due to the

maximal

20, so 38 is

not scored.

The lip corners are

extremely

tightened, and the wrinkling as skin

is pulled inwards around the lip corners is

severe

extreme

, suffi-

cient evidence for 14D. Note the signs of dimpling in the cheeks,

and the bulges and wrinkling beyond the lip corners. The skin on

the chin and lower lip is stretched towards the lip corners, and the

lips are stretched and flattened against the teeth. The dimpling and

pulling in of the lip corner is a

trace

stronger on the left (L1), so

the V prefix is assigned.

The tightening of the left lip corner is

pronounced

, with

slight

lat-

eral movement of the lip corner,

marked

dimpling and wrinkling in

the cheek, and

marked

pronounced

wrinkling around the lip cor-

ner as skin is pulled inwards. There is no evidence of 14 on the

right side (cover the left side to confirm). This evidence is suffi-

cient to score 14 at the C intensity on the left side only. Compared

to the previous example of 14, this L14 is less intense, as shown in

less stretching of the lips, less wrinkling, bulging, and dimpling of

the lip corner, and a bit less inward pulling.

G20E+21B

V14D

L14C

Facial Action Coding System

396

20+25+26i

page 482

(Get Neutral)

20+25+26ii

page 482

(Get Neutral)

20B+25D+26D

The lower lip is stretched

markedly

sideways, with

slight

elonga-

tion of the lips,

slight

flattening beyond the lip corners, and

slight

deepening of the lower nasolabial furrow and wrinkles beyond the

lip corners. In a still image, this evidence is sufficient to score 20 at

the B intensity. The jaw is dropped

severely

, about as much as the

tongue can fit through, or 26D. Considering the lowered jaw, the

lips are parted

slightly

more than what might be caused by the low-

ered jaw alone, or 25D. Notice that the pulling down is lateral to

the lip corners, not medial as in 16.

H20D+25D+26D

The sideways lip stretching and mouth elongation is

severe

, the

lips are flattened, wrinkles and bulges appear beyond the lip cor-

ners, the cheeks are flattened, and skin on the chin is stretched and

20+25+27i

page 482

(Get Neutral)

flattened. This evidence is sufficient to score 20D (but on the left,

there is only evidence for C). The stretching and lowering of the

lip corners, and the wrinkling beyond them is slightly stronger on

the right, or R2, assigning the H prefix. The jaw is dropped

severely

, or 26D. With the jaw lowered, the lips are parted to

slightly

more than would be caused by the jaw lowering, about the

same as in the previous item (the lower lip is lower, but the upper

lip is also lower), or 25D. This pulling down is caused by 20, not

by 16, which pulls from the chin center.

20B+25C+27D

The lips are stretched by 20 (compare to example 27), as evident

from the

slight

sideways stretching of the lip corners,

slight

mouth

20+25+27ii

page 482

(Get Neutral)

elongation, and

slight

flattening beyond the lip corners, sufficient

evidence for the B intensity. This much jaw lowering must be due

to the stretching action of 27, and it is

severely

more than a 26

might do with

severe

stretching of the lips, or 27D. Given the low-

ering of the jaw, the lips are parted to about the extent that the jaw

lowering alone might produce, or 25C.

20E+25D+27D

The lateral lip stretching, mouth elongation, flattening of the lips,

pulling, wrinkling, and bulging of skin beyond the lip corners, and

L20+25+26

page 483

(Get Neutral)

L20B+25D

+26D+38A

flattening beyond the lip corners are all in the

extreme

maximum

range, sufficient to score 20E. Some of these changes are opposed

to the effects of the 27, which must be considered when assigning

intensity. As in the previous example, the signs of 27 allow the D

intensity to be assigned. The lips are at least

slightly

more apart

than is produced by the lowered jaw alone, or 25D. Again, the

pulling down is due to 20, not 16.

This item is very similar to example 20+26 above, except that the

only evidence of 20 is on the left side, which shows

slight

lateral

stretching of the lip, flattening of the cheek, and elongation of the

mouth, sufficient to score L20B. The mouth is scored the same as

in example 20+26 on the same basis, the lower lip being pulled

down

slightly

more than in example 25, as a comparison. The

pro-

nounced

nostril flaring and thinning is sufficient to score 38A.

Facial Action Coding System

397

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

10+14

page 483

(Get Neutral)

14+17

page 483

(Get Neutral)

10C+14C

14C+17D

The medial part of the infraorbital triangle is raised

markedly

and a

pronounced

characteristic 10 pouch is formed, with

pronounced

deepening of the upper nasolabial furrow, sufficient to score 10C.

The tightening of the lip corners is

marked

, with

slight

lateral

movement of the lip corners,

marked

dimpling and wrinkling in

the cheeks, and

slight

marked

wrinkling around the lip corner as

skin is pulled inwards, sufficient to score 14C. (The small bright

spot between the lips is not a tooth.)

The pushing up of the lower lip and chin boss is

severe

, with

severe

chin boss wrinkling, indicating 17D (similar to examples

17, 10+17, and 9+17 above). This 17 has some effects on the

appearance of the 14 (which can be seen in comparison to exam-

ples 14 and 10+14 above), especially the wrinkling at the lip cor-

ners, which are

markedly

tightened and pulled in, with

pronounced

dimpling, bulging, and wrinkling beyond the lip corners, sufficient

to score 14C. The nostrils might be flared

slightly

, but this can be

attributed to the 14, so it is not scored

10+20+25

page 483

(Get Neutral)

10C+G20E+25D

The upper lip is raised

markedly

, the medial part of the infraorbital

triangle lifts

markedly

, causing

pronounced

deepening of the

nasolabial furrow, and forming the characteristic 10 pouch, suffi-

cient for scoring 10C. The lateral stretching of the lips and the

elongation of the mouth are

maximum

, and the flattening of the

lips, wrinkling and bulging at the lip corners, and flattening in the

cheek area are

extreme

, sufficient to score 20E. The stretching and

pulling down of the lip corners and wrinkling beyond them is a

trace stronger on the right (R1), assigning the G prefix. The combi-

nation of lifting of the upper lip by 10 and lowering of the lower lip

by 20 produces a

severe

departure from the criteria for 25B when

the jaw is closed, sufficient to score 25D. Too little of the neck is

visible to be sure of the possible 21A.

The middle of the nasolabial furrow is deepened

slightly

, and there

slight

oblique lifting of the lips between the philtrum and cor-

ners, sufficient for 11B. (Because 11 is so difficult to do without a

6, this image was produced by piecing together a neutral upper

face to a lower face with 11, introducing some artificiality to how

an 11 alone might appear. See examples j1+4 and j1+2+4 below to

see AU 11 with other actions.)

The corners of the lips are

markedly

raised and angled up

obliquely. The nasolabial furrow has deepened

slightly

and is

raised obliquely

slightly

. The infraorbital triangles is raised

slightly

. This evidence indicates AU 12 at the B intensity.

page 484

(Get Neutral)

page 484

(Get Neutral)

11B

12B

Facial Action Coding System

398

12+25

page 484

(Get Neutral)

L12

page 484

(Get Neutral)

12C+25B

L12B

6C+7C+12B

The

pronounced

raising up and obliquely of skin in the lower to

middle parts of the nasolabial furrow, the

pronounced

deepening of

the nasolabial furrow, the

marked

raise of the infraorbital triangle,

and the

pronounced

stretching of the lip corners up and obliquely

indicates AU 12 at the C intensity. The lips are parted about 2mm,

which when the jaw is closed is sufficient to score 25B.

On the left side, the lip corner is angled up

markedly

, the infraor-

bital triangle is raised

slightly

, and the skin in the lower nasolabial

furrow area is raised

markedly

obliquely producing a deepened

furrow. This is sufficient to score 12B (almost C) on the right.

There is no evidence of action on the right side (check by covering

the left side). Notice the difference in the lip corners from example

L14 above.

The evidence for 12 is similar to that for example item 12 above.

Slightly

angled upward and elongated lip corners,

marked

pulling

obliquely of the lower nasolabial furrow area, and the signs

described below for 6 indicate the 12 is at B intensity. Note that the

next two signs for AU 6 are also relevant to evaluating the inten-

sity of 12, and here the degree to which they are produced by 6 is

more than what the relatively weaker 12 is producing. The

pro-

nounced

lifting of the infraorbital triangle pulls skin of the upper

lip upwards,

markedly

deepening the nasolabial furrow and push-

ing skin up below the eyes.

Marked

crow’s feet wrinkles appear,

and these wrinkles are in the eye cover fold above the eye corner.

This evidence is sufficient to score 6C, using the guidelines for 6

in 6+12 combinations, about the same intensity as items 6 and

6+15i. The lower eyelids are pulled up onto the eyeballs more than

this level of 6 would cause, with

marked

straightening and bulging,

narrowing the eye aperture

markedly

, sufficient to score 7C, using

the guidelines for 7 in 7+12 combinations. In this combination,

changes in the infraorbital triangle, infraorbital furrow, upper lip

and lip corners is a product of both 6 and 12, with the 6 being rela-

tively stronger, creating an impression of some imbalance because

the weak 12 alone would not produce this degree of change in

these areas. For example, the deepening of the nasolabial furrow,

being affected by 6, is too much in respect to the small lip excur-

sion caused by 12.

6+12i

page 485

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

399

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

6+12ii

page 485

(Get Neutral)

6D+7C+12E

As in the previous item, many of the changes are a joint product of

the 6 and 12 affecting the same features, but there is more balance

between upper and lower face changes. The lifting of the infraor-

bital triangle is

extreme

, the oblique, upward stretching of the lip

corners is near

maximum

, creating

maximum

deepening of the

nasolabial furrow and wrinkling beyond the lip corners, and the

upward, lateral movement of skin in the lower nasolabial furrow

area is

maximum

, sufficient to score 12E. The action of AU 6 here

is similar in intensity to items 6+15ii and 6+15+17 above, and the

evidence for 6 can be distinguished from that of 12 in the

severe

crow’s feet at and above the angle of the eye, the lowered, straight

ened outer eyebrows, and the changed shape of the eye cover fold

(aided by the 7). Together with the signs mentioned above for 12,

AU 6 is scored at the D intensity. Notice that in this and the other

examples of combinations of 6 and 12, the crow’s feet are

enhanced by this combination, but the 12 is mostly increasing

crow’s feet below the angle of the eye at the top lateral corner of

the infraorbital triangle. The evidence for 7 is in the

pronounced

raising of the lower lid and narrowing of the eye aperture,

pro-

nounced

bulging and wrinkling of the lower lid, skin drawn to the

inner corners of the eyes, and lowering of the upper lid, sufficient

to score 7C.

The

pronounced

stretching upwards and obliquely of the lip cor-

ners, the

pronounced

oblique movement of skin in the lower-mid-

dle nasolabial furrow area, and the

pronounced

lifting of the

infraorbital triangle is sufficient to score 12C. Additionally, the

marked

crow’s feet wrinkling, especially that above the angle of

the eye, wrinkles in the eye cover fold, and

slight

lowering of the

outer eyebrows indicates the presence of AU 6 at the C intensity,

similar to items 6, 6+15i, and 6+12i. The lower eyelids are

mark-

edly

pulled up onto the eyeballs, with

marked

straightening, and

wrinkling and bulging of the lower lid, narrowing the eye aperture

markedly

, sufficient to score 7C. The lips are parted about 2mm,

sufficient to score 25B.

As in 6+12ii above, the

extreme

lifting of the infraorbital triangle,

the near

maximum

oblique, upward stretching of the lip corners,

deepening of the nasolabial furrow, and wrinkling beyond the lip

corners, and the

maximum

upward, lateral movement of skin in the

lower nasolabial furrow area is sufficient evidence to score 12E.

Also similar to example 6+12ii, the additional signs of AU 6,

severe

crow’s feet, wrinkles in the eye cover fold, and lowering of

the outer eyebrow, allow 6 to be scored at the D intensity. The

marked

pulling up of the lower eyelid,

pronounced

straightening

and wrinkling of the lower lid, and

marked

narrowing of the eye

aperture is sufficient for 7C. The lips are parted by 12 no more

than

slightly

beyond the guideline for the B intensity, still 25B.

The cheeks at the top lateral corner of the infraorbital triangle are

slightly

puffed, and the lip corners are

slightly

and sharply angled

up, creating

slight

deepening of the lower nasolabial furrow. This

evidence is sufficient for 13B, and should be compared to the

appearances in example item 12 above.

6+12+25i

page 485

(Get Neutral)

6+12+25ii

page 485

(Get Neutral)

6C+7C+12C+25B

6D+7C+12E+25B

13i

page 486

(Get Neutral)

13B

Facial Action Coding System

400

13ii

page 486

(Get Neutral)

6+13i

page 486

(Get Neutral)

13C

6C+7C+13D

6D+7C+13D

13C+25B

The evidence for 13 in the previous item has increased,

marked

puffing of the cheeks,

pronounced

sharply angled raising of the lip

corners,

marked

deepening of the nasolabial furrow, sufficient to

score 13C. A

trace

of crow’s feet wrinkling under the right eye

corner appears, but as this can be attributed to 13, 6 is not scored.

The

severe

puffing of the cheeks, sharply angled,

severe

raising of

the lip corners, and

pronounced

deepening of the nasolabial furrow

are sufficient to score 13D. The action of AU 6 is also evident

from the

markedly

raised infraorbital triangle,

marked

pushing of

skin below the eyes, lowering of the eye cover fold (see right eye)

and

marked

crow’s feet wrinkles. This evidence is sufficient to

score 6C, much as in items 6+12i and 6+12+25i, using 6+12

guidelines. The lower eyelids are pulled onto the eyeballs, with

marked

raising and straightening, wrinkling and bulging of the

lower lid, narrowing the eye aperture

markedly

, sufficient to score

7C, using the guidelines for 7 in 7+13 combinations (same as 7 in

7+12).

The intensity of 13 is increased over the previous item, with

extreme

puffing of the cheeks, sharply angled,

extreme

raising of

the lip corners, and

severe

deepening of the nasolabial furrow, but

it is still in the D range. The intensity of 6 has also increased with

severe

raising of the infraorbital triangle,

severe

crow’s feet wrin

kles, pushing up of skin below the eyes,

severe

deepening of the

infraorbital furrow, sufficient to score 6D, as in items 6+12ii and

6+12+25ii (but note that the 13 is not as strong as the 12 in these

items above, so the crow’s feet below the corner of the eye and the

infraorbital triangle raise are less here). Evidence for 7 is similar to

the previous item, or 7C.

This example shows AU 13 much as in item 13ii, but a bit more

intense, with

pronounced

cheek puffing, sharply angled raising,

and deepening of the nasolabial furrow, still at the C intensity. The

lips are parted sufficiently to score 25B.

6+13ii

page 486

(Get Neutral)

13+25

page 487

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

401

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

10+12+25i

page 487

(Get Neutral)

10+12+25ii

page 487

(Get Neutral)

10D+12B+25C

This example illustrates the hiding effect of a strong 10 on a weak

12. The evidence of 10,

severe

characteristic 10 pouch,

severe

lift-

ing of the upper lip,

severe

deepening of the upper part of the

nasolabial furrow, straight upwards lifting of the nostril wings, is

sufficient to score 10D using the criteria for AU combinations of

10 and 12 because the shape of the upper lip is straight, neither a

bent, angular shape as in 10 alone or a U as in 12 alone. These

changes dominates the appearances, but compared to example

10+25 above something else is clearly acting. The

slight

oblique

stretching of the lips,

slightly

angled up lip corners, and

slight

rais-

ing of the lateral part of the infraorbital triangle indicate this action

is 12 at the B intensity. The separation of the lips beyond the 2mm

guideline for 25B is

pronounced

or 25C.

In this example, the intensity of 12 is greater than in the last item

and is almost the intensity of 10, and the signs of 12 and 10 are

most clearly evident together. The

severe

characteristic 10 pouch,

severe

lifting of the upper lip, and

severe

deepening of the upper

part of the nasolabial furrow indicate 10 at the D intensity. The

marked

pronounced

raising and lateral oblique stretching of the

lips and lip corners, the

pronounced

raising of the lateral parts of

the infraorbital triangle, and deepening of the lower infraorbital

furrow indicate 12 at the C intensity. The separation of the lips

beyond the 2mm guideline for 25B is

pronounced

or 25C.

Trace

slight

wrinkling at the outer top of the infraorbital triangle can be

attributed to the 12.

The evidence for 12 is similar to examples 12, 6+12i, and

10+12+25i above,

marked

oblique stretching of the lips,

slightly

angled up lip corners,

slight

lower nasolabial furrow deepening

and oblique movement, and

slight

raising of the lateral part of the

infraorbital triangle, or 12B. Using the criteria for 16 with 12, the

pulling down of the lower lip reveals the entire tooth surface of the

front teeth, the gum line, and a little more; the shape of the lower

lip is a compromise between 12 and 16; the skin of the lower lip

and chin is

severely

pulled down and laterally, and skin above the

chin boss is stretched and the chin boss is pulled down

extremely

sufficient evidence to score 16D. The jaw is closed and the lips are

parted

markedly

more than the 2mm, or 25C.

The evidence of 10,

severe

characteristic 10 pouch,

severe

lifting

of the upper lip, and

severe

deepening of the upper part of the

nasolabial furrow indicate 10 at the D intensity, much as in the

10+12+25ii example above. The evidence of 12 is also similar to

the 10+12+25ii item,

pronounced

raising and oblique stretching of

the lips and lip corners,

pronounced

raising of the lateral parts of

the infraorbital triangle, and deepening of the lower infraorbital

furrow indicate 12 at the C intensity. The pulling down of the

lower lip reveals virtually the entire tooth surface, and the stretch-

ing down of lip and chin skin is

severe

, with compromise lower lip

shape, indicating 16D. The parting of the lips is

extremely

than 2mm, almost

maximum

and sufficient to score 25E.

Slight

crow’s feet and wrinkling at the lateral top of

the right infraorbital

furrow can be attributed to 12.

10D+12C+25C

12+16+25

page 487

(Get Neutral)

12B+16D+25C

10+12+16+25i

page 488

(Get Neutral)

10D+12C

+16D+25E

Facial Action Coding System

402

10+12+16+25ii

page 488

(Get Neutral)

10D+12D

+16D+25E

The evidence of 10,

severe

characteristic 10 pouch,

severe

lifting

of the upper lip, and

severe

deepening of the upper part of the

nasolabial furrow indicate 10 at the D intensity, much as in the pre-

vious item and the 10+12+25ii example above. The evidence of 12

has increased from that in these two items, and is clearly starting to

hide some of the signs of 10. The

severe

raising and oblique

stretching of the lips and lip corners,

severe

raising of the lateral

parts of the infraorbital triangle, and deepening of the lower

infraorbital furrow indicate 12 at the D intensity. As in the previ-

ous two items, the evidence of 16 in the lowered lip and chin boss,

exposed teeth, lip shape, and skin stretching indicates 16D. The

parting of the lips is

extremely

more than 2mm, almost

maximum

and sufficient to score 25E.

Slight

marked

crow’s feet and wrin

kling at the lateral top of the infraorbital furrow can be attributed to

12, because there are no other signs of 6 that cannot be attributed

to 12.

The corners of the lips are

markedly

raised and angled up

obliquely. The nasolabial furrow has deepened

slightly

and nearby

skin is raised obliquely

slightly

. The infraorbital triangles is raised

12+25+26

page 488

(Get Neutral)

12B+25C+26C

slightly

. This evidence indicates AU 12 at the B intensity, similar

to examples 12, 6+12i, 10+12+25i, and 12+16+25 above. The jaw

6+12+25+26

page 488

(Get Neutral)

6D+7C+12E

+25D+26C

has lowered about half way to the extent that it can lower by relax-

ation, or 26C. The lips are parted by 12

slightly

more than the jaw

drop alone might produce, or 25D.

The evidence for 6 and 12 is similar to that in examples 6+12ii and

6+12+25ii above,

extreme

lifting of the infraorbital triangle, near

maximum

oblique, upward stretching of the lip corners,

maximum

deepening of the lower nasolabial furrow with upward, lateral

movement of skin in this area, sufficient to score 12E. The evi-

dence for 6 is the

extreme

crow’s feet at and above the angle of the

eye, lowered and straightened outer eyebrows, and the changed

shape of the eye cover fold (aided by the 7). Together with the

signs mentioned for 12, AU 6 is scored at the D intensity. The

lower eyelids are pulled up onto the eyeballs, with

marked

straightening, and wrinkling and bulging of the lower lid,

marked

narrowing the eye aperture, sufficient to score 7C, using 7 in 7+12

guidelines. The jaw is dropped about the same as the previous

item, or 26C, and the parting of the lips by 12 beyond the effect of

the 26 is

pronounced

, or 25D. Compare this example with

10+12+16+25ii and note similarities; if there is any 10 here, it is

hidden by the stronger 6+12 and the compromise lip shape is no

longer apparent.

Facial Action Coding System

403

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

6+12+25+27

page 489

(Get Neutral)

12+17

page 489

(Get Neutral)

6E+7E+12E

+16A+25E+27D

12C+17C

The jaw is pulled and stretched open

extremely

, or 27D. The lip

corners are pulled obliquely upwards, the skin of the lower-middle

nasolabial furrow area is pulled obliquely upwards, the nasolabial

furrow is deepened, and the infraorbital triangle is raised, all at

maximum

, or 12E. The lower lip cannot be pulled down with this

27 to reveal the teeth and cause the compromise 12/16 lower lip

shape without the action of 16, and the stretching down of skin of

the lower lip and chin, with a shift down of the chin boss is clear.

Using the guidelines in the Reference for AU 16, evidence is suffi-

cient for 16A. The actions of 12 and 16 have separated the lips

about as much as possible given the jaw lowering, or 25E. AU 6 is

evident from the crow’s feet wrinkling above the corner of the eye,

the wrinkling and change of shape in the eye cover fold, the lower-

ing of the outer eyebrows, all at

maximum

levels, and together with

the evidence for 12 above, indicate 6E. The AU 7 nearly closes the

eyelids with

extreme

tension, forms

maximum

wrinkles and bulges

in the lower lid, and lowers the upper lid, or 7E.

The corners of the lips are

markedly

pulled up obliquely, skin in

the lower-middle nasolabial area is

markedly

pulled obliquely

upwards, the nasolabial furrow is deepened

markedly

, the infraor-

bital triangle is raised

markedly

, sufficient evidence for 12C (about

the same as example 10+12+25ii). The pushing up of the chin boss

pronounced

, pushing up and out of the lower lip is

slight

marked

, and chin boss wrinkling is

pronounced

, sufficient evi-

dence to score 17C (a level less intense that examples 17 and

9+17). A reasonable argument to score 7A in the right eye can be

made, but since it is only one eye and could be due to 12, 7 is not

scored.

The evidence for 17 is similar to the previous example,

pro-

nounced

pushing up of the chin boss,

slight

pushing up and out of

the lower lip, and

marked

chin boss wrinkling, sufficient evidence

to score 17C. The

extreme

lifting of the infraorbital triangle, near

maximum

oblique and upward stretching of the lip corners,

extreme

deepening of the lower nasolabial furrow with upward,

and

extreme

lateral movement of skin in this area is sufficient evi-

dence to score 12E, similar to examples 6+12ii, 6+12+25ii, and

6+12+25+26 above. The evidence for 6 is also similar to these pre-

vious examples, the

extreme

crow’s feet at and above the angle of

the eye, lowered and straightened outer eyebrows, and the changed

shape of the eye cover fold (aided by the 7). Together with the

signs mentioned for 12, the evidence is sufficient for 6D. The

lower eyelids are pulled up onto the eyeballs

markedly

, with

slight

straightening, and wrinkling of the lower lid,

slight

narrowing the

eye aperture, sufficient to score 7B, using 7 in 7+12 guidelines.

6+12+17

page 489

6D+7B+12E+17C

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

404

6+12B+15B

page 489

(Get Neutral)

6+12C+15B

page 490

(Get Neutral)

6B+7B+12B+15B

This example and the following two show different intensities of

the characteristic appearance of 12+15, and it is useful to learn to

recognize this pattern, beyond the individual AUs. For this item,

examine the characteristics of this pattern, rather than use the step-

wise procedure in Chapter 6, and note how the signs increase in the

next two items. The lip corners are angled down

slightly

as in 15,

in contrast to the action of 12, but the skin above the lip corners in

the lower-middle nasolabial furrow area is pulled obliquely up

slightly

, this part of the nasolabial furrow is deepened and pulled

slightly

, and the infraorbital triangle is raised

slightly

. Notice

how the skin of the upper lip is stretched obliquely up, contrasting

to the

slight

downward pull at the lip corners. These are the oppo-

sitions of 12+15 that produces the characteristic pattern. The

slight

wrinkling and bulging beyond the lip corners is indicative of 15.

This evidence allows 12 and 15 to be scored at the B intensity. The

marked

crow’s feet, especially

above the eye corners, the

slight

lowering of the outer ends of the eyebrows, constriction and lower-

ing of the eye cover fold, and the pushing up of skin below the

lower eyelid, are more than what 12 can do at the B intensity, and

together with the infraorbital triangle raise indicates AU 6 at the B

intensity. The

marked

raising and wrinkling of the lower eyelid,

slight

narrowing of the eye aperture indicate 7B.

6C+7C+12C+15B

Using the stepwise procedure, there is no evidence of 17, but evi-

dence of 15,

slightly

angled down corners and

slight

marked

bulging and wrinkling at the lip corners, indicates the B intensity.

AU 6 is evident in the

pronounced

crow’s feet wrinkles, raised

infraorbital triangle, lowering of the outer corners of the eyebrows,

changes in the eye cover fold, deepened infraorbital furrow, and

pushing up of skin below the eyes, sufficient to score the C inten-

sity. AU 7 is also present as shown in the

markedly

raised, wrin-

kled, and bulged lower eyelid, the

pronounced

narrowing of the

eye aperture, and skin drawn to the inner corner, sufficient to score

7C. AU 12 is evident in the

pronounced

upward oblique stretching

of skin in the lower-middle nasolabial area and skin beyond the lip

corners, the

marked

deepening and raising of the lower part of the

nasolabial furrow, the

pronounced

raise of the infraorbital triangle,

sufficient to score 12C. There is no evidence independent of that

cited for 6 and 12 that 11 has acted, so it is not scored.

6+12E+15C

page 490

(Get Neutral)

6D+7D+12E

+15C+17A

trace

of 17 appears in the

trace

wrinkles at the bottom of the

chin boss, the

trace

of chin boss raising, and the

trace

greater defi-

nition of the chin boss as it is pushed up, or 17A. This intensity is

too small to affect detecting the moderate intensity 15, shown in

the

markedly

downturned lip corners and the

pronounced

wrinkles

and bulging beyond and below the lip corners, indicating 15C

using the guidelines for 15+17 on page 135. AU 6 is present, as

shown in the

severe

crow’s feet at and above the corner of the eyes,

lowering of the outer corners of the eyebrows, pushing up of skin

below the eye, and lowering of the eye cover fold, which together

with some of the signs listed for 12 below, is sufficient to score 6D.

As usual for this person, 7 contracts with 6 and the

severe

eye nar-

rowing, raising, wrinkling, and bulging of the lower lid indicates

7D. The evidence of 12 is the

extreme

raising of the infraorbital tri-

angle,

extreme

crow’s feet at

the top corner of the infraorbital trian-

gle, and

extreme

deepening and oblique upward movement of the

lower- middle nasolabial furrow and nearby skin, sufficient to score

12E.

Facial Action Coding System

405

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

6+12+15+17i

page 490

(Get Neutral)

6+12+15+17ii

page 490

(Get Neutral)

18i

page 491

(Get Neutral)

6B+7B+12C

+15B+17C

6E+7D+12

+15B+17D

18D

The evidence for 17 is similar to examples 12+17 and 6+12+17,

pronounced

pushing up of the chin boss,

slight

pushing up and out

of the lower lip, and

marked

chin boss wrinkling, sufficient evi-

dence to score 17C. The evidence of 15,

slightly

angled down cor-

ners and

slight

marked

bulging and wrinkling at the lip corners,

which produces an inverted-U curve at least

markedly

more than in

neutral, indicates the B intensity, using the guidelines for 15+17 on

page 135

. AU 6 is evident in the

marked

crow’s feet wrinkles,

slightly

raised infraorbital triangle, lowering of the outer corners of

the eyebrows, changes in the eye cover fold, and pushing up of

skin below the eyes, sufficient to score the B intensity. AU 7 is also

present as shown in the

markedly

raised and wrinkled lower eyelid,

the

slight

narrowing of the eye aperture, and skin drawn to the

inner corner, sufficient to score 7B. AU 12 is evident in the

pro-

nounced

upward oblique stretching of skin in the lower-middle

nasolabial area and skin beyond the lip corners, the

marked

deep-

ening and raising of the lower part of the nasolabial furrow, the

pronounced

raise of the infraorbital triangle, sufficient to score

12C.

The

severe

extreme

pushing up of the lower lip and chin boss,

with

severe

chin boss wrinkling, indicate 17D, as in items 17,

9+17, and 10+17 above. The evidence of 15 is the same as in the

previous item, but note the changes due to the increased 12 and 17.

Slightly

angled down corners and

slight

marked

bulging and

wrinkling at the lip corners, which produces an inverted-U curve at

least

markedly

more than in neutral, indicates the B intensity, using

the guidelines for 15+17 on

page 135

. Evidence for AU 6 is much

as in example 6+12E+15C above,

severe

crow’s feet at and above

the corner of the eyes, lowering of the outer corners of the eye-

brows, pushing up of skin below the eye, and lowering of the eye

cover fold, which together with some of the signs listed for 12

below, is sufficient to score 6D. AU 7 contracts with 6 and the

severe

eye narrowing, raising, wrinkling, and bulging of the lower

lid indicates 7D. The evidence of 12 is also similar to example

6+12E+15C. The

extreme

raising of the infraorbital triangle,

extreme

crow’s feet at the top corner of the infraorbital triangle,

and

extreme

deepening and oblique upward movement of the

lower- middle nasolabial furrow and nearby skin, is sufficient to

score 12E.

The corners of the mouth are pulled towards the philtrum

extremely

, puckering the mouth, de-elongating the lips and mouth

extremely

, forming

severe

wrinkles in the skin and red parts of the

lips, and protruding the lips

extremely

. This evidence is sufficient

to score 18D.

Facial Action Coding System

406

18ii

page 491

(Get Neutral)

18+25

page 491

(Get Neutral)

18D

18D+25A

The corners of the mouth are pulled towards the philtrum

severely

puckering the mouth, de-elongating the lips and mouth

severely

forming

severe

wrinkles in the skin and red parts of the lips, and

protruding the lips

slightly

. This is evidence sufficient to score

18D.

The corners of the mouth are pulled towards the philtrum

severely

puckering the mouth, de-elongating the lips and mouth

severely

forming

severe

wrinkles in the skin and red parts of the lips, and

protruding the lips

markedly

. This evidence is sufficient to score

18D. The lips are clearly parted, but the teeth do not show and the

part is not near 2mm, so 25A is scored.

22+25

page 491

(Get Neutral)

22E+25D+38A

The lips funnel, turn outward, and thrust forward

maximally

, pull-

ing the corners towards the philtrum, exposing

extremely

more red

parts, the teeth, and gums, and the chin boss is flattened. This evi-

page 492

(Get Neutral)

23+25

page 492

(Get Neutral)

23E+38C

dence is sufficient to score 22E. The jaw is closed and the 22 sepa-

rates the lips

severely

more than the criteria for 25B, or 25D. The

marked

flaring and thinning of the nostrils is sufficient to score

38A.

The lips are tightened

maximally

and the red parts are narrowed

maximally

, creating

extreme

wrinkling and bulging around the

margins of the red parts of both lips, sufficient to score 23E. The

severe

nostril flaring and thinning indicates 38C.

23E+25A+38A

The lip tightening and narrowing of the red parts are

maximum

and the wrinkling is

severe

extreme

, sufficient for 23E. The lips

are clearly parted, but the teeth do not show and the part is not near

2mm, so 25A is scored. The

marked

nostril flaring and thinning

indicates 38A.

Facial Action Coding System

407

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

page 492

(Get Neutral)

w24

page 492

(Get Neutral)

page 493

(Get Neutral)

10+23+25

page 493

(Get Neutral)

24D+38A

24C

26C+28B

The lips are

severely

pressed together,

severely

bulging skin above

and below the red parts, with

severe

narrowing of the lips and

wrinkling above the upper lip. This evidence is sufficient for 24D.

Notice that the lips in the examples of 23 above are tightened and

turned-in, but in 24, they are pressed. This distinction is sometimes

hard to make, especially when the lips remain together. The

marked

nostril flaring and thinning indicates 38A.

The lips are

markedly

pressed together, with

marked

skin bulging

above and below the red parts,

pronounced

narrowing of the lips

and wrinkling above the upper lip. This evidence is sufficient to

score 24C.

The lips are rolled into the mouth over the teeth and the red parts

just disappear, and there is

severe

stretching of the upper and lower

lip as skin is pulled into the mouth. This evidence is sufficient to

score 28B. The jaw is obviously dropped enough to fit the lips

between them, or 26C.

The medial part of the infraorbital triangle raises

markedly

and a

marked

characteristic 10 pouch forms, with

pronounced

deepening

of the upper nasolabial furrow, sufficient to score 10C, similar in

intensity to examples 10+14 and 10+20+25i above. The lips

tighten

extremely

and the red parts narrow

severely

extremely

creating

severe

wrinkling and bulging around the margins of the

red parts of both lips, sufficient to score 23D. The lower lip is low-

ered to reveal most of the lower front teeth, and although 23 might

cause this amount of lowering, the stretched down appearance of

the chin boss and skin in the lower lip and

trace

wrinkles and bulg-

ing at the very bottom of the chin indicate 16A (compare to 23+25

above). Action of 23 and 16 separates the lips

extremely

beyond

the 2mm guideline for 25B, sufficient for 25E.

Tightening, narrowing, and turning in of the red parts of the lips is

extreme

, with

severe

wrinkles and bulges at their margins, indicat-

10C+16A

+23E+25E

12+23

page 493

(Get Neutral)

12B+23D+38A

ing 23D. The lip corners are pulled up obliquely

slightly

, with

slight

deepening of the lower part of the nasolabial furrow and

movement of the skin obliquely up in this area, with

slight

infraor-

bital triangle raise, sufficient to score 12B. The

pronounced

flaring

and thinning of the nostrils is not a result of this low intensity 12,

so 38A is scored in this still image. Some appearances in the chin

hint at AU 17, but it is not scored because the other actions could

be producing these changes.

Facial Action Coding System

408

12+24i

page 493

(Get Neutral)

6+12+23

page 494

(Get Neutral)

12B+24B

6B+G7A+12D

+17A+23D

6C+7B+12E

+23D+25C

12C+24B

The

slightly

angled up lip corners,

trace

deepening of the lower

nasolabial furrow,

slight

raise of the infraorbital triangle,

slight

oblique stretching of skin in the lower nasolabial area are signs

barely sufficient to score 12B, the slightest 12 illustrated in this

series. To add to this item

’s difficulty are the

slightly

narrowed and

flattened lips, showing

slightly

less red than in neutral and the

traces

of bulging at the margins of the upper red part, that indicates

the action of 24B. This example shows the

slight

appearances

changes that are difficult to detect, but represent the level of diffi-

culty that must be achieved at minimum for useful scoring in prac-

tical research.

The

severe

infraorbital triangle raise,

extreme

deepening of the

lower-middle nasolabial furrow and upward oblique movement of

skin in that area, and the

severe

upturned lip corners are sufficient

to score 12D. The lips are tightened

extremely

and the red parts are

narrowed

extremely

, creating

severe

wrinkling and bulging around

the margins of the red parts of both lips (somewhat altered from

the 23 example by the stretching of 12), sufficient to score 23D.

The

trace

of wrinkling on the chin boss, the

trace

pushing up of

the chin boss indicates 17A, which helps hold the lips together.

The

severe

infraorbital triangle raise,

slight

crow’s feet wrinkling,

pushing up of skin below the eyes, and

slight

lowering of the outer

corners of the eyebrows indicates 6B. The

slight

narrowing of the

eye aperture,

trace

wrinkling of the lower eyelid especially on the

right, and

slight

pulling of skin towards the inner corners is suffi-

cient evidence for 7A, a

trace

stronger on the right (R1) or G7.

Extreme

lifting of the infraorbital triangle,

extreme

oblique and

upward stretching of the lip corners,

extreme

deepening of the

lower-middle nasolabial furrow with

extreme

upward and oblique

movement of skin in this area is sufficient evidence to score 12E,

similar to examples 6+12ii, 6+12+25ii, 6+12+25+26, and

6+12+17 above. The lips are tightened, narrowed, and turned-in

extremely

, and though the lips are stretched, wrinkling and bulging

at the lip margins can be seen, indicating 23D.

Pronounced

crow’s

feet wrinkles, raised infraorbital triangle,

slight

lowering of the

outer corners of the eyebrows,

marked

changes in the eye cover

fold, deepened infraorbital furrow, and pushing up of skin below

the eyes, is sufficient evidence to score 6C. AU 7 is shown in the

markedly

raised, wrinkled and bulged lower eyelid, the

slight

nar-

rowing of the eye aperture, and skin drawn to the inner corner, suf-

ficient evidence to score 7B. With the jaw closed, the parting of the

lips beyond the 2mm guideline is

pronounced

, or 25C. Apparent

downward stretching of the skin on the chin boss, shape of the lip,

and wrinkling at the bottom of the chin could be the basis for an

argument to include AU 16, but these clues are too slim in this

item without seeing the movement.

The

markedly

angled up lip corners,

marked

deepening of the

lower nasolabial furrow and

marked

upward, oblique stretching of

skin in this area, and

slight

raise of the infraorbital triangle are suf-

ficient to score 12C. The

slightly

narrowed and flattened lips,

showing

slightly

less red than in neutral and the

traces

of bulging

at the margins of the upper red part, that indicates the action of

24B. The increased intensity of 12 from item 12+24i makes this

action of 24 (of similar intensity to item 12+24i) somewhat more

difficult to see.

6+12+23+25

page 494

(Get Neutral)

12+24ii

page 494

(Get Neutral)

Facial Action Coding System

409

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

6+12+24

page 494

6C+7B+12C+24B

Pronounced

lifting of the infraorbital triangle,

slight

marked

oblique and upward stretching of the lip corners,

marked

deepen-

ing of the lower nasolabial furrow with upward, and

pronounced

oblique movement of skin in this area is sufficient evidence to

score 12C.

Slight

lip pressing, thinning, and flattening is evidence

of 24B.

Pronounced

crow’s feet especially above the eye corners,

lowering of the outer corners of the eyebrows,

slight

lowering of

the eye cover fold, and pushing up of skin below the eye indicate

6C.

Slight

narrowing of the eye aperture,

marked

raising and wrin-

kling of the eyelids, and

slight

drawing of skin towards the eye

corners indicates 7B.

The corners of the lips are

markedly

tightened and pulled into the

mouth with

pronounced

dimpling, bulging, and wrinkling beyond

the lip corners, sufficient to score 14C, similar to examples 10+14

and 14+17 above. The tightening and thinning of the lips is

severe

with

extreme

turning-in of the lips and

pronounced

bulging and

wrinkling along the lip margins, sufficient to score 23D with the

guidelines in the 17+23 description. The

severe

flaring and thin-

ning of the nostrils could not be caused merely by the 14, and indi-

(Get Neutral)

14+23

page 495

(Get Neutral)

14C+23D+38C

w14+23

page 495

(Get Neutral)

cates 38C.

14D+23D+38A

The tightening and pulling in of the lip corners is

severe

extreme

, with

extreme

wrinkling and bulging beyond the lip cor-

ners, sufficient to score 14D. The tightening, thinning, and turning

in of the red parts of the lips is

severe

extreme

with

marked

wrinkling and bulging at the margins, sufficient to score 23D. The

slight

flaring and thinning of the nostrils is sufficient to score 38A.

17+23

page 495

(Get Neutral)

17E+23E+38B

Pushing up of the chin boss is

maximum

, with

maximum

wrinkling

of the chin boss and

marked

protrusion of the lower lip, indicating

17E. The pushing up of the lower lip is opposed by the

maximum

tightening of the lips,

maximally

turned-in and thinned with

maxi-

mum

wrinkling and bulging above and below the red parts, indicat-

ing 23E. This opposition produces the obvious bulging in the

lower lip. The

pronounced

thinning and flaring of the nostrils indi-

17+24

page 495

(Get Neutral)

17D+24D

cates 38B.

Pushing up of the chin boss is

extreme

, with

extreme

wrinkling of

the chin boss and

severe

protrusion of the lower lip, indicating

17D. The upward movement of the lower lip is opposed by the

severe

extreme

pressing together of the lips, which are narrowed

severely

, with

severe

bulging and wrinkling above and below the

red parts, sufficient to score 24D using the guidelines in the

description of 17+24. This and the previous examples provide a

clear contrast between the appearances of 17+23 and 17+24, but

often in real-life behaviors, this difference is blurred and the deci-

sion about 23 versus 24 is much harder.

Facial Action Coding System

410

6+12+17+23

page 496

(Get Neutral)

6D+G7C+12D+

17E+23E

Maximum

pushing up and wrinkling of the chin boss and wrinkling

of the chin indicates 17E. The

extreme

infraorbital triangle raise,

severe

deepening of the lower-middle nasolabial furrow and

upward oblique movement of skin in this area indicates a strong

AU 12. The angling up of the lip corners due to 12 and protrusion

and pushing up of the lower lip due to 17 are opposed by the strong

23. The evidence is sufficient to score 12D. The lips are tightened

and thinned, and the red parts are narrowed

maximally

, creating

extreme

wrinkling and bulging around the margins of the red parts

of both lips, sufficient to score 23E. The infraorbital triangle raise,

severe

crow’s feet wrinkling, pushing up of skin below the eyes,

and

severe

lowering of the outer corners of the eyebrows indicates

6D. The

pronounced

narrowing of the eye aperture, wrinkling of

the lower eyelid especially on the right, and pulling of skin

towards the inner corners is sufficient evidence for 7C, which is a

trace

stronger on the right (R1) or G7. This item has the same

actions with different intensities as example 6+12+23. Although

the nostrils are flared and thinned, the 12 could account for this,

and without seeing the movement, 38 is tough to score.

10+17+23

page 496

(Get Neutral)

10C+17E+23E

The

marked

raise of the medial part of the infraorbital triangle,

pronounced

characteristic 10 pouch, with

pronounced

deepening

of the upper nasolabial furrow, is sufficient to score 10C, similar in

intensity to examples 10+14, 10+20+25i, and 10+23+25 above.

Maximum

pushing up of the chin boss and wrinkling of the chin

boss indicates 17E.

The pushing up of the lower lip is opposed by

18+23

page 496

(Get Neutral)

15+23

page 496

(Get Neutral)

18D+23D

15D+23D

+25A+38B

the

maximally

tightened, narrowed, and turned-in red parts of the

lips, replacing protrusion of the lower lip with

extreme

bulging.

The wrinkling around the margins of the red parts are

severe

. This

evidence is sufficient to score 23E.

The pulling of the lip corners towards the philtrum is

severe

, and

the shortening of the lips and mouth, and wrinkling in the skin and

red parts of the lips is

severe

extreme

, sufficient to score 18D.

The protrusion of the lips and puckering of the mouth by 18 is

opposed by the action of 23 which

extremely

turns the lips in, tight-

ens and thins them, and contributes to the wrinkling of the lips

along the margins of the red parts. This evidence is sufficient to

score 23D.

Pulling down of the lip corners is

severe

, the lip shape is an

inverted-U, and the bagging and wrinkling beyond and below the

lip corners is

severe

, sufficient to score 15D, similar in intensity to

example 10+15+17 above, though using different guidelines. The

extreme

tightening, thinning, and turning-in of the red parts of the

lips, and the

severe

wrinkling and bulging at their margins is suffi-

cient to score 23D. A definite, but slim, crack between the lips is

sufficient to score 25A. The

pronounced

flaring and thinning of the

nostrils indicates 38B.

Facial Action Coding System

411

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

23+25+26

page 497

(Get Neutral)

22+23+25

page 497

(Get Neutral)

20+23+25i

page 497

(Get Neutral)

20+23+25ii

page 497

(Get Neutral)

page 498

(Get Neutral)

23E+25C

+26B+38B

22D+23D

+25C+38C

16C+20B

+23D+25C

20E+21C

+23D+25C+38D

21B

The lips appear

maximally

tightened, thinned, and turned-in, with

extreme

wrinkling along the margins of the red parts and bulging in

the lips, sufficient evidence to score 23E. The jaw has dropped

markedly

, or 26B. The part of the lips is

slightly

greater than this

jaw drop would produce, or 25D. The flaring and thinning of the

nostrils is

pronounced

, or 38B.

The funneling, turning out, and thrusting forward of the lips is

severe

, pulling the corners towards the philtrum, exposing

mark-

edly

more red parts, the teeth, and gums. This evidence is sufficient

to score 22D. The tightening, thinning, and turning-in of the lips is

severe

, showing the wrinkling around the lip margins characteristic

of 23 at the D intensity. The lips are parted

markedly

more than the

guidelines for 25B, or 25C. The flaring and thinning of the nostrils

severe

, or 38C. There is some evidence for AU 16 in the dim-

pling at the end of the chin and flattening of the chin boss, but

without seeing the movement, scoring 16 is tough in this combina-

tion.

The pulling of the lip corners to the side, wrinkling and bulging

beyond the lip corners, stretching of the lips, and flattening of the

cheeks are

slight

, or 20B. The tightening, thinning, and turning-in

of the lips, with the bulging and wrinkling along the margins of the

red parts, are

severe

extreme

, or 23D. The lower lip is pulled

down to reveal the gum line and

markedly

more, the line of the

lower lip is not straight, but bent as though affected by 16, there is

marked

evidence of pulling down of the chin boss, with

slight

wrinkling at the bottom of the chin, sufficient to score 16C, using

the modified guidelines in the Reference for AU 16. The lips are

parted

markedly

more than the guideline for 25B, or 25C.

The lip corners are pulled

extremely

to the side, creating

extreme

maximum

wrinkling and bulging at the lip corners,

extremely

flat-

tening and stretching the lips and flattening the cheeks, indicating

20E. The tightening, turning-in and thinning of the lips, and the

wrinkling and bulging around the margins of the red parts are in

the

severe

extreme

range, or 23D.

Severe

tightening of the neck,

producing vertical wrinkling where the shirt collar touches the

neck and bulging under the chin, is sufficient to score 21C. The lip

part is

slightly

beyond the 2mm guideline for 25B, or the C inten-

sity. The pulling down of the lower lip and skin of the chin, and the

line of the lower lip seems consistent with 20, so 16 is not scored.

The

extreme

flaring and thinning of the nostrils indicates 38D.

The neck shows

marked

tightening, with

marked

bulging and

wrinkling, some running under the chin and some downwards

where the shirt collar touches the neck and in the front of the neck,

sufficient to score 21B. This version of 21 is somewhat different

from, and probably less typical, than the 21 in the previous exam-

ple or in item 20ii. The

trace

of increase in horizontal forehead

wrinkling suggests 1+2, but the lack of movement or other evi-

dence, such as lifting of the brows, does not allow this score. The

bulging at the back of the jaw (ramus) might be due to jaw clench-

ing, but 31 cannot be scored in a still.

Facial Action Coding System

412

page 498

(Get Neutral)

page 498

(Get Neutral)

16A+25C

+26B+29C

17B+26+35C

4E+7B+38B

1D+38B

The lower teeth protrude in front of the upper, as the jaw is thrust

forward, which can be seen in the shape of the back of the jaw as

well. The lower teeth are about in the center of the red parts of the

lip, which is roughly a

severe

(about half way possible) movement

or 29C. The jaw thrusting and lowering might part the lips some-

what, but these lips are parted much more than expected from

these actions, revealing the gums, but not the bottom of the lower

teeth. There is a

trace

of skin lowering in the chin, and

trace

wrin-

kles at the bottom of the chin, sufficient for 16A. The jaw is low-

ered, but not much, so 26A is scored and the lips are parted

markedly

more than the jaw drop alone might produce, or 25C.

The cheeks are sucked into the mouth cavity, creating a

severe

depression in each cheek, or 35C. The jaw is lowered, and the only

possible score in a still image is 26, but the extent of the drop is

very hard to determine without seeing the space between the teeth

or the movement of the jaw. The

slight

moving up of the chin boss,

slight

wrinkling on the chin boss and skin of the chin is sufficient

to score 17B, which holds the lips together.

The lowering of the eyebrows is

maximum

, and the drawing

together is

severe

, forming

severe

wrinkles and bulges between the

eyebrows. This evidence is sufficient to score 4E. At the very end

of the event, as the 4 increases to

maximum

, the lower eyelids raise

slightly

and

slight

bulges appear, especially in the right eye, indi-

cating AU 7B. The nostril wings thin and the nostril openings flare

markedly

, or 38B in this motion record.

The inner parts of the eyebrows are raised

extremely

, with

severe

extreme

increases in wrinkling in the center of the forehead, suffi-

cient to score 1D. The nostrils thin and flare

markedly

, sufficient to

score 38B in a motion record.

video 4

video 1

video 2

2D+7B+R12A

In this example, AU 2 begins first on the left side, then the right

but this is not reflected in the notation. The outer part of the brow

is lifted

extremely

, forming

extremely

greater horizontal wrinkling

in the lateral part of the forehead. The eye cover fold is revealed

and stretched

severely

, sufficient evidence to score 2D. Even

though the wrinkling in the center of the forehead increases, this is

merely a side effect of the action of 2. At the end of this event,

when the right brow is raised, the right lower eyelid raises and

wrinkles

slightly

, and the left raises a

trace

, enough to score 7B.

The right lip corner is raised a

trace

, with

trace

oblique movement

upwards in the lower nasolabial area, sufficient to score R12A.

Facial Action Coding System

413

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

video 5

video 7i

video 6

video 7ii

video 6+7i

The upper eyelid is pulled up

maximally

, revealing a

maximum

amount of sclera above the iris, and there is a bulging, staring

appearance. This evidence is sufficient to score 5E. Notice that the

lower eyelid is stretched up to cover a little more of the lower iris

by the pulling of skin by this

maximum

5 (an effect enhanced by

the small raise of the head and possibly a bulging of the eyeball),

but no other signs of 7 appear.

The narrowing of the eye aperture is

marked

pronounced

, the

lower lid raise is

marked

and the upper lid lowers a little, the lower

lid straightens and wrinkles

slightly

, there is

slight

marked

bulg-

ing as the eyelid is drawn up onto the eyeball, and skin of the lower

lid is drawn towards the inner corner of the eye, which can be seen

in the narrowing of the angle around the tear duct. This evidence is

sufficient to score 7C. There is no evidence of any other AU.

This item and the following three form a series that compares 6, 7,

and 6+7 as explained in the description of AU 6. The

severe

extreme

crow’s feet wrinkles and raise of

the infraorbital triangle

are sufficient to score 6D. Notice how the skin above the cheek-

bone and below the eye bulges to reveal the constricting outer band

of muscle around the eye and pushes up skin of the lower lid, not

pulling it up as in 7, how the eye cover fold and skin in the outer

eyebrow wrinkle as 6 constricts in this area, and that the inner cor-

ners of the eyes around the tear duct are hardly affected. This

example illustrates a case where all the appearance changes that 7

could have produced (wrinkling and pushing up of the lower eye-

lid) are adequately explained by 6, and other signs of 7 are absent.

The

pronounced

narrowing of the eye aperture, raising of the lower

eyelid, and straightening, wrinkling, bulging, and pouching of the

lower eyelid are sufficient to score 7C. Also note the lowering of

the upper eyelid (in this person, this lowering lets the eye cover

fold passively lower as well, causing it to change shape) and the

pulling of skin to the inner corners of the eyes that narrows the

angle around the tear duct. You should clearly see the difference in

the raising of lower eyelid and the wrinkles it produces from the

example of 6 above.

The

maximum

crow’s feet wrinkles and infraorbital triangle raise

are sufficient to score 6E. Note the other effects of AU 6, including

the pulling down of the outer eyebrows, deepening of the middle

nasolabial furrow, and pulling of skin in the upper lip. The

severe

extreme

narrowing of the eye aperture, raising of the lower eye-

lid, and straightening, wrinkling, bulging, and pouching of the

lower eyelid are sufficient to score 7D. Note the other effects of 7,

and how some of the effects of 7 can be identified independently of

the effects of 6 (explained in the text for AU 6), while others rein-

force each other. The blink at the end of the event is ignored.

6E+7D

Facial Action Coding System

414

video 6+7ii

6C+7E+12A

Marked

crow’s feet,

pronounced

infraorbital triangle raise, the

trace

of downward movement of the eyebrow on the right, and the

marked

deepening of the middle part of the nasolabial furrow (not

effects of 12) are sufficient to score 6C. The moderate movements

of skin due to the 6 do not cause the almost total closure of the eye

aperture as the lower lid is raised and straightened

maximally

, skin

of the lower lid is wrinkled and bulged

maximally

as it is drawn

onto the eyeball, and skin is drawn towards the inner corners, nar-

rowing the angle at the tear duct, sufficient to score 7E. The lip

corners are angled up

slightly

and the

trace

oblique upward move-

ment of skin in the lower nasolabial area (not confined to the

medial furrow area due to 6), sufficient for 12A (almost B).

The left eye closes with a distinct pause, as though deliberate, but

less than two seconds. This action is L46. Additional actions also

occur, beyond the closure of the eyelid needed to produce the 46.

The infraorbital triangle on the left is raised

slightly

, pulling up

skin of the left lip and deepening the nasolabial furrow,

slight

crow’s feet on the left appear, and the left outer eyebrow is low

ered, sufficient evidence to score 6B. The action of AU 7 should

not be scored if the eye simply closes, but the right eye shows

slight

raising, wrinkling, and bulging of the lower eyelid,

slight

narrowing of the eye aperture, and lowering of the upper lid, indi-

cating 7B. The action of 6 hides what 7 may occur on the left, but

since what can be seen is consistent with 7, it is scored bilateral.

As mentioned in the text, AU 4 is present from the beginning, and

increases somewhat, as shown by the increasing vertical wrinkles

between the eyebrows. The action of 4 draws the brows

markedly

together, producing

marked

vertical wrinkles between the eye-

brows, and lowers the eyebrows

slightly

, sufficient to score 4C.

The raising of the upper eyelid clearly exposes

severely

sclera around the iris, but now much is exposed at the top of the

iris is obscured by the 4 pushing down on the eye cover fold, and

this opposition affects the line of eye cover fold

extremely

. The

harsh stare is

severe

. This evidence is sufficient to score 5D, using

guidelines for 5 in the 4+5 description.

In this example, 7 acts first, then 5, so that the effects of each

action are seen relatively separately. The narrowing of the eye

aperture is

severe

, lifting, straightening, and bulging of the lower

eyelid are

severe

extreme

, the upper eyelid lowers, and skin is

pulled towards the eye corners. This evidence is sufficient to score

7D, using guidelines for 7 in the 5+7 description. The pulling up of

the upper eyelid is

severe

extreme

, hidden partly by the eye

cover fold, as

extremely

more sclera is revealed around the iris,

sufficient to score 5D.

video 46

L6B+7B+L46

video 4+5

video 5+7

4C+5D

5D+7D

video 1+4

1D+4D+7A+38D

The medial parts of the eyebrows are pulled up

severely

, producing

extreme

horizontal wrinkles in the center of the forehead, sufficient

to score 1D. The eyebrows are also pulled together

severely

, form-

ing

severe

vertical wrinkles and bulges between the eyebrows, suf-

ficient to score 4D, using guidelines in the 1+4 description. Note

how the centers of the eyebrows are pulled down as the inner cor-

ners are pulled up, serving to straighten them in the characteristic

sloping shape of 1+4. The

trace

of lifting and straightening of the

lower eyelid,

trace

movement of skin up and towards the eye cor-

ners is sufficient to score 7A. The

extreme

flaring and thinning of

the nostrils is sufficient to score 38D.

Facial Action Coding System

415

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

video 1+2

video 1+2+4

1E+2E+38C

1D+2D+4D

+7A+38D

The entire brow is raised

maximally

, with

maximal

exposure of the

eye cover fold and

maximum

horizontal wrinkling across the fore-

head. The raising due to 1 is about the same as due to 2, so 1E+2E

is scored. Notice that the

maximal

lifting of the brow stretches skin

at the sides of the eyes and the upper lateral cheek area a bit.

Pro-

nounced

flaring and thinning of the nostrils is sufficient to score

38C in a motion record.

In this example, the brow is lifted first, then the eyebrows are

drawn together. The lifting of the entire brow is

extreme

and the

pulling together is

severe

, with

severe

straightening of the eye-

brows. In this example, the actions of the different AUs seem

roughly similar in intensity. This evidence is sufficient to score

1D+2D+4D. Notice the corrugated shape that the horizontal wrin-

kles take on when the 4 acts and the bulging in the center of the

forehead.

Trace

narrowing of the eye aperture,

trace

lifting up of

the lower eyelid, and pulling down of the upper lid is sufficient

evidence to score 7A. The

extreme

flaring and thinning of the nos-

trils is sufficient to score 38D.

In this item, the brows raise first, then the eyes open wide. The

entire brow is raised

maximally

, with

maximal

exposure of the eye

cover fold and

maximum

horizontal wrinkling across the forehead.

video 1+2+5

1E+2E+5E+38B

video 6+43E;

7+43E

6D+7E+43E

7C+43E

The raising due to 1 is about the same as due to 2, so 1E+2E is

scored, just as in video example 1+2 above. The upper eyelid is

raised

maximally

, revealing

maximum

sclera above the iris, suffi-

cient to score 5E. Again, the lower eyelid is stretched up by the

maximum

5, but no other evidence of 7 appears. The nostrils thin

and flare

markedly

, sufficient to score 38B in a motion record.

This item shows the eyes closed, first adding a 6+7, then only 7.

The eyes closed is scored 43E, and the two different events are

notated separately, disregarding complexities of event scoring.

First, the infraorbital triangle is raised

severely

and

severe

crow’s

feet wrinkles appear, sufficient to score 6D. Also, the eyelids are

squeezed together

maximally

and skin is moved upwards in the

lower lid and towards the inner corners of the eyes, sufficient to

score 7E. Next, the eyelids are squeezed together

markedly

and

marked

skin in the lower lid is lifted and moved towards the eye

corners, sufficient to score 7C. During a transfer, the film transport

shifted the picture, making this action difficult to see.

Facial Action Coding System

416

video 9

7D+9E+17B+25B

The nose wrinkling is

maximum

; the skin on the bridge of the nose

is drawn upwards, lifting the nasal wings straight up, raising the

medial infraorbital triangle

maximally

, and deepening the upper

part of the nasolabial furrow

extremely

as the upper lip is drawn up

markedly

Maximum

horizontal wrinkles form at the root of the

nose, and the inner corners of the eyebrows are drawn down. The

infraorbital furrow is deepened

maximally

. This evidence is suffi-

cient to score 9E. Narrowing of the eye aperture is

severe

; raising,

straightening, bulging, and wrinkling of the lower lid are

severe

extreme

, sufficient to score 7D. AU 6 is not scored because the

drawing down of the inner eyebrow corners is due to 9, the wrin-

kling of the lower lids is due to 7, and there are no crow’s feet

wrinkles or other evidence of 6. Before the lips separate, the chin

boss moves up

slightly

and

slight

wrinkles form on the chin and

chin boss, sufficient to score 17B. The separation of the lips is

about 2mm or 25B.

video 10

video 17

10E+25C

17E

15D

The upper lip is raised to

maximum

maximally

deepening the

nasolabial furrow and bulging the medial infraorbital triangle,

forming a

maximum

characteristic 10 pouch behind the nostril

wings. This evidence is sufficient for 10E. Although the raising of

the medial infraorbital triangle by 10 has pushed skin up below the

eyes, deepening the infraorbital furrow, no other sign of 7 appears.

The extent of lip separation beyond the 2mm guideline for 25B is

pronounced

, so 25C is scored.

The chin boss shows

maximum

wrinkling as it is pushed up

maxi-

mally

, and the lower lip is pushed up and out

severely

, with

severe

bulging under the lips, sufficient evidence to score 17E.

Pulling down of the lip corners is

severe

, the angled down

inverted-U shape is present, and the bagging and wrinkling beyond

and below the lip corners is

severe

, sufficient evidence to score

15D. Notice how 15 extends the lip line as a thin crease as the cor-

ners are pulled down.

video 15

Facial Action Coding System

417

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

video 16+25i

16D+20C+25C

This item starts with a crack between the lips, adds a strong AU 16

that separates the lips more, and in the last 20% of the clip adds a

moderate AU 20 that alters the example of 16 alone. The pulling

down of the lower lip and skin below it is

extreme

, the pulling

down of the chin boss is

severe

, producing a flattened chin boss,

sufficient to score 16D. Just as the 16 reaches its highest intensity,

the lips are stretched laterally

markedly

, flattening the lips and pro-

ducing

pronounced

wrinkles and bulges beyond the lip corners,

and

markedly

flattening the cheeks, sufficient to score 20C. The

beginning of the AU 20 is obvious, so make sure you can see the

difference between 16 and 16+20, especially how the skin of the

lower lip and chin is pulled laterally by each AU. The lips are sep-

arated

markedly

more than the 2mm guideline for 25B, or 25C.

video 16+25ii

16C+25A

The pulling down of the lower lip, downwards and lateral move-

ment of skin in and below the lip, and downward movement of the

chin boss are

marked

, sufficient to score 16C (barely). The lips

separate only a crack at the end, or 25A, illustrating that significant

action of 16 occurs before the lips part in some people.

video 9+16+25

7D+9E+16E+25E

This item starts with AU 9, then the 16 is added. The nose wrin-

kling, raising of the medial infraorbital triangle, and deepening of

the infraorbital furrow are

maximum

, sufficient to score 9E. Other

signs of AU 9 are similar to those in the description of video 9.

Narrowing of the eye aperture is

severe

; raising, straightening,

bulging, and wrinkling of the lower lid are

extreme

, sufficient to

score 7D. The pulling down of the lower lip and chin boss is

maxi-

mum

, downwards and lateral movement of skin in the lip and chin

maximum

, with

maximum

flattening of the chin, sufficient to

score 16E. The lips are separated

maximally

more than the 2mm

guideline for 25, or 25E.

This item starts with AU 10, then the 16 is added. The characteris-

tic 10 pouch, raising of the upper lip, angular bend to the upper lip,

pushing up of the medial infraorbital triangle, deepening of the

nasolabial furrow are all

severe

extreme

, sufficient for 10D. The

downward pull of the lower lip and chin boss, downward and lat-

eral movement of the skin of the chin and lip, and flattening of the

chin are all

severe

maximum

, sufficient to score 16D. The lips

are separated

extremely

more than the 2mm guideline for 25, or

25E.

This item starts with AU 9, then the 17 is added. The nose wrin-

kling, raising of the medial infraorbital triangle, and deepening of

the infraorbital furrow are

severe

extreme

, sufficient to score

9D. Other signs of AU 9 are similar to those in the description of

video 9. Narrowing of the eye aperture, raising, straightening,

bulging, and wrinkling of the lower lid are

pronounced

, sufficient

to score 7C. The chin boss shows

maximum

wrinkling as it is

pushed up

maximally

, and the lower lip is pushed up

maximally

and out

severely

, with

severe

bulging under the lips, sufficient evi-

dence to score 17E.

video 10+16+25

10D+16D+25E

video 9+17

7C+9D+17E

Facial Action Coding System

418

video 10+15

video 10+17

10D+15D

10E+17D

This item and the next four illustrate various combinations of 10,

15, and 17. The

severe

pulling down of the lip corners, angled

down lip corners and inverted-U lip shape, and

severe

wrinkling

and bagging beyond and below the lip corners is sufficient to score

15D using the guidelines for 15 in 10+15 combinations. The

pro-

nounced

raise of the upper lip, the

severe

raising of the medial part

of the infraorbital triangle,

severe

deepening of the nasolabial fur-

row, and the

severe

characteristic 10 pouch indicate 10D. Notice

how the pulling down of the lip corners stretches the nasolabial

furrow into a more straightened shape than, for example, in the

item below.

This example starts with 17, adding a 10.

Severe

wrinkling of the

chin boss,

extreme

pushing up of the chin and lower lip,

severe

bulging under the lip is sufficient to score 17D. The near

maximum

raise of the upper lip, the

extreme

raising of the medial part of the

infraorbital triangle,

maximum

deepening of the nasolabial furrow,

and

maximum

characteristic 10 pouch indicate 10E.

This example starts with 17, then adds a 15.

Severe

wrinkling of

the chin boss,

extreme

pushing up of the chin and lower lip,

severe

bulging under the lip is sufficient to score 17D, similar to the pre-

vious example. The

maximum

pulling down of the lip corners,

inverted-U lip shape, and

maximum

wrinkling and bagging beyond

and below the lip corners indicate 15E, using the guidelines for 15

in 15+17 combinations.

video 15+17

15E+17D

video

10+15+17

video 20

10D+15D+17D

This example starts with 17, adding a 15, then 17.

Severe

wrinkling

of the chin boss,

extreme

pushing up of the chin and lower lip,

severe

bulging under the lip is sufficient to score 17D, similar to

the previous example. The 15 is a little less intense than the previ-

ous example;

extreme

pulling down of the lip corners, inverted-U

shape, and

extreme

wrinkling and bagging beyond and below the

lip corners are sufficient for a D intensity, using the guidelines for

15 in 15+17 combinations. The additional raise of the upper lip,

the

severe

raising of the medial part of the infraorbital triangle,

severe

deepening of the nasolabial furrow, and

extreme

characteris-

tic 10 pouch indicate 10D.

20D+21C+38B

The lateral pulling of the lip corners is

extreme

, stretching and flat-

tening the lips and

severely

elongating the mouth, producing

severe

wrinkles and bulging beyond the lip corners, flattening the cheeks

extremely

, and stretching the skin on the chin. This evidence indi-

cates 20D. The stretching, wrinkling, and bulging at the sides of

the neck is

severe

, enough to move the shirt collar, with

pro-

nounced

bulging at the front of the neck, indicating 21C.

Marked

nostril flaring and thinning is sufficient for 38B. The lips on the

right corner might be separated in a

trace

crack at the end of the

event, but it is not certain enough to score R25A.

Facial Action Coding System

419

Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos

video 14

video 20+26

video 20+27

14D

The lip corners are

severely

extremely

tightened, and the wrin-

kling and bulging as skin is pulled inwards around the lip corners

extreme

, sufficient evidence for 14D. Notice the dimples form-

ing in the cheeks, stretching of skin of the chin, and deepening of

the nasolabial furrow.

This example starts with the jaw already dropped and the lips sepa-

rated, then 20 is added. Since the movement of the jaw drop is not

available and its extent is not greater than that caused by relax-

ation, it must be scored 26, and the drop is

severe

extreme

for a

26, or 26D. When the 20 acts, the lip parting is

slightly

markedly

more than from the jaw drop alone, or 25D. The lateral stretching

of the lips is

pronounced

, with

pronounced

elongation of the

mouth, flattening of the cheeks, and stretching of skin on the chin,

or 20C. The stretching, wrinkling, and bulging at the sides of the

neck is

severe

, with

pronounced

bulging at the front of the neck,

indicating 21C.

This example starts with the jaw already stretched open, then 20 is

added. The jaw is lowered

severely

more than what relaxation

alone could do, so this lowering must be scored 27D. The lips are

separated about as much as the jaw lowering can produce, and the

separation does not change more than a

trace

as the 20 is added, or

25C. The lateral stretching of the lips is

pronounced

, with

pro-

nounced

elongation of the mouth, flattening of the cheeks, and

stretching of skin on the chin, or 20C. Similar to the previous

example, the neck bulging and stretching is sufficient to score 21C.

20C+21C

+25D+26D

20C+21C

+25C+27D

video 10+14

10D+14D+17A

This example begins with a 10 and then adds 14. The

severe

char-

acteristic 10 pouch,

pronounced

raising of the upper lip, pulling up

of the medial infraorbital triangle, and deepening of the nasolabial

furrow is sufficient to score 10D. As the upper lip moves up, the

chin wrinkles

slightly

and the chin boss moves up a

trace

, pushing

the lips up just enough to keep them together. This is sufficient to

score 17A, using the guidelines for 17 in 14+17 combinations.

When the 14 acts, the 17 disappears. The lips are tightened and

drawn in

severely

with

severe

wrinkling and bulging at the lip cor-

ners, and the lips stretch laterally, sufficient evidence to score 14D.

Notice that the angular lip shape due to 10 is diminished as 14 acts.

video 14+17

14D+17D

In this example, the 17 appears first, followed by the 14.

Severe

wrinkling of the chin boss,

severe

pushing up of the chin and lower

lip,

severe

bulging under the lip is sufficient to score 17D. As the

17 is fully acting before the 14, it can be scored separately from the

14, but notice how the 14 enhances the definition of the chin boss

and smooths some chin wrinkles caused by 17 by stretching skin in

the chin. The

severe

tightening of the lip corners, and the

extreme

wrinkling and bulging around the lip corners is sufficient evidence

for 14D. Other evidence of 14 is similar to video 14. Notice how

the inverted-U lip line is straightened when the 14 acts.

Facial Action Coding System

420

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