-
Chapter I
Introduction
T 1.
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific
study of language.
F stics studies
particular language, not languages in general.
F 3. A scientific study of language is
based on what the linguist thinks.
T 4.
In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed
should be based on language facts and checked
against the observed facts.
T 5. General linguistics is generally
the study of language as a whole.
T 6.
General linguistics, which
relates itself to(in contrast
to)
the research of other areas,
studies the
basic concepts, theories,
descriptions, models and methods applicable in any
linguistic study.
T 7. Phonetics is
different from phonology in that the latter
studies the combinations of the sounds to
convey meaning in communication.
F 8. Morphology studies how words can
be formed to produce meaningful sentences.
T
9
.
The
study
of
the
ways
in
which
morphemes
can
be
combined
to
form
words
is
called
morphology.
F
10.
Syntax
(rules
that
govern
the
combination
of
words
to
form
grammatically
permissible
sentences in L)
is different
from morphology in that the former not only
studies the morphemes, but
also the
combination of morphemes into words and words into
sentences.
T 11. The study of meaning
in language is known as semantics.
F
12
.
Both semantics
(L is used to convey
meaning- the study of meaning)
and
pragmatics
( the
study of
meaning is conducted in the context of language
use)
study meanings.
T 13.
Pragmatics is different from semantics in that
pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but
in context.
T changes can
often bring about language changes.
T
15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in
relation to society.
F 16. Modern
linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes
descriptive.
T 17. Modern linguistics
is different from traditional grammar.
F 18. A
diachronic
历时（
it
changes through time
）
study of language is the description of
language
at some point in time.
Synchronic
共时
F 19 Modern
linguistics regards the
written
language as primary,
not the
spoken
language.
F 20. The distinction between
competence
语言能力
and
performance
语言运用
was proposed by
F.
de Saussure.
N.
Chomsky
Chapter
2
：
Phonology
1.
Voicing is a
phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in
both Chinese and English.
(T)
2.
If two
phonetically similar sounds occur in the same
environments and they distinguish meaning,
they are said to be in complementary
distribution.
（
F
）
3.
A phone is a
phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
（
F
）
4.
English is a tone
language while Chinese is not.
（
F
）
5.
In linguistic evolution,
speech is prior to writing.
（
T
）
6.
In everyday
communication, speech plays a greater role than
writing in terms of the amount of
information conveyed.
（
T
）
7.
Articulatory phonetics
tries to describe the physical properties of the
stream of sounds which a
speaker issues
with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
（
F
）
8.
The articulatory
apparatus of a human being are contained in three
important areas: the throat,
the mouth
and the chest.
（
F
）
9.
Vibration of the vocal
cords results in a quality of speech sounds called
voicing.
（
T
）
10.
English
consonants can be classified in terms of place of
articulation and the part of the tongue
that is raised the highest.
（
F
）
11.
According to
the manner of articulation, some of the types into
which the consonants can be
classified
are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
（
F
）
12.
Vowel sounds
can be differentiated by a number of factors: the
position of tongue in the mouth,
the
openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and
the length of the vowels.
（
T
）
13.
According to
the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified
into close vowels, semi-close
vowels,
semi-open vowels and open vowels.
（
F
）
14.
Any sound
produced by a human being is a phoneme.
（
F
）
15.
Phones are
the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
（
F
）
16.
Phonology is
concerned with how the sounds can be classified
into different categories.
（
F
）
17.
A basic way
to determine the phonemes of a language is to see
if substituting one sound for
another
results in a change of meaning.
（
T
）
18.
When two
different forms are identical in every way except
for one sound segment which occurs
in
the same place in the strings, the two words are
said to form a phonemic contrast.
（
F
）
19.
The rules
governing the phonological patterning are language
specific.
（
T
）
20.
Distinctive
features of sound segments can be found running
over a sequence of two or more
phonemic
segments.
（
T
）
Chapter
3
：
Morphology
1. Morphology studies the
internal structure of words and the rules by which
words are formed.
（
T
）
are the smallest
meaningful units of language.
（
F
）
3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit
in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the
basic unit in
the study of morphology.<
/p>
（
T
）
4. The smallest meaningful units that
can be used freely all by themselves are free morp
hemes.
（
T
）
< br>
5. Bound morphemes include two
types: roots and affixes.
（
T<
/p>
）
6. Inflectional
morphemes manifest various grammatical relations
or grammatical categories such
as
number, tense, degree, and case.
（
T
）
7. The
existing form to which a derivational affix can be
added is called a stem, which can be a
bound root, a free morpheme, or a
derived form itself.
（
T
）
8. Prefixes usually
modify the part of speech of the original word,
not the meaning of
it.
（
F
）
9. There are rules that govern which
affix can be added to what type of stem to form a
new word.
Therefore, words formed
according to the morphological rules are
acceptable words.
（
F
）
10.
Phonetically,
the
stress
of
a
compound
always
falls
on
the
first
element,
while
the
second
element receives secondary stress.
（
T
）
Chapter 4
：
1. Syntax is a subfied of
linguistics that studies the sentence structure of
language,
including the combination of
morphemes into words.
（
F
）
tical sentences are formed following a
set of syntactic rules.
（
T
）
3.
Sentences are composed of sequence of words
arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding
onto another following a simple
arithmetic logic.
（
F
）
sally
found
in
the
grammars
of
all
human
languages,
syntactic
rules
that
comprise
the
system
of
internalized
linguistic
knowledge
of
a
language
speaker
are
known
as
linguistic
competence.
（
T
）
5. The syntactic rules of any language
are finite in number, but there is no limit to the
number of
sentences native speakers of
that language are able to produce and comprehend.
（
T
）
6. In a complex sentence, the two
clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the
other.
（
T
）
7. Constituents that can be substituted
for one another without loss of grammaticality
belong to the
same syntactic category.<
/p>
（
T
）
8. Minor lexical categories are open
because these categories are not fixed and new
members are
allowed for.
（
F
）
9. In
English syntactic analysis, four phrasal
categories are commonly recognized and discussed,
namely, noun phrase, verb phrase,
infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
（
F
）
10. In English the subject usually
precedes the verb and the direct object usually
follows the verb.
（
T
）
is
actually
internalized
in
the
mind
of
a
native
speaker
is
a
complete
list
of
words
and
phrases
rather than grammatical knowledge.
（
F
）
12. A
noun phrase must contain a noun, but other
elements are optional.
（
T
）
13. It is believed
that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of
the lexicon, generate sentences at
the
level of D-structure.
（
T
）
14.
WH-
movement
is
obligatory
in
English
which
changes
a
sentence
from
affirmative
to
in
terrogative.
（
T
）
Chapter 5
Semantics
1. Dialectal synonyms can often be
found in different regional dialects such as
British English and
American English
but cannot be found within the variety itself, for
example, within British English or
American English.
（
F
）
2. Sense is concerned with the
relationship between the linguistic element and
the non-linguistic
world of experience,
while the reference deals with the inherent
meaning of the linguistic form.
（
F
）
3. Linguistic forms having
the same sense may have different references in
different situations.
（
T
）
4. In
semantics, meaning of language is considered as
the intrinsic and inherent relation to the
physical world of experience.
（
F
）
5.
Contextualism
is
based
on
the
presumption
that
one
can
derive
meaning
from
or
reduce
meaning to observable
contexts.
（
T
）
6.
Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a
language form as the situation in which the
speaker utters it and the response it
calls forth in the hearer.
（
T
）
7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum
total of the meanings of all its components.
（
F
）
8. Most languages have sets
of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked
differently according to
their degree
of formality.
（
T
）
9. “it is hot.” is a
no
-place predication because it
contains no argument.
（
T
）
10. In grammatical analysis, the
sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in
semantic analysis of a
sentence, the
basic unit is predication, which is the
abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
（
T
）
Chapter
6
：
Pragmatics
semantics
and
pragmatics
study
how
speakers
of
a
language
use
sentences
to
effect
successful communicat
ion
（
F
）
tics treats the meaning of language as
something intrinsic and inherent.
（
F
）
would be impossible to give an
adequate description of meaning if the context of
language use
was left unconsidered.
（
T
）
essentially distinguishes semantics
and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning
the
context of use is considered.
（
T
）