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高考英语阅读理解推理判断题的解题技巧
推理判断题
这类题属于主观题，
是层次较高的设题。
它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，
推
理是为了得出正确的判断，
正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推
理。
推理题要求在理解原文表
面文字信息的基础上，
做出一定判断和推论，
从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。
推理题
所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，
也可是某
几句话，
但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为
依据，既不能做出
在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。
所以，
推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：
即对原文某
一句话或某
几句话所作的同义改写
(paraphrase)<
/p>
或综合。
常见的题干有：
1) It can
be inferred from the text that.
2) We
can conclude that.
3) When the writer
talks about..., what he really means is that.
4) Which of the following can be
inferred from the passage?
判断题考查学生在理解文章
的基础上，
对不同观点进行评价和判断的能力。
推理题考查学生
由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隐含信息的能力。
1)
判断有据
,
推论有理
,
忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。
2)
全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。
3)
善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。
4
）不可直接选取文中的原句。
例
1
：
Annealing
Annealing is a
way of making metal softer by heating it and then
letting it cool very slowly.
If metal
is heated and then cooled very quickly, for
example by dipping (
浸
) it in
water, it will be
very hard but also
very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal
that has been annealed is soft but
does
not break as easily. It is possible to make metal
as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing
it. The metal is heated, and allowed to
cool slowly for a certain length of time. The
longer the
heated
metal
takes
to
cool
slowly,
the
softer
it
becomes.
Annealing
can
also
be
used
on
other
material, such as glass.
（
1990NMET
）
①
Why do people put hot metal
in water?
A. To make it hard.
B. To make it soft.
C. To make it
cool.
D. To make it brittle.
[
分析
]
答案为
A
，此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热，然后迅速放到
水里冷
却，也就会变得非常硬，但也变得脆。
hard
是工艺的主观目的。
brittle
是伴随的
客观结果，
故选
A
而不选
D
。
B
项明显错
误；
C
项是手段不是目
的，因此，都可排除。
②
In
annealing, the required hardness of metal depends
on __.
A. the quantity of
water used
B. the temperature of the
metal
C. the softness of the metal
D. the timing of the
operation
[
分析
]
答案为
D,
此题属概括归纳题。
timing
是时间的选择。
本答案的依据是
5
和
6
两句，
metal is
heated,
?
length of
time.
?
the softer it becomes.
的时间是可以控制
的，时间越长越
<
/p>
soft,
即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论：在退火过程中，
金属的硬度是
受到冷却的时间长短影响的。
③
As suggested by the text,
how can glass be made less brittle?
A.
It can be heated and then cooled quickly.
B.
It can be cooled and then heated slowly.
C. It can be heated and then cooled
slowly.
D. It can be cooled and then heated
quickly.
[
分析
]
答案为
C
此题属推理
判断题。
文中提到
。
< br>最后一句说退火工艺同样可用于象玻
璃一类的其他材料。
文中我们已知
就是先
< br>后
。由此推断
C
是正
确的。
例
2
：
At
one
time,
computers
were
expected
largely
to
remove
the
need
for
paper
copies
of
documents (
文件
)
because they could be stored electronically. But
for all the texts that are written,
stored and sent electronically, a lot
of them are still ending up on paper.
It
is
difficult
to
measure
the
quantity
of
paper
used
as
a
result
of
use
of
Internet-connected
computers, although just about anyone
who works in an office can tell
you
that when e-mail is
introduced, the
printers start working overtime.
trees
to be cut down,
Perhaps the best sign of
how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for
paper comes from
the
high-
tech
industry
itself,
which
sees
printing
as
one
of
its
most
promising
new
markets.
Several Internet
companies have been set upto help small businesses
print quality documents from
a
computer. Earlier this week Hewlett-Packard Co.
announced a plan to develop new technologies
that will enable people to print even
more so they can get a hard copy of a business
document, a
medical
record
or
just
a
one-line
e-mail,
even
if
they
are
nowhere
near
a
computer.
As
the
company sees it, the
more use of the Internet the greater demand for
printers.
Does
all
this
mean
environmental
concerns(
环境问题
)
have
been
forgotten?
Some
activists
suggest people
have been led to believe that a lot of dangers to
the environment have gone away.
回收利用
),
Kelly Quirke,
director of the Rainforest Action Network in San
Francisco. Yet Quirke is hopeful
that
high-tech
may
also
prove
helpful.
He
says
printers
that
print
on
both
sides
are
growing
in
popularity.
The
action
group
has
also
found
acceptable
paper
made
from
materials
other
than
wood, such as
agricultural waste.
（
2003
年全国卷）
④
The
growing demand for paper in recent years is
largely due to___________
．
A
．
the rapid
development of small businesses
B
．
the opening up
of new markets
C
．
the printing of
high quality copies
D
．
the increased
use of the Internet
[
分析
]
本文话题为办公用纸与环保，讲述了计算机与网络的发展并没有如人们先
前所预料的
那样帮助我们实现无纸化办公，
相反地，
随着打印技术的发展，用纸量日益增大．
于是还得
依靠科技，
寻找双面打印与开拓农业废料提供造纸原料等出路了．
文中涉及科技发展、
生产
需求与环保之间的关系，
内涵十分深刻，
平时
“两耳不闻窗外事”
的人是很难一下读明白的．
本
题考查对于文中提
供的事实与线索进行逻辑推理的能力．
近年来纸张用量增加的
原因何在
?
第
2
段中做出解释：
It is difficult to measure the
quantity of
paper used as a result of
use of Internet-con-nected computers
，
．
．
．
when
e-mail is introduced
，
the
printers
start
working
ove
rtime
．
．
．
The
growing
demand
for
paper
看来正是
a
result
of
use
of
Internet-connected comput
ers
．
本题答案为
D
．
其余
3
个选项内容虽然也都
在短文不同地方有
所涉及，但均非题干所问纸张用量增长的直接原因，可逐一排除．
中，
C
项干扰性
最大，第
3
段中所提及的
Severa
l Internet companies have been set up to help
small businesses print quality
documents from a computer
与选项
C
十分接近，
因而对他们构成
迷惑，
这是因为考生没有能够认识到这一事实出现在本段中，只是为了说明
how
computer
and Internet use
pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-
tech industry itself
，然而
the
printing of high quality
copies
本身并非纸张需求增长的原因．
“阅读理解”
解题过程中，
需要在通篇理解大意的基础
上找到与本题相关的线索，
弄清各项
事实之间的联系，辨别选项
内容之间的细微差别，排除干扰，找准最佳答案．
[
答案
]
D
⑤
Environmentalists believe
one possible way of dealing with the paper
situation is_________
．
A
．
to
encourage printing
more
quality
documents
B
．
to
develop
new
printers
using
recycled
paper
C
．
to find new
materials for making paper
D
．
to
plant more fast-growing trees
[
< br>分析
]
本题问及环保人士
(en
vironmentalists)
对于用纸所引起的环保问题的解决途径所持看
法．结尾段中谈到：
The action group (=
the environmentalists) has also found acceptable
paper
made from materials other than
wood
，
such as
agricultural waste
，
也就是本题选项中的
C
项
to
find new materials for making
paper
．
通过查读可以发现，选
项
D
在文中根本没有涉及，选项
B
将文中细节内容做了一点改变，
形成干扰．
考虑
B
项，
文
中为：
the problem is taken care
of
，
because of re
cycling
．
．
．
；
．
．
．
printers that prin
to on both sides
are growing in popularity(
结尾段
)
；两处内容综合衍生而成选项
B
．
但并未说
有使用
recycled
paper
的
new
printers
，本项应排除．
D
项所说的
plant more
fast-growing trees
则在文中完全没有提到．
[
答案
]
c
⑥
Hewlett-
Packard Co
．
has
decided to develop new technologies because
________
．
A
．
people
are
concerned
about
the
environment
B
．
printers
in
many
offices
are
working
overtime
C
．
small companies
need more hard copies
D
．
they see a
growing market for printers
[
分析
]
题干中的
HP
Company(
这家公司在打印机和电脑厂商里也可算是闻名遐迩了
)
是对我
们寻找答案极为有用的线索，循此很
快可以找到第
3
段里，该公司
deve
lop new technologies
的原因
(
也是目的
)
在于：
en
able people to print even more
．
< br>．
．
．本段结尾则一语道破：
A
s the
company sees
it
，
the more use of the
Internet the greater demand for printers
．
显然只是要让人们
更多地打印，牟利之心昭然若揭，其技术
发展的原因与环保无关
(
排除
A
项
)
；与超时办公也
无直接逻辑联系
(
排除
B
项
)
；对于
hard
copies
有需求的也不仅仅是
smal
l
companies(
排除
C
项
)
；本题正确答案为
D
．
例
3
：
A
visitor visits an island where two tribes live.
One tribe always tells the truth and the other
always lies. The truth tellers live on
the western side of the island, and those who lie
live on the
eastern side. The visitor
wants to determine whether the native beside him
is a truth teller or not
by asking only
one question. He asks the native,” Go and ask the
native in the distance which side
of
the island he lives on.” When the messenger
returns, he says,
e said he lives on
the western
side of the
island.
?
⑦
According to the
messenger's answer, the visitor can conclude
that_______________
?
A. The messenger lives on the western
side of the island because he tells the
truth.
?
B. the
messenger lives on the eastern side of the island
because his answer may be a lie.
C.
it's hard to determine whether the messenger is a
truth
teller or not.
D. the messenger probably lives in the
western side of the island because his answer may
be true.
[
分析
]
推测有关信使（近处的当地人）情况的。我们知道，讲真话的部落住在
岛的西部，撒
谎的部落住在岛的东部。这个信使去问远方的当地人住在岛的哪一边（东部
还是西部）
。远
方的当地人只能有两种情况，
< br>要么住在岛的西部，
要么住在岛的东部。
如果他住在岛的
西部，
他就是一个讲真话的人，
他就会如实回答他住在西部。<
/p>
如果他住在岛的东部，
他就是一个撒
谎的
人。他本来住在东部，但在回答时，必须要说谎，他只能回答他住在西部。所以远方的
当
地人不管是住在东部还是西部，
他的回答只有一个：
“我住在西
部”
。
如果信使告诉参观者
远方的当地
人住在西部，
信使无疑是说了真话，那么信使一定是住在岛的西部。反之，
如果
信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在东部，
那么信
使就说了假话，
信使肯定住在东部。
故此题
答案是
A
。
⑧
The
native
in
the
distance
says
he
lives
on
the
western
side
of
the
island.
According
to
his
answer,
which conclusion of the following is
wrong?
?
A. He may
live on the eastern side of the island.
?
B.
He may live on the western side of the
island.
?
C. He
may be telling the truth.
?
D. He can't be telling the truth.
[
分析
]
推测远方的当地
人的情况。从短文提供的信息来看，我们无法判定远方的当地人是住
在岛的东部还是岛的
西部，两种情况都是可能存在的。此题要注意情态动词的语气。
A.
“他
可能住在岛的西部”
;B.
“
他可能住在岛的东部”
;C.
“他可能讲了真话”
。上述
A
、
B
、
C
三
种情况都是可能的。
D.
“他不可能讲真话”
，语气太绝对
。推测错误。故答案为
D
。?
例
4
：
When
the young waitress near my house started saying
hello to me every day, I was very
happy. She was at least fifteen years
younger than I.
One day she
signed me to come near. When
I walked
over, she asked,
”
Are you single?
?
“
Why,
yes.
“
So is my
mother.
“
Would you like to
meet her?
?
⑨
The writer talked about the
waitress' age because he thought___________.
A. she was young
B. it a pleasure to make
friends with her
?
C. she was beautiful
D.
it strange for her to fall in love with him
⑩
The waitress said hello to
the writer every day
because___________.
?
A. she lived near his house
B.
he often went to visit her mother
C.
she wanted to be friendly with him
D. she loved
him very much
?
[<
/p>
分析
]
这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务
员每天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他
有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者
认为女孩爱上他有点奇怪。故第⑨题答案是
D
。女孩
问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，
女孩每天向他问
好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。第⑩题答案是
C
。?
高考英语二轮复习阅读理解专题指导（事实细节题）
事实细节题
所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。
一般
包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用
who,
what, when, where, why
和
how
等提
问或用与此相类似的词填空。
说明文和
叙述文的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）
及语义转化
题
（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，
两者存在表达上的
差异，
有时需要
进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。
）抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做
好其它类型问题的基
础。这类题型的题干常为：
1) When/Where
did the story happen?
2) Which of the
following statements is (not) correct?
3) Which of the following statements is
(not) mentioned in the passage?
4)
Which is the right order of the events given in
the passage?
5) All the statements are
true except.
该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，<
/p>
或是其变体。
所以，
搜查信息在阅
读中非常重要，
它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、
图表等细节信息。在
一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体
展开的细节。
做这类题一般采用寻读法，
即先读
题，
然后带着问题快速阅读短文，
找出与问题有关的词
语或句子，
再对相关部分进行分析对
比，找出答案。弄清细节、
准确获取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。
细节专题一：排序题
此类试题的考查
形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，
然后对上面的事实进行排序。
要求考
生根据动作发生的先后顺序、
时间顺序以及句子之间
的逻辑关系，
找出事件发生、
发展的正
确顺序。
考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，
把它作为事件
发生的具体点，
然后使用排
除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选
出正确答案。
例
1
：
In
the 19th century England people liked to go to the
seaside. In those days, ladies wore long
bathing
dresses,
and
men
wore
bathing
suits.
Women
did
not
walk
about
on
the
beach(
沙滩
)in
their bathing dresses. They hired a
bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for
changing in,
and
for
taking
the
bather
down
to
the
sea.
It
cost
2
pence(
便士
)
to
hire
a
machine
and
an
attendant(
侍者
).
When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back
steps and got into the bathing
machine
.
Then
she
changed
into
her
bathing
dress.
When
she
had
changed,
the
machine
was
pulled down to the sea. The bathing
machine stoped in the water and the bather went
down the
front steps into the
water. If she
did not want to get into the sea, the attendant
pulled her in.
（
1996NMET
）
①
In
19th
century
people
who
used
the
bathing
machine
usually
did
the
following
things.
Which is
the right order for doing them?
a. Changing into bathing clothes
b.
Getting out of the bathing machine
c.
Paying 2 pence
d.
Getting into the bathing machine
e.
Being taken down the beach
f. Getting into
the water
A. e, d, a, b, f, c
B. c, d, a, e,
b, f
C. c, d, e, a, b, f
D.
d, a, e, b, f, c
[
分析
< br>]
答案
B
题目要求找出利用
bathing
m
achine
游泳的程序，显然，租用一个
bathing
machine
是要先付钱的，所以
c
就是第一个动作，下水
f
应该是最后一个动作了。这样用
排
除法就可以排除
A
和
D
项。
再看
B
和
C
项，
从第
一段倒数第三句可知先
a
后
e
，
故选
B
。
细节专题二：计算题
计算题也是近几
年高考中常考的内容，
此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，
有的要
经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。
具体的计算
题可以是对年代的计算、
月份的计算或
比例的计算等。
文章中经常会出现许多数字，
它们对解题产生一定的影响。
解答此类试题的
方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就
能够得出正确的答案了。
例
2
：
Degree
We offer a wide choice of
bachelor
’
s degrees
(
学位
) for international
students, which includes:
Arts,
Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc.
Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education
are only for New Zealand citizens, for
further information: deg@.
Tuition Fees(
学费
)
Tuition fees are different from
department to department, generally from $$5,000 to
$$6,000 a year.
For further information:
tui@.
Accommodation(
住宿
)
You can have a room in a 4-bedroom
flat, which will cost about $$100 a month with
other regular
living costs of about
$$150 a month for one person. For further
information: acc@waikato.
Health
The Student Health Service provides
excellent medical services for students. The
Medical Centre
is open five days a
week, including student holidays with four
doctor's and nurses to meet your
medical needs. For further information:
heal@.
Sports
The Centre is a great place to have
sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can
help you work
out
a
training
plan
and
keep
you
active.
The
sports
hall
has
volleyball,
basketball
and
indoor
football
courts
and
a
swimming
pool
as
well.
There
are
also
a
large
number
of
sports
clubs
at
Waikato.
For further information: sport@
（
2005
安徽卷）
②
You have to pay at least
______ a year if you study at the University of
Waikato.
A. $$5,250
B. $$8,000
C.
$$9,000
D.
$$11,000
[
分析
]B
此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，文章中所说的
Tuitio
n
Fees
每年需要
from
$$5,000 to
$$6,000
，
而
a
4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $$100 a month
，
一年需要
$$1200,
另外的
other regular living costs of
about $$150 a month for one person
经过计算可以
知道一年需
要
$$1800
，加起来一年
至少需要
$$8000
。
细节专题三：图形题
在有图形试题的
阅读理解中，
有的图形出现在阅读理解文章中，
有的出现在选项
中，
这些图
片的出现增加了试题的直观性，
同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。
在解答此类试题的时
候，
一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息，
特别是有些事实是通过图
片来叙述的，
我们可以采用
按图寻找正确答案的方法。
例
3
：
The
Channel Islands are a group of British-owned
islands lying in the English
Channel(
海峡
),
10
to
30
miles
off
the
French
coast,
and
70
to
90
miles
from
the
English
coast.
There
are
ten
islands
with
a
total
land
area
of
75
square
miles
and
a
total
population
of
123,000.
The
three
largest islands,
Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been
known for the fine
breeds(
品种
)of
cattle that are raised on them and
named after them.
In earliest known history
the islands were considered part of Normandy,
which was part of
France, but the ruler
of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and
from then on the islands
were
looked
upon
as
British
land.
English
control
was
unbroken
until
World
War
II,
when
the
Germans held the islands for five
years.
Although people on the islands speak
both languages and they are considered English,
their
customs are more French than Engl
ish.
（
2000
年北京春季）
③
Which of the
following maps gives the right position of the
Channel Islands?
Br = Britain
Fr = France
Ch = Channel
Islands
[
分析
]C
这是一道识图题
。从第一段：
The Channel Islands are a group
of British-owned islands
lying in the
English Channel(
海峡
), 10 to
30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles
from
the English coast.
可以推断选
项
C
正确地表达了
The
Channel Islands
的位置
细节专题四：其它类型
例
4
：
Tristan
da
Cunha,
a
38-square-mile
island,
is
the
farthest
inhabited
island
in
the
world,
according to the Guinness Book of
Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest
neighbor, St.
Helena, and 1,950miles
west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese
admiral
（葡萄牙海军上将）
of
the
same
name
in
1506,
and
settled
in
1810,
the
island
belongs
to
Great
Britain
and
has
a
population of a few
hundred.
Coming
in
a
close
second
–
-
and
often
wrongly
mentioned
as
the
most
distant
land
－
is
Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles
east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and
2,300 miles
west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square-
mile island was settled around the 5th century,
supposedly by people
who were lost at
sea. They had no connection with the outside world
for more than a thousand
years, giving
them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge
stone figures, called moai, for
which
the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1772, however,
settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island
its name.
Today,
2,000
people
live
on
the
Chilean
territory
（智利领土）
.
They
share
on
street,
a
small
airport, and a few hours of television
per day.
（
2003
年全国）
④
It can be
learned from the text that the island of Tristan
da Cunha _____________.
A
．
was named after
its discoverer B
．
got its
name from Holland settlers
C
．
was named by
the British government D
．
got
its name from the Guinness Book of Records
[
分析
]
本篇选材涉及地理，
为我们介绍了两座最为偏远的小岛
(farthest
／
most distant inhabited
< br>islands)
，一为吉尼斯大全
(Guinness
Book of Records)
所认定的
Tristan
da Cunha
；另一为复活
岛
(E
aster lsland)
．文中出现了比较多的专有名词．
本题问及
Tristan da Cunha
< br>小岛的命名．如能通过浏览把握本文篇章结构，则可看出，关于
该岛的内容都在第
1
段：运用寻读
(SCANNING)
技巧可以找到与本题相关的线索
(
关键
词
name)
出现在该段结尾句里，
通
读全句可以得出答案：
Discovered by the Portuguese
admiral of
the same name (as the island
)
．
．
．
，与
选项
A
一致．
[
答案
]
A
⑤
Which of the following is
most famous for moai?
A
．
Tristan da
Cunha.
B
．
Pitcairn
Island.
．
C.
Easter Island. D
．
St. Helena.
[
分析
]
本题
涉及关于
moai( = stone figures)
的一
个细节问题：其所在地．
4
个选项均为岛名，
< br>因此不能依此线索查找．要按题干中所问，从第
3
段里找
到
moai
所在的岛；但这里仅提到
t
he island
，
循此线索往上追寻：
(3
段结尾
)the island =
(3
段开头
)the mountainous
64-squaremile
sland =
(2
段中
)Easter lsland
，即为答案．
[
答案
]
C
⑥
Which country does Easter
Island belong to?
A
．
Britain.
B
．
Holland.
C
．
Portugal.
D
．
Chile.
[
分析
]
本题考查复活岛今日的归属问题．题干提问中使
用的现在时态也是不容忽视的．问的
是“现在”情况，不是过去．第
4
段中间提到
Today
，
．
．
．
Chilea
n territory
，与答案
D
吻
合．
另外
3
个国家中，有的与此岛并不相干
(A
．
Britain
；
C
．
Portugal)
；有的则只是历史上的过
客
(B
．
Holland)
．最大干扰项为
B
项．这些误选者显然只注意了短文结尾段
中的
On
Easter
Sunda
y
，
1722
，
however
，
settlers from
Holland moved in and gave the island its name
，却忽略
了其中的时间因素，同样，也没能对于紧接此后的
Today
，
2
，
000 people live on the Chilean
te
rritory
予以足够关注，对于时态变化所传递的信息差异意识不够导致了这些考生
在理解上
的偏差，因而失误．
[
答案<
/p>
]D
例
5
：<
/p>
When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick
saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body
was numb. She had been swimming for
nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first
woman to
swim the English Channel in
both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal
was to become the
first woman to swim
from Catalina to the California coast.
On that fourth of July morning 1952,
the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so
dense. She
could hardly see her support
boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to
be driven away by
rifle
shots.
Against
the
frigid
grip
of
the
sea,
she
struggled
on,
hour
after
hour,
while
millions
watched on national television.
Alongside Florence in one
of the boats, her mother and here trainer offered
encouragement.
They told her it wasn?t
much farther. But all she could see was fog. They
urged her not to quit. She
never had…
until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked
to be pulled out.
⑦
What does
“
she never
had
?”
in the third paragraph
mean?
A. She had never been so
desperate.
B. She had never thought of giving it
up.
C. She had never seen
such thick fog.
D. She had never swum across the strait
before.
[
分析<
/p>
]
根据上下文
they urged
her not to quit,
以及
with only
a half mile to go, she asked to be
pulled out.
可以推断出，她当时并没有想放弃，
只不过是后来情况变化了。答案：
B
例
6
：
Decision-
thinking is not unlike poker--- it often matters
not only what you think , but also
what
others think you think and what you think they
think you think . The mental
process
（过程）
is
similar . Naturally , this card game has often
been of considerable interest to people who are ,
by
any standards , good thinkers .
The
great
mathematician
John
von
Neumann
was
one
of
the
founders
of
game
theory
.
In
particular
,
he
showed
that
all
games
fall
into
two
classes
;
there
are
what
he
called
games
of
?perfect information?,
games like chess where the players can't hide
anything or play tricks they
don't
win
by
chance
,
but
by
means
of
logic
and
skills .
Then
there
are
games
of
?imperfect
informatio
n?, like poker, in
which it is impossible to know in advance that one
course of action is
better than
another.
One mistaken idea about
business is that it can be treated as a game of
perfect information. Quite
the
reverse,
business,
politics,
life
itself
are
games
which
we
must
normally
play
with
very
imperfect information. Business
decisions are often made with many unknown and
unknowable
factors
（因素）
,
which would ever puzzle best poker players . But
few business people find it
comfortable
to admit that they are taking a chance , and many
still prefer to believe that they are
playing chess , not poker.
⑧
An important factor in a
game of imperfect information is _______.
A. rules
B. luck
C. time
D. ideas
[
分析
]
短文第二段有这样
一段说明：??游戏可分为两类，一种是被称为
“
perfect
informat
ion
”
的游戏，
双方无法隐瞒或进行
欺骗，
他们不是靠碰巧获胜
（
?
they
don
’
t win
by
chance
）
。另一种则是
“
imperfect information
”的游戏，如打牌，游戏者不可能预先知道
他出的这一道牌是否比另一道好。
从作者的这种表达可以推断出，
“
imperfect
information
”
游戏获胜的一个因
素就是运气。因此选
B
。
推理判断题
推理判断题的考查每年都
占阅读理解试题的一半左右。
推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理
解
题，很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力，没有把握。下面笔者结合近年
高考
试题，
谈谈推理判断题的解题技巧，希望对大家复习备考有所帮助。
一、推理题常见的提问形式
常以
infer
，
imply
，
suggest<
/p>
，
conclude
，
< br>learn
，
intend
，<
/p>
mean
，
describe
，
purpose
等词
提
问。或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如
can
，
could
，
might
，
would
等和其他表示可能
性的动
词，如
probably
，
most
likely
等。
二、推理题的解题思路
如何做好推理判断题？笔者以为，
考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，
在语篇
的表面意义与隐含意义、
已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，
< br>透过字里行间，
去体会作者的
“弦
外之音”
。
首先，要求考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，
分析文章结构，根据上下文内
在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。
在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，
千万不可脱离原
文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。
其次，
对于暗含在文章中的人物的行
为动机、
事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、
意
图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实
质性的东西。
再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某
个细节进行推断，还
是针对主题
思想
、作者的意图进行推断。
针对细节的推断可运用
scanni
ng
方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范
围，然后
再进行推理判断。
针对主题
思想
作推断时，
其解题的主要依据是文章的主题
思想
，
然后
再分析句子
之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证
(opinion
and fact)
、原因与结果
(cause and ef
fect)
、主观点
与次观点
(mai
n idea and supporting idea)
。
三、推理题的解题方法
1.
抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理
做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中
的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、
判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而
推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
例
2006
徽春季
D
篇
69. The text suggests that not getting
enough sleep might make you _____.
A. suffer from
poor health
B. feel tired and nervous
C. dream more often
D. breathe
quickly
解析
解题时抓住第一段
After
a
busy
day
of
work
and
play,
the
body
needs
to
rest.
Sleep is
necessary for good health. During this time, the
body recovers from the activities of the
day. The rest that you get while
sleeping makes it possible for your body to
prepare itself for the
next day.
中
Sleep is necessary for good
health.
去理解。利用逆向思维，我们很容易推断出这
一
结论：一个人睡眠不足会对他的健康有害
(suffer from poor
health),
所以答案为Ａ。
2.
整合全文（段）信息进行推断
做推理题时，
有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，
整合与题目相关的有用信息，
< br>综合
起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。
65
．
Which of the following is the immediate
cause of the sinking of the
Bismarck
？
A
．
The
British air strikes
．
B
．
The
damage done by the Hood
．
C
．
Gunfire from the British
warships
．
D
．
Luetjens
’
decision to run for
France
．
解析
德国军舰
Bismarck
号素有“不沉舰”的美称，然而最后还是“葬身海底”
。造
成这种下沉的直接原因是什么？短文中未直接陈述。
这就需要我们利用短文中
的信息综合起
来去推断。
德军舰第一次与英军舰交火后，
But in the
fight
，
the Bismarck was
slightly damaged
．
可
见，英军舰
Hood
号给德军舰
Bi
smarck
号造成的损坏不足以使它下沉。故
B
不对。第一次
交火后，
德军舰
Bismarck
号上的指挥官
Luetjens
命令军舰驶向法国进行维修
（
Her
commander
decided to run for repairs to
France
，
which had at that
time been taken by the Germans
．
< br>）
，这更
不是使它下沉的直接原因。
D
也不对。
5
月
< br>26
日，英国空军发现
Bis
marck
并向
Bismarck
开火
（
Trying to slow the Bismarck down so
that their ships could catch up with
her
，
the British
fired at her from the
air
．
The Bismarck was hit
．
）
，
Bismarc
k
被击中。正如文中所讲，英国空
军主要是想拦截
Bismarck
号，使它减速，以便后面的英舰赶上。这表明英空军对
Bismarck
开火也不足以使
Bism
arck
下沉，
A
也不对。
On
the
morning
of
May
27
，
the
last
battle
was
fought
．
Four
British ships fired on the
Bismarck
，
and she was finally
sunk
．
5
月
27
日四艘英
国战舰赶到并一齐向
Bismarck
开火
（
Four British ships fired on the Bismarck
）
，
最后使她下沉
（
She was finally sunk
）
。这就是直接原因，故正确选项为
C
。
3.
利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，
这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状
态及作者的写作意图，
< br>因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进
行准确的逻辑
判断。
认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性
词汇
或句子，
对
我们掌握文章主旨文意，
了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化
，
从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有
好处。
59
．
The writer
’
s
purpose in writing this story is
________
．
A
．
to
tell an interesting experience
B
．
to
show the easiest way out of difficulty
C
．
to
describe the trouble facing a newly married
woman
D
．
to
explain the difficulty of learning to cook from
books
从原文中?
As I was
not experienced in cooking , I thought if a dozen
was good , two
dozen would be better ,
so I doubled everything .
?
I
had been defeated , I put the dough in the
rubbish bin outside so I
wouldn
’
t have to face Doug
laughing at my work ,
?
I
don
’
t know who
was more
embarrassed(
尴尬
)by the whole
thing Doug or me.
可看出文章叙述了一位新婚主妇
按烹调书做发面失败的尴尬经历。
但是全文充满了一种讽刺幽默的笔调
,
文章最后一句带
俏皮感，说明主人公心情并不沉重，而是感到有点好笑，所以答案应选
A
。作者写作目的是
自述一次有趣的经
历。选项
B
肯定为错误答案，因为它与本文首句
(The easy way out isn
’
t
always
easiest)
不合
; D
反映作者
写作目的是解释从书本上学烹饪的困难，也不对，因为作者
并未详细介绍主人公从书本上
学烹饪是如何力不从心的
;
主人公并不会天天面对这种烦恼，
选项
C
为错误答案。
< br>
虽然全文语境含贬义，但文章的言外之意需要读者对作者写作意图做
深层挖掘
,
若不然就会被误导而作出错误判断。<
/p>
4.
根据文章的结论推断作者的态度
作者态度、
倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、
反对还是犹豫不定，
对记
叙或描写的
人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种
思想
倾向和感情色彩
往
往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，
在推断过程中，
应特别注意文
中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色
彩的形容词。
例
Why isn
’
t your
newspaper reporting any good
news
？
All I read about is
murder
，
bribery
（行
贿）
，
and
death
．
Frankly
，
I
’
m sick of all this
bad news
．
This
author
’
s attitude towards
the newspaper reporting is to ______
．
A
．
complain
B
．
apologize
C
．
amuse
D
．
inform
解析
<
/p>
作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登载坏新闻，如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；
二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪
（对坏新闻
厌恶透了）
，故应选
A
。
5.
根据上下文的逻辑得出结论
逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、
论点、
例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，
从而得出合乎
逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。
做这类题时
，
应把握作者的写作思路，
预测下文可能发展的内容。
文章可按事件发展的经过
描写，也可按因果关系
,
对比关系来描写。
例
We are in the computer
age
．
We often see computers
at work
．
They are especially
useful in automatic
control
，
data
processing
（数据处理）
and solving
complicated problems
．
And
they are finding their way into the
home
．
The part played by
computers is becoming even more
important with each passing
day
．
More and
cleverer computers will continue to
appear
．
They will run
faster
，
have more
functions and work much more
skillfully
．
They will take
over more tasks from
us
，
helping to
change the face of our
world
．
Some people even think
that sooner or later computers will replace
us
．
How
ever
．
．
．
Which of the following statements will
best continue the third
paragraph
？
A
．
Computers will soon stop
developing
．
B
．
Many people like computers very
much
．
C
．
Computers are as clever as
man
．
D
．
I do not think computers will replace
us completely
．
解析
本文采用了对比关系法来描写，
前面
描写了计算机的长处，
但作者用
However
一词预示着将引出相反的观点，故答案为
D
。
6.
结合已有的知识进行推断
知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己
掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，
从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方
法。
知识推断题一般都是针对细节。
解答此类题，
不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识，
而且还需要对细节以及有关背景知识有
一个充分的理
解。
53.
After reading the story what can we infer about
the hospital?
A. It is a c
hildren?s
hospital.
B. It has strict rules about visiting
hours.
C. The conditions there aren?t very
good.
D. The nurses and doctors there don?t
work hard.
解析
本文
讲述了一位母亲采用拖地计谋混进病房探视女儿的故事。
由常识可知医院内拖地
并非医生
护士
的工作，选项
D
不对。
C
项与文中的
It
’
s a fine hospital
意思相矛盾。
A
项
依据不充分，
女儿未必都是儿童。
正确答案是
B
。
文中
I told her about the hospital rules,
and she
will not expect us until
tomorrow.
则暗示此规章在探视时间上是严格规定的，
而且在实际生活
中我们都知道医院探视病人是有严格的制度的。
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