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2021-02-16 20:57
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2021年2月16日发(作者:hurt的过去式)






一、课程介绍和考情分析



这部分采取 在原简答题分值基础上,


附加五分的形式。


考试中本题出自简答 题部分,



本课程将针对简答题考点设置专题,进行讲解。







2009


2010


2011






质量控制准则(


quality control standards)


存货监盘程序



(Procedures for client’s physical inventory count)



集团审计(


Group audit





二、专题设置包括的知识点







1


2


3


4


5


6


7


8


9


主题内容



注册会计师法律责任(


legal liability for CPAs




事务所业务质量控制(


quality control




职业道德基本原则(


professional ethics




总体审计策略和具体审计计划


(overall audit plan and audit program)















< br>计




(audit


sampling


for


tests


of


controls and tests of details of balances)


财务报表审 计中了解内部控制、


评价内部控制缺陷


(understand ing


of


internal


control; identify and evaluate the internal control weakness)


了解业务流程,识别控制风险



(understand


the


client’s


business


process,


assess the control risk)


存货监盘程序



Procedures for client’s physical inventory count



审计业务报告(auditor’s r


eport)


三、



简答题英语答题思路及答题策略



(< /p>


1


)出题形式:



题型一:



指出……是否存在不当之处,如果存在,简要说明理由。



指出……是否违反审计准则,如果违反,简要说明理由。



题型二:



说明应实施的审计程序等




2


)答题策略:针对第一类型题:


< p>
①不正确


/


不恰当


/


存在不当之处


/


违反准则。


理由:


注册会计师应当……


/


准则要求……



Wrong/inappropriate/exist


The auditor should



/according to the relevant requirement,


……



②正确


/


恰当


/


不存在不当之处


/


不违反准则。

< p>


Right/appropriate/non-exist


③针对第二类型题和第一类型的简要说明部分:


汉译英



四、



课程安排:



1.


关键词汇:要求记忆



2.


重点句子:最终表达,要求熟读,生巧(


重 点放在汉译英句子翻译



)。



答题口诀:


中文表达在心,语序中英转换



专题一




注册会计师法律责任




(legal liability for CPAs)



本章考情分析



< br>本章第二节的中国注册会计师法律责任易出简答题,


2008


2010


年简答题,预计


201 2


年仍需重点掌握。



一、



重点词汇(


key words




Auditing standards


执业准则



Professional skepticism


职业谨慎



Audit report


审计报告



Capital verification services


验资



The third party/Interested party


利害关系人

< br>/


第三方



Joint and several liability


连带责任



注册会计师责任认定:



Breach of contract


违约



Negligence


过失



Fraud


欺诈



过失责任:


“第一种



Ordinary negligence


普通过失



Gross negligence


重大过失



责任认定四要件:



Fault


行为人过错



Actual damages


损害事实



Causal relationship


因果关系



Unlawful act


行为人违法



二、重点语句


(key sentences)


如果不能满足这四个构成要件,侵权责任主体就可以提出抗辩,要求免责或者减责。

< br>


The


defenses



could


be


offered



by


the


auditors


in



full


or


part


mitigation


of



their


responsibility if the following


constitutive requirements


are not satisfied:


A.


存在不实报告:


unauthentic report do exist


B.


利害关系人遭受损失


: the third party suffered a loss


C.

会计师事务过的过失与利害关系人遭受损失存在因果关系


: The interested party


has suffere


d a loss as a result of the auditor’s negligence



D.


注册会计师有过失


: the audit is negligently performed


1.

< p>
举证免除民事责任情形


(defenses available for the auditors)


会计师事务所能够证明存在以下情形之一的,不承担民事 责任。具体包括以下五种情:



The


auditors


who


offer


one


of


the


following


defenses


shall


not


bear


civil


liability:


A.


已经 遵守执业准则、


规则确定的工作程序并保持必要的职业谨慎,


但 仍未能发现被审


计单位的会计资料错误;



The auditors have


complied with


the requirements of


auditing standards


and


working procedures and


maintained


an


attitude of professional skepticism


, but the


undiscovered misstatements


are still existed.


B.


审计业务所必须依赖的金融机构等单位提供虚假或者不实的证明文件,


会计师事 务所


在保持必要的职业谨慎下仍未能发现虚假或者不实;



All those documents


which must be provided by financial institutions or other


companies


for


auditing


service


may


be


mendacious


or


even


fake


.


The


CPA


firm


is


still


not


being


able


to


discover


the


frauds


while


even


maintaining


professional


skepticism.


C.


已对被审计单位的舞弊迹象提出警告并在审计报告中予以指明;< /p>



The fraud have been


warned


and


pointed out


in the


audit report


.


D.< /p>


已经遵照验资程序进行审核并出具报告,但被审验单位在注册登记之后抽逃资金;



The verification procedures are being followed and the


capital verification


report


is issued, but the client withdraws their contributed capital after the


registration.


E.


为登记时未出资或者未足额出资的出资人出具不实报告,

< br>但出资人在登记后已补足出


资。



Issue an


unauthentic report


for the investors



under the condition that the


capital is not or not fully invested when registered. However, the investors


make


up the insufficient part


after the register.


专题二



中国注册会计师职业道德守则




Professional code of ethic




本章考情分析



< br>本专题包括两部分:


第三章职业道德基本原则和概念框架以及第四章审计业务对独 立性


的要求。两章结合出题,


09


、< /p>


10



11


三年 出简答题,英语选答题并未涉及,因此


2012


年应

< p>
重点关注。








单项选择题



多项选择题



简答题



综合题



合计





1



6





6






1



6





6






1



6





6








2009




2010




2011




一、重点词汇(


key words




Professional code of ethic


职业道德守则:



Integrity


诚信



Independence


独立性



Objectivity


客观公正



Professional competence and Due care


专业胜任能力和应有关注



Confidentiality


保密



Professional behavior


良好的执业行为



Independence


独立性:



Independence in appearance


形式独立



Independence in fact


实质独立



Factors may create a threat to professional code of ethic


可能对职业道德产生影响


的不利因素:



Self- interest


自身利益



Self-review


自我评价



Advocacy


过度推介



Familiarity


密切关系



Intimidation


外界压力



Financial interest


经济利益:



Direct/ Indirect financial interest


直接


/


间接经济利益



Material/Immaterial indirect financial interest


重大


/


不重大间接 经济利益



Client acceptance or retention decision


客户承接与保持



Collision of interest


利益冲突



Contingent fees


或有收费



Close relatives


近亲属:



Spouse


配偶



Parent


父母



Dependent


受抚养者(子女)



Sibling


兄弟姐妹



Grandparent< /p>


祖父


;


祖母


;< /p>


外祖父


;


外祖母



positions


职位:



Key management positions


重要管理职位



Board of directors


董事



Officer/Executive


高级管理人员



Members of assurance team


审计项目组成员



二、重点语句


(key sentences)


(一)



职业道德基本原则和概念框架



1.< /p>


可能对职业道德产生影响的不利因素:



A.


自身利益导致的不利影响


(self-interest)


a)


项目组成员在鉴证客户中拥有


直接 经济利益



The auditors have


direct financial interest


in a client


b)


项目组成员与鉴证客户存在重要且密切的商业关系



The members of assurance team have


close business relationship


with client


c)


项目组成员正在与鉴证客户协商 受雇于该客户



The auditors consider


employment


with audit clients.


d)


或有收费



Contingent fees


(basing fees on the outcome of the audit)


B.

< br>自我评价导致的不利影响


(Self-review)


项目组成员曾担任客户的董事、


高级管理人员或者曾是被审计单位的雇员,


其所处职位


能够对鉴证对象施加重大影响。



A member of the assurance team was previously a


director


or


officer


of the


assurance client or was an


employee in a position


to exert direct and significant


influence over the subject matter of the assurance engagement.


arity


密切关系导致的不利影响



a)


审计项目组成员的近亲属在被审计单位担任董事、高级管理人员



Members of the assurance team have close relatives that


are the members


of the


board of directors or officers of a client.


dation


外在压力导致的不利影响



a)


事务所受到客户解除业务关系的威胁


a threat to replace the auditor


b)


威胁将要起诉事务所


threatened litigation with client


2.


利益


冲突


对职业道德基本原则可能产生不利 影响


(


collision of interest


)



与客户存在直接 竞争关系,


或与客户的主要竞争者存在合资或类似关系,


可能对 客观和


公正原则产生不利影响



The objectivity may be impaired, if there were


direct commercial competitive


relationship



between


CPA


firms


and


the


client


or


joint


venture


relationship



between


CPA firms and the client’s major commercial competitor.


< /p>


3.


礼品和款待对职业道德基本原则可能产生的不利影响



Gifts or hospitality in excess of minimal amount is prohibited.


二、重点语句


(key sentences)


(二)审计业务对独立性的要求



1.


经济利益


对独立性的不利影响


(fin ancial interest)


A.


事务所、

< p>
项目组成员及其主要近亲属在审计客户中


拥有


直接


经济利益


或重大间接经济


利益,将导致 由于


自身利益


产生的不利影响



The CPA firms or members of the assurance team and their close relatives have


a


direct


or


a


material


indirect


financial


interest



in


the


client;


therefore,


independence


may be impaired due to


self-interest


.


B.


事务所、


项目组成员及其主要近亲属在某一实体 中


拥有经济利益



并且审计客户也在< /p>


该实体中拥有经济利益,将导致由于


自身利益

的不利影响



The CPA firms, members of the assurance team or their close relatives and the


audit client have financial interest in the same entity; therefore,


independence



may be impaired due to


self- interest


.


2.


贷款和担保 以及商业关系家庭和私人关系对独立性的不利影响


(loan, business


relationship, relatives and personal relationship)


A.


银行或类似金融机构作为审 计客户不按照正常的程序、


条款和条件对事务所、


项目组


成员及其近亲属提供


贷款或担保


,将因


自身利益


产生非常严重的不利影响



A loan from


the client that is a bank or other financial institutions


to


the


firm or members of the assurance team and their close relatives


is considered to


create


a


threat


to


independence


due


to


self- interest


provided



that


the


loan


is


made


under abnormal lending procedures, terms and requirements.


B.


审计项目成员的主要近亲属 是审计客户的董事、


高级管理人员,


将导致由于


密切关系


的不利影响



Members of the engagement team have close


relatives that are


the member


of


the


board of directors


or an officer of the client; therefore, independence may be


impaired due to


familiarity.


C.


审计 项目组成员的主要近亲属在审计客户中所处的职位能够对客户的财务状况、


经营


成果和现金流量产生重大影响,将产生


密切关系


导致的不利影响



Members of the assurance team have


close relatives


that


work


for the client in


key accounting positions that


have material impact on


the


financial position,


results of operations and cash flows


; therefore, independence may be impaired due


to familiarity.


3.


与客户发生雇佣关系


(employment)


A.


审计项目组成员参与审计业务,但知道未来某一时间将要或 者有可能加入审计客户,


将因自身利益产生不利影响



The members of assurance team will be or have the possibility of becoming the


employer


of


the


client;


therefore,


independence


may


be


impaired


due


to


self-interest


.


B.


审计项目组成员在财务报表涵盖期间内曾任审计客户的董事 、


高级管理人员,


将因自


身利益、自我 评价或密切关系产生不利影响



The


member


of


assurance


team


was


previously


employed



by


the


client


as



the


board


of


directors


or


the


officer


within


the


one


year


period


preceding


the


audit;


therefore,


independence may be impaired due to self-interest, self-review or familiarity.


4.


为审计客户提供非鉴证服务(


providing nonaudit service




A.


承担审计客户的某项活动属于管理层职责,


将导致因自我评价、


自身利益和密切关系


产生不利影响



When performing an audit service the auditor get


involved in taking executive


decision-making


on behalf of the assurance client; therefore, independence may be


impaired due to self-interest, self-review or familiarity.


5.


收费(


fees




A.


或有收费将因自身利益产生非常严重的 不利影响,


导致没有防范措施可以将其降至可


接受的水平



Contingent


fees


create


a


threat


to


independence


due


to


self-


interest,


and


it’s


impossible to


eliminate


the threats or


reduce


them


to an acceptable level


by the


application of safeguard.


三、例题讲解



【例题·简答题】上市 公司甲公司系


ABC


会计师事务所的常年审计客户。

< p>
2010



4



1


日,


ABC


会计师事 务所与甲公司续签了


2010


年度财务报表审计业务约定书。< /p>


XYZ


会计师事务


所和

< br>ABC


会计师事务所使用同一品牌,共享重要的专业资源。


ABC


会计师事务所遇到下列与


职业道德有关的事项:





< p>
1



ABC


会计师事务所 委派


A


注册会计师担任甲公司


2010


年度财务报表审计项目合伙


人。


A


注册会计师曾担任甲公司


2004


年度至< /p>


2008


年度财务报表审计项目合伙人,但未担任


甲公司


2009


年度财务报表审计项目合伙人。




2


< p>
2010



9



15


日,


甲公司收购了乙公司

< br>80%


的股权,乙公司成为其控股子公司。


A

< p>
注册会计师自


2009



1



1


日起担任乙公司的独立董事,任 期


5


年。




3



B


注册会 计师系


ABC


会计师事务所的合伙人,与


A


注册会计师同处一个业务部门。


2010

< br>年


3



1


日,


B


注册会计师购买了甲公司股票


5 000


股,每股


l0


元,由于尚未 出售该


股票,


ABC


会计师事务所未委 派


B


注册会计师担任甲公司审计项目组成员。

< br>





4


)丙公司系甲公司的母公司,甲公司审计项目组成员


C


的妻子在丙公司担任财务总



< p>
5


)甲公司审计项目组成员


D

曾在甲公司人力资源部负责员工培训工作,于


2010


年< /p>


2



10


日离开 甲公司,加入


ABC


会计师事务所。




6



201 0



2



25


日,


XYZ


会计师事务所接受甲公司委 托,提供内部控制设计服务。





要求:



针对上述(

< br>1


)至(


6


)项,逐项指出


ABC


会计师事务所及其人员是否违反中国注册会计


师职业


道德守则


,并简要说明理由。

< br>(


2011


真题)



【答案】




1


)违反。


A


注册会计师担任关键审计 合伙人


5


年轮换后,再次担任该客户的关键审计


合伙人需要在


2


年后,否则因


自我评价


违反职业道德守则



Yes.


Not until


2 years after the audit


rotation


could the auditors accept the


pervious client, or the independence would be impaired


due to



self-review


. < /p>



2


)违反。因企业合并导致乙公司成为


ABC


事务所的审计客户,


A


注册会计师担任审计


客户


(

乙公司


)


的独立董事会,因


自我评 价违反职业道德守则。



Yes. Because of the business combinations, YI Company becomes one of the clients


of


ABC


firm.


A


is


the



independent


director



of


the


client;


therefore,


the


independence


may be impaired due to self-review.



3


)违反。


A


注册会计师所在分部的其他合伙人在审计 客户中拥有直接经济利益,因经


济利益违反职业道德守则。



Yes. Other partners of the firm have


direct financial interest


in the client;


therefore, professional code of ethic may be


violated due to self-interest


.



4



违反。


审计项目组成员的主要近亲属


(


其妻子


)


是 审计客户的高级管理人员,


其岗位


职责对财务报表产生重大影响 ,因密切关系违反职业道德守则。





Yes.


Members


of


the


engagement


team


have


close


relatives


that



work


for


the


client


in


key


positions


that



have


material


impact


on



the


financial


statements;


therefore,


independence may be impaired


due to familiarity.


< br>(


5



不违反。


审计项目组成员曾在审计客户


(


甲公司


)


负责员工的培训工作,


其岗位职责

< br>对财务报表不产生重大影响,不存


在密切关系违反职业道德


守则。



No. Members of the engagement team worded for the client in the position of


employee’s tr


aining that


have immaterial impact on


the financial statements;


therefore, independence will not be impaired due to familiarity.


6


)违反。


ABC


事务所和


XYZ


事务所属于网络事务所



XYZ


事务所承担内部控制设计服


务属于承担审计客户管理层职责,因


自我评价违反


职业 道德守则。



Yes.


The


ABC


firm


and


XYZ


firm


are


network


firms


.


When


providing


internal


control


design service


,the auditors get involved in


taking executive decision-making


on


behalf


of


the


assurance


client;


therefore,


professional


code


of


ethic


may


be



violated


due to self- interest


.




专题三



总体审计策略、具体设计计划





以及审计证据



(Overall audit plan



audit program and


audit evidence)


本章考情分析



本讲知识点在


2009


年考查过简答题,此后简答题未有涉及,在

2012


年仍需关注。



一、重点词汇(


key words





Audit plan


审计计划



Professional skepticism


职业怀疑



Professional judgment


职业判断



Reasonable assurance


合理保证



Assertion


认定



Assessment


评估



Omission


漏报



Misstatement


错报



Fraud


舞弊;欺诈



Error


错误



Client acceptance and retention


业务承接与保持



engagement


审计业务约定书



Internal Control System


内部控制制度




Internal controls over financial reporting


财务报表内部控制



Risk-oriented audit approach


风险导向审计方法



Audit risk model :


审计风险模型



Audit risk = risk of material mis


statement ×


detection risk


=inherent risk × control risk ×


detection risk


审计风险


=


重大错报风险×检查风险



=


固有风险×控制风险×检查风险



Assessing the risk of material misstatement


评估重大错报的风险



Materiality


重要性



Materiality level


重要性水平



Tolerable misstatement level


可容忍错报的水平



Obtain evidence


证据收集



Inspection


检查



Client inquiry


询问



Observation


观察



Confirmation


函证



Recalculation or reperformance


重新计算或重新执行



Analytical procedures


分析程序



Walk through


穿行测试



二、重点语句


Key Sentences:


1.


财务报表审计总体目标



外部审计业务的目标就是使审计人员能够就财务报表是否在所有重大方面做出真实公

< p>
允的反映,财务报表是否在所有重大方面按照适用的财务报告框架编制发表审计意见。



The


objective


of


an


external


audit


engagement


is


to


enable


the


auditor


to


express


an opinion on whether the financial statements:



1



Give a true and fair view



2



are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable


financial reporting framework.


ion


认定(考点,记忆掌握)



项目



发生


Occurrence


认定



完整性


Completeness


准确性


Accuracy


截止


Cut-off


分类


Classification


存在


Existence


期末账户余额



account balances


权利和义务


Rights and obligations


完整性


Completeness


计价和分摊


Valuation and allocation


列报和披露



发生及权利和义务




presentation and disclosure


Occurrence and rights and obligations



完整性


Completeness



二、重点语句


Key Sentences:


3.


对内部控制的利用:


< p>
A.


注册会计师了解被审计单位及其环境,


包括其 内部控制,


目的是识别和评估在财务报


表层面和认定层面,


由于舞弊或者错误而存在的重大错报风险,


并在此基础上设计和实施 应


对的措施。



The objective


of the auditor


is to identify and assess the risk of material


misstatement,


whether


due


to


fraud


or


error,


at


the


financial


statement


and


assertion


levels,


through



understanding


the


entity


and


its


environment,


including


the


entity’s


internal


control,


thereby


providing


a


basis


for


designing


and


implementing


交易和事项



transactions and events


responses to the assessed risks of material misstatement.


B.


初步评估内部控制:




A



控制风险为高:


注册会计师不能依靠内部控制获得的证据来降低审计风险,


需要 依


靠大量的实质性程序来降低检查风险。



Control


risk


is


maximum:


the


auditor


will


not


rely


on



internal


control


to


reduce


audit


risk;


therefore,


detection


risk


will


need


to


be


reduced


using


very


extensive


substantive tests.


< br>B



控制风险被降低到一个适当的或者低水平:


注册会计师可以依赖内部控制来降低审


计风险,并执行较少的实质性程序 来降低检查风险。



Control


risk


is


reduced


to



a


moderate


or


low


level:


the


auditor


will



rely


heavily


on



the


quality


of


internal


control


to


reduce


audit


risk


and


perform


minimal


substantive tests to reduce detection risk.


C.


对内部 控制的评估发生改变


:



change


of


the


understanding


of


internal


control



< br>发现内部控制有效性低于评估的水平或者无效,


注册会计师应当对审计计划中的实 质性


程序的性质、时间和范围做出调整。



When internal controls


are found to be


ineffective, or less effective than


originally expected, the auditor may need to


adjust the nature, timing and extent



of planned substantive audit procedures incorporated in the audit plan.


4.


重要性


Materiality:


A.


定义:



如果错报



(包括漏报)单独或汇总起 来可能合理预期会影响财务报表使用者依据财务


报表做出的经济决策,则认为错报是重大 的。



The magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that,


in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of


a


reasonable


person


relying


on


the


information


would


have


been


changed


or


influenced


by the omission or misstatement.


B.


重要性水平的设定与 修改(


setting and revising a judgment about materiality



a


)对重要性水平的初始设定


Preliminary


judgment


about


materiality:


planning


the


audit


b


)修改重要性水平


Revised judgment about materiality:


由于存在以下原因,注册 会计师可能需要修改财务报表重要性水平:



Several factors affect revising a preliminary judgment about materiality for


a given set of financial statement.


ⅰ审计过程中情况发生重大改变


The change of circumstances during the audit


ⅱ获得新信息


Obtain new information about the client


ⅲ通过实施进一步审计程序,注册会计师对被审计 单位及其经营环境的了解发生改变



The


understanding



of


client’s


business


and


operation


has


changed



after


performing audit procedures.


5.


审计风险模型


Audit risk model :


风险(


risk




审计风险



Audit risk


定义(


def inition




联系(

< p>
relationship



< br>区别(


difference




To obtain reasonable


assurance,


the


auditor


shall obtain


sufficient


The risk that the



auditor


may


unknowingly


AR=RMM


×


DR


fail to appropriately


=

< p>


IR


×


CR

< p>
)×DR



modify his or her



opinion


on financial


statements that are


materially misstated.


重大错报风险



Risk of


material


misstatement


RMM


is


the


risk


that


the


financial statements


are


misstated prior to


audit


.


IR is defined as the


likelihood that a


management assertion


may


be


misstated


before


considering the effect


of internal controls.


固有风险



Inherent


risk


CR is defined as the


likelihood that


控制风险



internal control will


Control risk


not prevent or detect a


misstatement


in a


management assertion.


DR is the risk that the


auditor


will


not


detect


a


material


misstatement


that exist in the


financial


statements


or


more specifically in a


financial statements


assertion.


The terms of the risk


model can be


rearranged to


emphasize the role of


detection risk in


planning substantive


testing:


DR=AR/RMM



Where AR refers to


audit risk, RMM refers


to risk of material


misstatement, IR


refers to inherent


risk, CR refers to


control risk and DR


refers to detection


risk.


appropriate evidence


to


reduce


audit


risk


to


an acceptably low


level.


RMM is


not controlled


by


the


auditor



and


must


be assessed


as part of


strategic and process


analysis.




检查风险



Detection


risk


DR is the only risk


under the direct


control of the


auditor.


三、例题讲解



【例题·简答题】


A


注册会计师负责对常年审计客户甲公司


2 0


×


8


年度财务报表进行审

< p>
计,撰写了总体审计策略和具体审计计划,部分内容摘录如下:






1



初步了解


20


×


8


度甲公司及其环境未发生重大变化,


拟信赖以往审计中对管理层、


治理层诚信形成的判断。






2


)因对甲公司内部审计人员的客观性和专业胜任能力存有疑虑,拟不利用内部审计

< p>
的工作。




3


)如对计划的重要性水平做出修正,拟通过修改计划实施的实质性程序的性质、时


间和范围降低重大错报风险。






4


)假定 甲公司在收入确认方面存在舞弊风险,拟将销售交易及其认定的重大错报风


险评估为高水 平,


不再了解和评估相关控制设计的合理性并确定其是否已得到执行,

< br>直接实


施细节测试。






5


)因甲 公司于


20


×


8



9


月关闭某地办事处并注销其银行账户,拟不再函证该银行


账户。






6


)因审计工作时间安排紧张,拟不 函证应收账款,直接实施替代审计程序。






7



20


×


8


年度甲公 司购入股票作为可供出售的金融资产核算。除实施询问程序外,


预期无法获取有关管理层 持有意图的其他充分、


适当的审计证据,


拟就询问结果获取管理 层


书面声明。





要求:





针对上述事项(


1

< br>)至(


7



,逐项指出


A


注册会计师拟定的计划是否存在不当之处。如


有不当之处,简要说明理由。



2009


年新制度)



【答案】





第(


1< /p>


)项,不恰当,


A


注册会计师不应依赖以 往审计中对管理层、治理层诚信形成的


判断。



Inappropriate.


A should not rely on the judgment about client’s integrity which was set in


the past.


第(


2


)项,


A


注册会计师拟定的计划无不当之处。



Appropriate.


第(


3< /p>


)项,


A


注册会计师拟定的计划存在不当 之处。重大错报风险是客观存在的,并


不能够通过修改实质性程序降低,


通过修改计划实施的实质性程序的性质、


时间和范围降低


检查风险,并不是重大错报风险。



Inappropriate.


Risk of material misstatement is objective and cannot be reduced through a


revised substantive audit program. Detection risk can be reduced, if the nature,


extent, and timing of substantive testing are revised.


第(


4


)项,


A


注册会计师 拟定的计划存在不当之处。对于由于舞弊导致的财务报表重


大错报风险,


A


注册会计师应当评价被审计单位相关控制的设计情况。



Inappropriate.


For


the


risk


of


material


misstatement


resulting


from


fraud,


A


should


assess


the


design of controls


.


第(


5< /p>


)项,


A


注册会计师拟定的计划存在不当 之处。注册会计师对银行存款的函证,


应当选择在财务报表涵盖期间所有存过款的银行, 包括本期注销的账户。



Inappropriate.


When deciding the bankers to whom to


send confirmation request,



all the bank



that


the


client


has


account


in


the


present


or


has


an


account


that


have


been


canceled


within the one year period preceding the audit


should be included.


第(


6


)项,< /p>


A


注册会计师拟定的计划存在不当之处。除非有充分证据表明应收 账款对


财务报表而言是不重要的,


或函证很可能是无效的,


否则注册会计师应当对应收账款实施函


证。



Inappropriate.


Confirmation


of


receivables



is


expected


in


all


engagements


but


is


not


required


if


receivable


are


not


material


to


the


financial


statements


or


the


use


of


confirmations would not be effective. < /p>


第(


7


)项,


A


注册会计师拟定的计划无不当之处。



Appropriate.


专题四



审计抽样(


Audit sampling





本专题考情分析



本章节知识点分别在


08



09


( 新、旧)


10



11

< br>年均出过


5-6


分的简答题。英文选答题


还未涉及,


2012


年应予以关注。

< br>


重点关注:样本规模的影响因素、选样方法、计算样本量


的方法、非统计抽样中如何计算总体错报金额点估计值、


PPS


抽样优缺点等相关知识点。




年份




题型



单项选择题



多项选择题



简答题



综合题



合计



一、重点词汇(


key words




Statistical sampling


统计抽样



Non- statistical sampling


非统计抽样



variable sample selection


变量抽样



attribute sample selection


属性抽样



stratified sampling


分层抽样



Sample size


样本量



Sample unit


抽样单元



Population


总体规模



Deviation


偏差



misstatement


错报



控制测试中的抽样应用(


control test




Acceptable risk of overreliance(ARO)


可接受的信赖过度风险



Expected population deviation rate


预计总体偏差率



Tolerable deviation rate(TDR)


可容忍偏差率



Sample deviation rate


样本偏差率



Maximum deviation rate(MDR)


总体偏差上限




细节测试中抽样:


(test of account balance details)


Acceptable risk of incorrect acceptance


可接受的误受风险



Expected misstatement level


预计总体错报



Tolerable misstatement level


可容忍错报



Maximum misstatement level


总体错报上限



传统变量抽样计算:



Misstatement size in the sa


mple


样本错报金额



The point estimate of the audited value


估计的总体实际金额



A point estimate of the population misstatement


推断的总体错报



2009




2010




2011






1



6





6






1



5





6






1



6





6




Average misstatement size


平均错报



二、重点语句(


Key Sentences




1.


会计师在控制测试和细节测试中确定的样本规模受到以下因素的影响,如下表

:



影响因素


(Factors)



可接受的


抽样风险



可容忍误




预计总体


误差



总体变异




总体规模



控制测试


(Control test)



可接受的信赖过度风险



Acceptable risk of


overreliance



可容忍偏差率



Tolerable deviation rate



预计总体偏差率



Expected population


deviation rate





细节测试



(Test of account balance


detail)



可接受的误受风险



Acceptable risk of


incorrect acceptance



可容忍错报



Tolerable misstatement


level



预计总体错报



Expected


misstatement


level



总体变异性



Distinction of the


population



总体规模


Population



与样本规模的


关系



Relationship



反向变动



Inverse


反向变动



Inverse



同向变动



Positive



同向变动



Positive



影响很小


Not


significant



总体规模


Population



1.


分层(


stratified sampling




如果总体项目存 在重大的变异性,注册会计师应当考虑分层,以降低总体变异性。



If


there


is


size


distinction,


the


auditors


should


take



stratified


sampling


into


consideration.


抽样在控制测试中的应用(


Test of process controls and transactions



:



The following 7-step process facilitates the use of


attribute sampling


:

< br>A.


识别审计程序和测试目的


Identify the audit procedure and the propose of the


test


B.


定义总体和样本单元


Define the


population and sample unit


C.


定义偏差条件


Define the


deviation


condition


D.


确定样本量


Determine the sample size


①确定可容忍偏差率


Specify


the tolerable deviation rate


②确定对控制的可接受的过度信赖风险


Specify


the


acceptable


risk


of


overreliance


③估计预期偏差率


Estimate


the expected population deviation rate


根据上述因素查表得到样本量



Find the sample size in the chart of the book according to the above factors


E.


选取样本


Select the sample


F.


根据样本结果推断总体

< br>Generalize the sample results to the population


MDR=R/n


G.


推断所测试的认 定是否可接受


Conclude whether the assertion tested is


acceptable or not


①总体偏差上限低于可容忍偏差率,评估的控制有效,做出的风险评估是适当的。



The


maximum


deviation


rate


is


less


than



the


tolerable


deviation


rate;


therefore,


the


control


would



be


considered


effective



at


its


assessed


level


and


the


initial


risk


assessments made during audit planning


are correct


.


②总体偏 差上限


明显高于


可容忍偏差率,


风险没 有得到良好的控制。


因此注册会计师应


当增加对于实质性程序的 利用。



The


MDR


is


more


than



TDR


significantly.


In


this


situation,


the


auditor


is


likely


to


conclude


that


the


risks


are


not


adequately


controlled.


This


will


lead



the


auditor


to



increase


the use of substantive audit procedures.


抽样在细节测试中的应用(


Test of account balance details


):



The following 7-step process:


A.


确定样本量


Determine the sample size


①确定可容忍误差水平


specify the tolerable misstatement level


②确定可接受的误受风险


specify the acceptable risk of incorrect acceptance


③估计预期误差水平


estimate the expected misstatement level


B.


选取样本


Select the sample


传统变量抽样



①均值估计抽样


mean-per-unit estimation


总体估计值


(the point estimate of the audited value)


=


(样本实际金额÷样本量)


×总体规模



推断的总体错报


(a point estimate of the population misstatement )


=

总体估计值


-


账面金额



②差额估计抽样


difference estimation


平均错报


(average misstatement size)


=


(样本实际金额-账 面金额)÷样本规模



推断的总体错报


(the point estimate of misstatement)


=


平均错报×总体规模



③比率估计抽样


ratio estimation


比率


(ratio)


=


样本审定金额÷样本账面金额



估计的总体实际金额


(the point estimate of the audited value)



=

< p>
总体账面金额×


比率



推断的总体错报


(a point estimate of the population misstatement)


=


估计的总体


实际金额-总体账面金额



Probability proportional to size sample selection



PPS




概率比率规模选样




PPS


定义的理解


Interpr etation of PPS


PPS


的抽样单元是金额,是类似于属性抽样



PPS uses


monetary unit sampling


and works like the


attribute sampling



优点


Advantages:


金额较 大的账户更


容易


被抽取



Large


accounts


are


more


likely


to


be



selected


since


they


consist


of


more


sample


units.


PPS


抽样不用假设样本变异性



This approach does not


require


the auditor


to make


any assumptions about the


distributions of the errors in accounts


缺点


Disadvantages:


PPS


抽样无法抽取金额为零或者为负的账户



This approach


ignores


accounts with a zero or credit balance.


低估错报


难以


被发现



Understatement errors in general


are less likely to be


detected.


2011


年例题讲解:



A


注册会计师负责审计甲公司


2010


年度财务报表。在针对销售费用的发生认定实施细


节测试时,


A


注册会计师决定采用传统变量抽样方法实施统计抽样,相关事项如下:



(1)A


注册会计师将抽样单元界定为销售 费用总额中的每个货币单元。



(2)A


注册会计师将总体分成两层,使每层的均值大致相等。



(3 )A


注册会计师在确定样本规模时不考虑销售费用账户的可容忍错报。

< br>


(4)A


注册会计师采用系统选样的方式选取样本项目 进行检查。



(5)


在对选中的一个样 本项目进行检查时,


A


注册会计师发现所附发票丢失,于是另选


一个样本项目代替。



(6)


甲公司


2010


年度销售费用账面金额合计为< /p>


75 000 000


元。


A

< p>
注册会计师假定采用


传统变量抽样中的差额估计抽样方法,确定的总体规模 为


4 000


,样本规模为


200


,样本账


面金额合计为


4 000 000


元,样本审定金额合计为


3 600 000


元。



要求:



(1)


针对上述


(1)



(5)

< p>
项,逐项指出


A


注册会计师的做法是否存在不当之 处。如果存在


不当之处,简要说明理由。


(2)


在不考虑上述


(1)



(5)


项的情况下,


针对上述第

< p>
(6)


项,


计算销售费用错报金额的点

< p>
估计值。



【答案】


< /p>


针对要求


(1)




事项


(1)


存在不当之处。在


PPS


抽样中,抽样单元是货币单元为抽样单元,在传统变量


抽样中应以每一笔交易作为抽样单元。



Inappropriate


Probability proportional to size sample selection


use


monetary unit sampling,


however the variable sample selection


use


transaction unit sampling.



事项


(2 )


存在不当之处。分层是要减少总体变异性,而不是均值大致相等的两层。



Inappropriate


Stratified


sampling


can


decrease


size


distinction


but


not


to


split


into


the


same


averages.


事项


(3)


存在不当之处。在确定样本规模时,需要考虑可容忍错报、总体变异性、预计


总体错报和总体规模等。



Inappropriate


When


deciding


the


sample


size,


the


auditor


should



take


the


tolerable


error


level,


distinction of the population,


estimated population misstatement level and


population


into consideration.


事项


(4)


不存在不当之处。


Appropriate


事项


(5)


存在不当之处。应该查明原 因,或实施替代程序,或直接视为一项错报。



Inappropriate


Certified


Public


Accountant


should


find


out


the


reason,



or


implement


replacement


procedures or


consider it


a misstatement.


针对要求


(2)



样本错报金额


=400=400000

< br>元



样本中的平均错报额


=40 0000/200=2000




错报 总额的点估计值


=4000*2000=8000000


元。< /p>



Misstatement size in the sample=400=400000yuan


Average misstatement in the sample =400000/200=2000yuan


A point estimate of the population misstatement=4000*2000=8000000yuan



专题五




风险评估、风险应对


(Assessing the risk and responding to


the risk assessment)


本专题考情分析




年份



题型



单项选择题



多项选择题



简答题



2009





7





2010





8





2011




1






综合题



合计



10




17




10




18




12




13




本专 题涉及知识点分值很高,


但是题型未涉及简答题,


但知识点与其 他简答题考点有关


联,故需要大家做相关准备。



一、重点词汇(


key words





Understanding the entity and its environment


了解被审计单位及其环境



Internal control


内部控制



Special risk


特别风险



Test of controls


控制测试



Substantive procedures


实质性程序



二、重点语句


Key Sentences:


(一)



了解被审计单位及其环境


Understanding the entity and its environment


1.


注册会计师应当了解被审计单位及其环境,以评估重大错报风险。



The


auditor is


required


to


obtain


an understanding of


the


entity


and


its


environment in order to be able to assess the risks of material misstatements.


2.


了解被审计单位及其环境 的程序


procedures


A.


询 问管理层和被审计单位内部其他人员



Inquires


of management and others within the entity


B.


观察和检查


Obs ervation and inspection


C.


分析程序


Analytical procedures


(二)了解内部控制


Internal control


1.


内部控制五要素


Internal control has five elements:


A.


控制环境


The control environment


B.


风险评估过程


The entity’s risk assessment process



C.


与财务报告相关的信息系统与沟通


The


information


system


relevant


to


financial


reporting


D.


控制活动


Control activities


E.


对控制的监督

Monitoring of controls


2.


注 册会计师对内部控制的利用


The use of internal control systems by auditors


注册会计师应当评估控制系统作为财务报告 的基础的完善性,


并评估重大错报风险以为


设计和实施进一步审 计程序提供基础。



The


auditors


shall


assess


the


adequacy


of


the


systems


as


a


basis


for


the


financial


statements and shall identify risks of material misstatements to provide a basis


for designing and performing further audit procedures.


(三)评估重大错报风险


Assessing the risks of material misstatement


注册会计师应当从 财务报表层次以及交易、


账户余额以及披露相关的认定层次两个层次

评估重大错报风险。



The


auditor


shall


identify


and


assess


the


risk


of


material


misstatement


at


the


financial statement level and at the assertion level for classes of transactions,


account balances and disclosures.


(四)风险应对


Responding to the risk assessment


1.


总体应对措施


Overall responses


A.


对审计人员强调保持职业怀疑态度



Emphasizing to audit staff the need to maintain professional skepticism


B.


委派更多的或者更加有经验的注册会计师参与审计工作



Assigning additional or more experienced staff to the audit team


C.


提高审计监督



Providing more supervision on the audit


D.


增加审计程序的不可预见性



Incorporating more unpredictability into the audit procedures


E.


对审计程序的性质、时间和范围作出修改



Making general changes to the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures


2.


认定层次应对 措施


Responses to the risks of material misstatement at the


assertion level


F.


控制测试


Test of control


G.


实质性程序


S ubstantive procedures


(五)特别风险


special risk


在确定风险的性质时,注册会计师应当考虑下列事项



The following factors indicate that a risk might be significant:




1


)风险是否属于舞弊风险


Risk of fraud





2



风险是否与近期经济环境、

会计处理方法和其他方面的重大变化有关,


因而需要特


别关 注



Its relationship with recent economic, accounting or other developments





3


)交易的复杂程度


The complexity of the transaction





4


)风险是否涉及重大的关联方交易



It is a significant transaction with a related party





5


)财务信息计量的主观程度



The


degree of subjectivity


in the financial information .


专题六



生产与存货循环




Production and inventory Cycle




本专题考情分析



本章第三节的存货 监盘程序几乎每年必考,


2008-2010


连续三年考简答题 ,其中


2010


年英语选答,


2011


年简答题未涉及,预计


2012


年仍需 重点掌握存货监盘计划和程序。



本章主要关注:存货键盘计划、存货监盘程序。



一、重点词汇(


key words




Inventory / stock / goods


存货



Warehousing


仓储



Procedures for observing a client’s physical inventory



存货监盘程序



Stock- taking


存货盘点



Audit evidence


审计证据



Working paper


工作底稿



Cutoff procedures


截止程序



二、重点语句


(key sentences)




1.


存货监盘程序


(


Procedures for observing a client’s physical inventory


)





1)


评价管理层用以记录和控制存货盘点结果 的指令和程序


(assess the instructions


designed for recording and controlling the count)




A.


准确认定呆滞、过时或毁损的存货,以及第三方拥有的存货(如寄存物)



Identifying the


slow- moving, obsolete, damaged inventories


and the inventory


owned by the third- party (E.g. the goods held on consignment from suppliers).


B.


观察对于截止程序的遵循和对存 货移动的控制



Observing that


cutoff procedures


are being followed and that the movement of


goods is properly controlled



2)


观察管理层制定的盘点程序的执行情况



(Observing whether the instructions of stock-taking are being followed):


A.


在存货盘点过程中,控制或者禁止存货移动



During the count, stock movement should be


controlled or eliminated.



3


)检查存货


(inspecti on of inventories):


A.


评估存货状况 ,记录毁损、过时、呆滞的存货项目



Appraising



the


general


condition


of


the


inventory,


noting



damaged,


obsolete


and


slow-moving items



B.


进行存货检查,并与被审计单位的盘点核对。



Making test counts and agreeing quantiti


es with the entity’s count.




4

< br>)执行抽盘


(test counts):


A.


审计人员应从盘点记录选取项目追查至存货实物以证实其存在性,


从存 货实物追查至


存货盘点记录以证实其完整性。



Auditors test the existence of inventory by


tracing inventory from


accounting


records



to



its


location


in


the


warehouse,


and


test


completeness


by


tracing


inventory


from the warehouse to accounting records.


B.


随机抽 取已经盘点标记的存货作为样本以增强审计程序的不可预测性,


开箱检查项目

< p>
描述和数量的准确性



The auditor should select a sample of completed tags


randomly


, which helps



increasing the unpredictability element of the audit procedures.



Open boxes


and


verify the accuracy of


the item description and quantities.



5


)存 货监盘结束时的工作



收集所有已填用、未使用的盘点表单的号 码记录,确定其是否连续编号。



Collect


numbering


information



on


all


tags


or


count


sheets



used,


voided


and


unused



and make sure whether they are


serial numbered


.



6

< p>
)对存货监盘特殊情况的处理


(Consideration of special items):


A.


对由第三方保管或控制 的存货的处理


(Inventory at customer locations or in


warehouses):


i

< br>向持有被审计单位存货的第三方函证存货的数量和状况。



The


auditor


should


obtain



confirmation


from


the


third


party



on


inventory


quantity and conditions.


ii


检查相关合同,检查交易双方文 件记录等



Examine the


contract,


examine documentation of


reconciliations


between the


trading partners and so forth.


三、例题讲解



A

注册会计师负责对常年审计客户甲公司


20


×


8


年度财务报表进行审计。甲公司从事商


品零售业, 存货占其资产总额的


60%


。除自营业务外,甲公司还将部分柜 台出租,并为承


租商提供商品仓储服务。根据以往的经验和期中测试的结果,

< p>
A


注册会计师认为甲公司有


关存货的内部控制有效 。


A


注册会计师计划于


20

< p>
×


8



12



31


日实施存货监盘程序。


A



册会计师编制的存货监盘计划部分内容摘录如下:




1


< p>
在到达存货盘点现场后,监盘人员观察代柜台承租商保管的存货是否已经单独存放

< br>并予以标明,确定其未被纳入存货盘点范围。




2


)在甲公司开始盘点存货前,监盘人员在拟检查的存货项目上作出标 识。




3



对以标准规格包装箱包装的存货,监盘人员根据包装箱的数量及每箱的标准容量直


接计算确定存货的数量。




4



在存货监盘过程中,监盘人员除关注存货的数量外 ,还需要特别关注存货是否出现


毁损、陈旧、过时及残次等情况。




5


)对存货监盘过程中收到的存 货,要求甲公司单独码放,不纳入存货监盘的范围。




6



在存货监盘结束时,监盘人员将除作废的 盘点表单以外的所有盘点表单的号码记录


于监盘工作底稿。



要求:




1



针对上述



1





6< /p>



项,逐项指出是否存在不当之处。如果存在,简要说明理由。< /p>




2



假设因雪灾导致监盘人员于原定存货监盘日未能到达盘点现场,指出


A


注册会计师


应当采取何种补救措施。


( 2010


年考题


)


【答案】



针对要求(


1


):



事项(

< p>
1


)不存在




1



Right



appropriate



non- exist


事项(


2


)存在。理由: 对拟检查的


存货


作出


标识


会为甲公司盘点人员所


知悉



损害



计程序的


不可预测性





2



Wrong



inapp ropriate



exist.


Marking


the inventory items to be inspected


would


inform


the


staff of the company attending


the stock-take which


items


will


be


inspected by the auditor and


therefore undermine the unpredictability


element of


the audit procedures.


事项(


3


)存在。理由:应当进行必要的开箱检查。




3



Wro ng



inappropriate



exist.



It


is


necessary


to



open


some


boxes


for



inspection.



事项(


4


)不存在。




4



Right



appropriate



non -exist.


事项(


5


)存在。应 当确定收到的存货是否应纳入


20


×


8



12



31


日的存货。如果需


要,应当纳入存货监盘范围。




5


Wrong



inappropriate




auditor


should


determine


whether


the


items


received during the stock-take period are the company's inventory as of 31



12



20


×


so, it should be within


the scope of the stock-take



事项(< /p>


6


)存在。理由:应当取得所有已填用、作废及未使用盘点表单的 号码记录。




6


Wrong



inapprop riate



s


of


all


used



voided


and


unused



physical


inventory count sheets should be recorded in the


working paper


.


针对 要求(


2


):



A


注册会计师应当采取以下措施:



①改变存货监盘日期;



②对资产负债 表日与改变后的存货监盘日之间的交易进行测试,倒轧出资产负债表日


存货的数量。




2



The following measures could be taken





Observe some physical counts on an


alternative date





Perform


audit


procedures



on


transactions


occurring


between


the


balance


sheet


date


and the


actual date


on which the physical counts are observed by the auditor.


Calculate the quantities of inventory as of the balance sheet date.



专题七



集团审计


(Group audit)




本专题考情分析






年度



题型



简答题



合计




重点关注:判断集团重要组成部分和非重要组成部分;集团审 计业务的承接与保持。



一、重点词汇(


key words




Group audit


集团审计



Group audit opinion


集团审计意见



Group engagement partner


集团项目合伙人



Group engagement team


集团项目组



Group-wide controls


集团层面控制



Materiality of group-wide financial statements


集团财务报表整体重要性



Component


组成部分



Significant component


重要组成部分



Component auditor


组成部分注册会计师



Materiality of the component


组成部分重要性



二、重点语句


Key Sentences


1.


集团财务报表中审计责任设定


< /p>


集团项目合伙人应当按照职业准则和适用的法律法规的规定负责指导、

监督和执行集团


审计业务。



The


group


engagement


partner



is


responsible


for



the


direction,


supervision


and


performance


of


the


group


audit


engagement



in


compliance


with


professional


standards


and applicable legal and regulatory requirements.


注册会计师对集团财务报表出具的审计报告不应提及组 成部分注册会计师,


除非法律法


规另有规定。

< br>


T


he auditor’s report on the group financial statements shall not


refer to


a


component


auditor


,


unless


required


by



law


or


regulation


to



include


such


reference.


2011




中文答题



1



6




6




英文答题



1



5




5




如果法 律法规要求在审计报告中提及组成部分注册会计师,


审计报告应当指明,


这种提


及并不减轻集团项目合伙人及其所在的会计师事务所对集团审计意见承担 的责任。



If


such


reference


is


required


by


law


or


regulation,


the


auditor’s


report


shall


indicate that


the reference does not


diminish



the group engagement partner’s


or


the


group


engagement


partner’s


firm’s


responsibility


for


the


group


audit


opinion.


2.


集团审计业务的承接与保持


client acceptance and retention


集团项目合伙人 应当确定是否能够合理预期获取与合并过程和组成部分财务信息相关


的充分、适当的审计 证据,以作为形成集团审计意见的基础。



The


group


engagement


partner


shall


determine


whether



sufficient


and


appropriate


audit


evidence


can


reasonably


be


expected


to


be


obtained



in


relation


to


the


consolidation process and the financial information of the components on which to


base the group audit opinion.

集团项目组应当了解集团及其环境、


集团组成部分及其环境,


以足以识别可能的重要组


成部分。



The


group engagement team


shall


obtain an understanding of


the group, its


components, and their environments that is sufficient to


identify components


that


are likely to be significant components.


3.


与组成部分注册会计师的沟通


Communication with the Component Auditor


集团项目组应当及时向组成部分注册会计师通报工作要求。



The group engagement team shall


communicate


its requirements


to


the component


auditor on a timely basis.


通 报的内容应当明确组成部分注册会计师应执行的工作和集团项目组对其工作的利用,


以及 组成部分注册会计师与集团项目组沟通的形式和内容。



This communication shall


set out



the work


to be performed,


the use


to be made


of that work, and


the form and content


of the component auditor’s communication


with the group engagement team.


集团项目组应当要求组成部分注册会计师沟通与得 出集团审计结论相关的事项。



The group engagement team shall


request


the component auditor


to communicate



matters


relevant


to



the


group


engagement


team’s


conclusion


with


regard


to



the


group


audit.


专题八



完成审计工作与出具审计报告




completing the audit and audit


reporting




本专题考情分析





年份



题型



单项选择题



多项选择题



2009




7



7





2010






2011




5



5




-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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