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Semantics
Semantics
?
Semantics
is
the
study
of
the
meaning
of
linguistic
units,
words
and
sentences
in
particular.
?
Semantics =
Theory of Meaning
?
Its goal is to reveal how language are
matched with their proper meanings by the speakers
of that language.
?
Lexical
semantics
—
the study of word
meanings. it
deals not only
with the meanings of
individual words
but also the relationship between the meanings of
different words.
?
Compositional
semantics
—
is
concerned
exclusively
with
the
meanings
of
phrases
and
sentences.
History of Semantics
?
1893 -
French linguist Breal coined
―semantique‖.
?
1897
–
Breal
first use it as the science of meaning.
?
1900
–
Its English version came
out.
?
1980s
–
semantics began to be
introduced into China.
?
One of the most
famous books on semantics is
The
Meaning of Meaning
(1923).
Semantic Triangle
语义三角
Concept
(
meaning
)
refers to
symbolizes
Symbol
Thing
(
word
)
(
p>
referent
)
stands for
The Referential
Theory
指称论
?
Concept
(Meaning): the
mental image
,
the
abstraction
or
generalization
of objects of
the same kind.
?
Referent
(Thing):
the
physical
entity
or
actual
object,
event,
idea
or
whatever
if
denoted by a word, phrase or
expression.
?
Concept VS. Referent (Thing)
?
A referent may
exist in the physical world.
?
The concept is
abstracted from the referent and labeled by a
word.
Sense
语义
?
Sense is the inherent meaning of the
linguistic form independent of situational
context.
It’s abstract and
de
-contextualized.
Sense
Relations
Sense relations
between words
Words are in different sense relations
with each other.
There are generally 5 kinds
of sense relations:
1) synonymy
同义
2)
antonymy
反义
3) hyponymy
上下义
4) polysemy
一词多义
5) homonymy
同音同形异义
1. Synonymy
?
It is the
sameness or close similarity of meaning.
?
Words that are
close in meaning are called synonyms.
Definition
BrE
AmE
the area next
to a street where pedestrians walk
place from where goods are
bought
payment in a
restaurant
Formal
gentleman
Pass
away
Common
man
die
pavement
shop
bill
sidewalk
store
check
Casual
chap
Pop
off
2. Antonymy
?
It is the
oppositeness of meaning.
?
Words that are
opposite in meaning are antonyms.
?
Oppositeness
can be found on different dimensions:
?
Gradable
antonymy
?
Complementary antonymy
?
Converse
antonymy (relational opposites)
Gradable antonymy
分级反义词
?
good/ bad,
long /short, narrow/ wide
?
The members of
a pair differ in
terms of
degree
. The denial of one is not
necessarily the
assertion of the other.
There are often
intermediate
forms
between them.
?
Not
good
≠
bad
?
Hot ---warm---
cool---cold
Complementary antonymy
互补反义词
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