Chapter 6 pragmatics 语言学整理的资料

Chapter 6

1.

pragmatics:

自测：

Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic

and inherent. (T/F)

术语：

语用学

< br>解释：语用学处理的是语言的实际意义，是在应用中的意义，而不是

固有的意义。

术语：

Pragmatics

can

be

defined

as

the

study

of

how

speakers

of

a

language use sentences to effect successful communication.

语用学是

研究某一语言的言者是如 何利用句子成功进行交际的。

解释：

?

Pragmatic analysis of meaning is first and foremost concerned with the

study of what is communicated by a speaker/writer and interpreted by a

listener/reader.

Analysis

of intentional

meaning

necessarily

involves

the

interpretation of what people do through language in a particular context.

Intended

meaning

may

or

may

not

be

explicitly

expressed.

Pragmatic

analysis also explores how listeners/readers make inferences about what

is

communicated.

语 用学对意义的研究主要关注的是说者或作者要交

流的是什么，听者或读者读到的是什么。

并且根据语境分析要表达

的意义。语 用学分析还探索着读者或听者对交流意义的推断。

2. Context:

自测：

What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether

in the study of meaning _________ is considered.

A. reference

B. speech act

C. practical usage

D. context

术语：

Context

语境

解释：语义学和语用学的区别在于是否将语境考虑在内。

术语：

The

notion

of

context

is

essential

to

the

pragmatic

study

of

language,

it’s

generally

considered

as

constituted

by

the

knowledge

shared by the speaker and the hearer. < /p>

语境是语用学研究的一个基本概

念。一般认为语境包括说话者和听 话者双方所共有的知识。

解释：

Generally

speaking,

it

consists

of

the

knowledge

that

is

shared

by

the

speaker

and

the

hearer.

The

shared

knowledge

is

of

two

types:

the

knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world,

including

the

general

knowledge

about

the

world

and

the

specific

knowledge

about

the

situation

in

which

linguistic

communication

is

taking place.

一般认为语境包括说话者和听 话者双方所共有的知识：

双方在他们所使用的语言方面的知识；

双方对世界的认识，

包括对世

界总的认识和对正的进行的语言交 际所处的环境的具体认识。

3.

utterance meaning:

自测：

The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.

（

T/F

）

术语：

utterance meaning

话语意义

解释：一个句子的话语意义是具体的、依赖于语境的。

术语：

The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent.

Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract

meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a

context.

话语意义是具体的、

受语境制约的。

话语意义基于句子意义，

它是一个句子的抽象 意义在一个真实的交际语境中的实现，简而言

之，在一个语境中的具体化。

解释：

It refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of

communication, it becomes and utterance and it should be considered in

the situation in which it is actually uttered.

话语意义指的是人们在实际交谈中句子的 含义，

句子意义成为话语意

义在于实际说话的环境是否被考虑在 内。

4.

sentence meaning:

自测：

The

meaning

of

a

sentence

is

abstract,

but

context-dependent.

（

T/F

）

术语：

sentence meaning

句子意义

解释：句子意义是抽象的，非语境化的。

术语：

The

meaning

of

a

sentence

is

often

considered

as

the

abstract,

intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.

句子意

义通常被看成是抽象的、非语境化的，从

命题角度看是句子本身所

具有的内在特征。

解释：

It refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, the meaning

of

a

sentence

is

often

studied

as

the

abstract

intrinsic

property

of

the

sentence itself in terms of predication .

句子意义指的是一个句子的意义

或语法概念的意义。

句子意义通常是根据橘子的谓语研究句子内在固

有的意义。

5.

Constative:

叙述句

自测：

C________

were

statements

that

either

state

or

describe,

and

were thus verifiable.

术语：

Constative:

叙述句

解释：叙述句要么用于陈述，要么用于验证，可以验证其真假。

术语：

Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were

verifiable.

叙述句要么用于陈述，要么用于验证，可以验证其真假。

解释：

Sentence like

“

I pour some liquid into the tube

”

is a description of

what

the

speaker

is

doing

at

the

time

of

speaking.

The

speaker

cannot

pour

any

liquid

into

the

tube

by

simply

uttering

these

words.

He

must

accompany his words with actual pouring. Otherwise one can accuse him

of making a false statement. Sentences like this are called constatives.

像

“

I pour some liquid into the tube

”

这样的句子是对说话人正在做的事

情的描述。

说话人 不可能通过这几个词就把液体倒进试管里面，

他必

须同时真的施 动，

否则我们可以说他在撒谎，

这样的句子就被称为叙

述句。

6.

Performative:

行为句

自测：

P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a

state, and were not verifiable.

术语：

Performative:

施为句

解释：施为句既不陈述事实， 也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

术语：

Performatives, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a

state,

and

were

not

verifiable.

Their

function

is

to

perform

a

particular

speech act.

They are the statements which are used to do something.

施

为句是用来做事的，< /p>

它的功能是施动一个特别的行为。

施为句既不陈

< br>述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

解释：

A

performative

is

a

sentence

like

“

I

name

this

ship

the

Queen

Elizabeth

”

, which does not describe things and cannot be said to be true

or

false.

The

uttering

of

a

performative

sentence

is,

or

is

a

part

of

the

doing of an action. Verbs like

“

name

”

are known as performative verbs.

像“

I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth

”

这样的句子就 被称为施为

句。它们不是描写事物，没有真假。说出这样的句子就是，或者说至

少部分是，实施一种行为，因此像“

name

” 这样的词就被称为“施

为动词”

。

7.

locutionary act:

言内行为

自测：

A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is

the

act

of

conveying

literal

meaning

by

means

of

syntax,

lexicon

and

phonology.

术语：

locutionary act:

言内行为

解释：言内行为是 发出词、短语、从句的动作。它是通过句法、词汇

和音位的方式来传达字面意义的行为。

术语：

A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is

the

act

of

conveying

literal

meaning

by

means

of

syntax,

lexicon

and

phonology.

言内行为是发出词、短语、从句的动作。它是通过句法、

词汇和 音位的方式来传达字面意义的行为。

解释：

?

The locutionary act----an act of saying something,uttering words,

phrases,clauses,

i.e.

an

act

of

making

a

meaningful

utterance

(literal

meaning

of

an

utterance);

It

is

the

act

of

conveying

literal

meaning

by

means

of

syntax,

lexicon

and

phonology.

言内 行为是一种说词、说短

语、说从句的行为，

< br>是一个对有意义的话语的表达；言内行为是种

通过句法、词汇和音位的方式来传达 字面意义的行为。

8.

illocutionary act:

言外行为

自测：

An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker

’

s intention;

it is the act performed in saying something.

术语：

illocutionary act:

言外行为

解释：

言外行为是表达说话人意图的行为，

是在说话过程中所完成的

行为。

术语：

An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention;

it is the act performed in saying something.

言外行为是表达 说话人意

图的行为，是在说话过程中所完成的行为。

解释：

The illocutionary act---- an act performed in saying something: in

saying X, I was doing Y (the intention of the speaker while speaking).

言

外行为，

是一种边说边做的行为。

比如，