-
A Country of Immigrants
As you
walk along the street in any American city,you see
many different see oriental
faces of
the United States,a country of immigrants from all
over the ants are people
who leave one
country to live permanently in another country.
The first immigrants came
to North America in the 1600s from northern
European countries such
as England and
people generally had light skin and light came to
live in
North America because they
wanted religious the 1700s and early 1800s
immigrants
continued to move from
Europe to the United this time there was one
group of unwilling
immigrants,black
people were tricked or forced to come to the
United States,where
they worked on the
large farms in the blacks had no freedom;they
were the
1800s many Chinese and Irish
immigrants came to the United came because of
economic or political problems in their
most recent immigrants to the United
States,the Indochinese,Cubans,and
Central Americans also came because of economic or
political
problems in their own for
the blacks,most of these immigrants thought of the
United States as a land of
opportunities,of a chance for freedom and new
lives.
In the United
States,these immigrants looked for help from other
immigrants who shared the same
background,language,and ore,there are
neighborhoods in each U.S. city made up
almost entirely of one ethnic or racial
are all Italian,all Puerto Rican,or all Irish
neighborhoods in many East Coast cities
and all Mexican neighborhoods in the Southwest.
In Dearborn,Michigan,there
is a large group of are racial neighborhoods such
as
oriental Chinatown in New are also
neighborhoods with a strong religious feeling such
as a Jewish part of Brooklyn in New ,of
course,there are economic neighborhood
divisions;in American cities very often
poor people do not live in the same neighborhoods
as rich
people.
This wide variety of neighborhoods in
the cities is a reflection of the different groups
in American
society. American society
is a mixture of
racial,language,cultural,religious,and economic
sometimes call America a melting pot
and compare its society to a soup with many
different ingredients (different
races,cultures,religions,and economic
groups)supposedly mix together to make
a smooth ,in reality,there are a few lumps left in
the soup.
Andrew Carnegie
One of the captains of industry of
19
th
century America,Andrew
Carnegie,helped build the
American
steel industry,a process that turned a poor young
man into one of the richest
entrepreneurs of his age. Later in his
life,Carnegie sold hie steel business and
systematically gave
his fortune away to
cultural,educational and scientific institutions
for
“
the improvement of
mankind.
”
Carnegie was born in
Dunfermline,Scotland,in town was a center of the
linen
industry,and
Andrew
?
s father was a
weaver,a profession the young Carnegie was
expected to
the industrial revolution
that would later make Carnegie the richest man in
the
world,destroyed the
weavers
?
the steam-powered
looms came to Dunfermline in
1847,hundreds of handloom weavers
became
?
s mother opened a
small
grocery shop and mended shoes to
support the family.
“
I began to learn what
poverty meant,
”
Andrew would
later write.
”
It was burnt
into my heart then
that my father had
to beg for then and there came the determination
that I would cure
when I got to be a
man.
”
The family moved to the United States
in 1848,and began a new life in
Pittsburgh,m Carnegie secured work in a
cotton factory and his son Andrew
took
work in the same building as a bobbin boy for
$$1.20 a ,Carnegie worked as a
messenger
boy in the city
?
s telegraph
did each job to the best of his ability and seized
every opportunity to take on new
example,he memorized
Pittsburgh
?
s street
layout as well as the important name
and addresses of those he delivered to.
Carnegie often was asked to
deliver messages to the arranged to make these
deliveries
at night-and stayed on to
watch plays by Shakespeare and other great what
would be a
life-long pursuit of
knowledge,Carnegie also took advantage of a small
library that a local
benefactor made
available to working boys.
One of the men Carnegie met at the
telegraph office was Thomas ,then a director at
Pennsylvania was taken by the young
worker and referred to him as
“
my boy
Andy,
”
hiring him
as his private secretary and personal telegrapher
at
$$
35 a month.
“
I
couldn
?
t
imagine,
”
Carnegie said many
years later,
”
what I could
ever do with so much
money.
”
Carnegie
was always eager to shoulder new
responsibilities,and he worked his way up the
ladder in Pennsylvania Railroad and
succeeded Scott as head of the Pittsburgh the
outbreak of the Civil War,Scott was
responsible for military transportation for the
North and
Carnegie worked as his right-
hand man.
The Civil War
fueled the iron industry,and by the time the war
was over,Carnegie saw the
potential in
the field and resigned from Pennsylvania was one
of many brave moves
that would typify
Carnegie
?
s life in industry
and earn him his then turned his attention
to the Keystone Bridge Company,which
worked to replace wooden bridges with stronger
iron
three years he had an annual
income of $$50,000.
Carnegie
would continue making huge amounts of money for
the next 30 improve the
efficiency of
his steel plant,Carnegie would make use of the
Bessemer Process,which was the first
cheap process for mass-producing ie
threw his own money into the process and even
borrowed heavily to build a new steel
plant near ie was strict in keeping down
costs and managed by the saying
“
watch costs and the profits
take care of themselves.
”
“
I think
Carnegie
?
s genius was first
of all,an ability to foresee how things were going
to
change,
”
says
historian John Ingram.
“
Once
he saw that something was of potential benefit to
him,he was willing to invest enormously
in it.
”
Still,Carnegie
?
s
steel plants developed rapidly,and by
1900,Carnegie Steel produced more of the
metal than all of Great was also the
year that financier issued a major
challenge to
Carnegie
?
s steel Carnegie
believed he could beat Morgan in a battle
that could last five,10 or 15 years,the
fight did not appeal to the 64-year-old man eager
to spend
more time with his wife
Louise,whom he had married in 1886 at the age of
51,and their
daughter,Margaret.
Carnegie wrote the asking
price for his steel business on a piece of paper
and had one of his
managers deliver the
offer to accepted immediately,buying the company
for $$480
million.
“
Congratulations,ie,
”
Morgan
said to Carnegie when they finalized the deal,
“
you are now the richest man
in the world.
”
Carnegie liked to say that
“
the man who dies rich dies
disgraced,
”
and turned his
attention to
giving away his disliked
charity,and instead put his money to use helping
others help
was the reason he spent
much of his fortune on establishing over 2,500
public
libraries as well as supporting
institutions of higher the time
Carnegie
?
s life was
over,he gave away 350million dollars.
is sitting in his living room and is
talking about architecture or the designing of
buildings.
“
It is not just
an idea,but the way in which that idea is
done,that is is what I mean
by the
?
architecture of
ideas.
?
I worry that ideas
and the practice of architecture as a
profession,as a
business,do not come
together often enough.
”
He
stops,then adds:
“
Maybe my
early training set me
it made me too
practical.
”
That is an unexpected comment from a
man like Pei,who runs a business that employs many
people and has important customers all
over the questioning the value of
his
company, &Partners,is more than just a business
that designs has always
tried to bring
together beauty and art with business sense,and
today it is probably the leader
among
American architecture companies that do very well
both artistically and is
hard enough
to become well know either as an artistic or as a
business success in architecture:to
do
so as both is unusual and surprising.
,a leader in his field for more than
thirty years,seems to get better and busier as the
years
go reason for his success is
that he is well known as a kind and thoughtful it
is
also because of the seriousness of
his believes in improving on and developing from
styles and designs that have been used
before,not in newness for its own ies hire him
because they believe that his designs
are strong and modern without being shocking.
Pei
?
s
style is based on geometric forms,like most of the
architecture of modern he has
continued to use these forms while
other important architects have begun to change
their
styles,making use of the forms of
architecture from other countries and other
periods in history.
Ieoh
Ming Pei was born in China in 1917,but he calls
himself
“
an American
architect -
absolutely.
”
He
went to the United States in 1935 to study
architecture,and remained there because
of the the late1940s he got a very
good job and decided to become an American
has lived in New York since then,but he
never forgotten the land of his childhood.
In 1978 Pei was invited to
design s hotel in was a very difficult thing for
him to do
because
“
there seems to be only two
choices - either to copy the old Chinese style
with red
columns and golden roofs or to
build modern Western buildings.I do not think
either of these is
has to be a third
way.
”
Pei
?
s
“
third
way
”
is very much like
traditional Chinese uses the same kinds of
materials and forms,and is only
different in one important aspect:it well have a
flat roof instead of
a curved one
because that kind is safer and less expensive.
In New York City,&Partners
will build a convention center,that is,a large
building for
meetings and shows that
will be much bigger than the hotel in Beijing,and
in some ways much
fact,the biggest
problem is that the center may look too much like
a large ore
they are working to create
a number of public areas within the one huge will
be used
for other things even when
there are no special meetings or shows,and will
make the building
itself into a tourist
attraction.
It is possible
that Pei
?
s way of working
may soon change,becoming more like one or the
other of
the two major modern might
decide to make more use of the styles and ideas of
the
architecture of older cultures (as
he did with his hotel in China)or he might decide
to treat his
buildings even more
artistically (as he did the Kennedy Library in
Boston).But it does not seem
likely
that Pei
?
s work will move
strongly in either believes his work gives his
customers what they want and he tries
to make his buildings fit the jobs they are
supposed to do.
Internet Love Can Work
I had heard of the chat room on the
Internet,but it had never appealed to g to total
strangers that you cannot see struck me
as too day I was surfing the net,when I
discovered MSN
?
s
chat rooms and making up a nickname decided to
just watch and see what all
the fuss
was on the screen were twenty or so people who
were chatting away about
anything and
I studied the conversations,afraid to join on and
expose myself as a
“
newbie
p>
”
,I was drawn to one was
intelligent,witty and expressed a love of the
UK,my
name was Linda and she was from
California,a part of the States I had never seen
but
was interested summoning up all my
courage,I said hi and introduced began to
chat and I found that it was very
relaxed to the point that I was amazed when the
conversation
had been chatting for two
whole hours,totally ignoring everyone else in the
parted company,saying that we hoped we
would bump into each other that next day,I
wondered if that was just a polite
goodbye or if she really wanted to continue our
conversation.
That evening
I logged on,half of me hoping Linda would be
there,the other half afraid that she
wouldn
?
enough,she wasn
?
t in the
chat room and I sat at the computer screen only
half
reading the conversations that
flashed up before Linda
?
s
name appeared and with the
usual
“
Hi
room
”
, she said
“
Hi
Vince
”
.My life suddenly
became brighter in that instant.I kept
telling myself it was crazy,here was a
woman I only just met,hardly knew and yet I had
missed her
all chatted again,and the
hours vanished,with the other chatters leaving us
alone in the
room.
I had dated quite a few times in my
then twenty-five years of life,but never had
anyone taken my
interest so completely
as this stranger from across the discussed
everything,our
likes,dislikes,our
troubles and our pleasures and the more we talked
the more amazed we became
at how much
we had in common.
Weeks
went by and every evening we would meet up and
talk,the two hours becoming three,then
exchanged pictures,but were both afraid we would
blow it by doing ,as I looked at
her
picture on my screen,I was amazed at the fact that
no one had snapped up this American
beauty in the years since her
graduation from college.
The weeks had become months and we both
admitted we had feelings for each other,our
friendship becoming something far came
the time that anyone who ever had an
Internet relationship will know...the
had said that she would fly to the UK to meet
me,but I insisted that I flew to the
States.I explained to her my fears that should she
come to me
and for some reason we
didn
?
t hit it off,then she
would be a woman alone in a strange country
where as for a guy it
wouldn
?
t be so bad.
Linda finally agreed and a
week or two later I found myself on a plane
winging my way to San
had arranged
that I would be met by her brother who would drop
me off at my hotel and
that I would
ring her once I had freshened up and she would
come over and we would go out for a
five minutes of pacing up and down after I made
the call,there was a knock on the
door.I opened the door to the most
beautiful woman I had ever of us were nervous
when we kissed looked into each
other
?
s eyes and that kiss
became another filled with all
the
emotions that had developed over the months of
online chatting.
I stayed
for two weeks taking Linda out after she finished
work at the local we fell
head over
heels in love.I returned home,and missed Linda
like crazy,the online chat now seeming
so pale in comparison with holding the
woman I loved in my missed me too and so I
jumped on a plane and went back this
time for a went on for five visits and each time
I
would extend my return ticket because
we couldn
?
t bear to part.
I finally asked Linda to
marry me and she agreed,having discussed the fact
she wanted to move to
the UK to be with
is now two years later,Christmas 2007 and Linda is
here for the
coming year we are to
marry and Linda is finalizing things prior to her
move to the
UK for family and friends
love her to bits and I feel like the luckiest man
on the face of
the for all you out
there that read the Internet horror stories of
romances gone bad,take
can work is a
wonderful thing,and if true,will overcome both
time and
distance.
Jump
The story you are about to read is
almost unbelievable,but it is happened one
winter
?
s night
in
1944,during World War airplanes of the Royal Air
Force,after dropping their bombs on
Germany,were on their way home.
In each plane,men looked
anxiously over their guns into the was the time
when
enemy fighter planes might of the
air gunners was Nick was a gunner in
the back of the plane and he sat in the
rear-gun position,at the very tail of the was so
small
that before climbing in,Nick had
taken off his parachute and left it in another
part of the
felt more comfortable
without ,however,he began to feel very
uncomfortable
ly there was a terrible
explosion and the whole aircraft whole of the
middle part of the plane burst into
flames and Nick heard the captain shout,
“
We
?
re
on fire!Jump!
”
At first Nick could not get out of his
tiny door was struggling with all his
strength for several moments,he forced
it looked for his parachute but it was already
had to make a terrible decision:he
could stay in the plane and be burnt to death or
he
could jump without a parachute and
be smashed to death,after falling 6,000 jumped!
The cold air hit him and he
could not this height the air is too thin to
breathe
Nick began to lose
consciousness,he thought,
“
So this is what
it
?
s like to
die.
”
Then he
remembered no he woke up some time
later,he could not believe that he was
he moved his arms,then his seemed all was lying
in a huge pile of
he looked up,he saw
a large fir branches had broken his fall and the
pile of
snow had completed his soft
landing.
When he got to his
feet,he found that his back and one leg hurt but
he was able to made
his way to a
German farm,and soon he was a prisoner,in a
hospital first the Germans did
,however,they found the crashed plane
and his partly burnt parachute,with his name
and number on was the first time a man
had jumped five and a half kilometres without a
parachute and still lived!
Student Opinion
Why Manchester University?
I
?
m a second-year
medical student and so far I really love
it.I
?
m from Edinburgh which
I suppose I
should really miss more,but
I like it here too mum wanted me to stay in
Edinburgh,but
Manchester
has
the
biggest
and
best
medical
school
in
the
UK,and
from
the
minute
I
saw
this
fantastic university I
decided I had to come here.
My degree
We
have 26 hours of classes a week and there are
roughly two types of classes for second-year
medical students:classes that deal with
the science in medicine,and those that are devoted
to the art
of
medicine,that
is,giving
medical
service
with
a
humane
also
have
group
learning
sessions,which
really help you to connect with other students in
your year and also help you to
learn
and remember more-which is great when it comes to
exams.
As
second-year
students,we
can
only
take
histories,conduct
physical
examinations,measure
and
record blood pressure and pules
rate,and generally be an extra set of eyes for the
doctor treating
the patient.
Student life
In
my spare time,I go swimming.I trained at my home
club and I now train for four hours a week
with the University usually go out to
a nearby bar called Jingles ng
has
really made me feel more at home here.I would
definitely advise other new students to join a
club
or
is
a
great
way
of
making
new
friends
outside
your
course
and,of
course,learn
new skills.
There
are
lots
of
clubs
and
societies
to
choose
from:course-related
ones,sports,choir-and
even
things like Chinese Kung Fu.
I
also
have
a
part-time
job
in
a
grocery
store
in
long
as
you
have
your
study
time
organized,a part-time
job is a pretty good idea.
Accommodation
As for
accommodation- apply as soon as you can.I waited
until summer and got my last choice but
I
?
m glad I did.I
lived in Melburn House in Greenfield in the first
year,which is a short journey on
the
have a common room in our flats(not all places
do),laundry,nearby supermarket and
our
own bar.
Some
of
my
new
friends
are
in
catered
halls
but
I
chose
self-catered
because
it
offered
more
flexibility for my can share things
such as food with your roommates and also cook
saves time,effort,money and a lot of
washing up.
Living in
Manchester
In
Manchester,you
never
get
Road
is
the
king
of
all
roads
and
pretty
much
everything you need
will be on or off are also so many shops in
Johnson
Centre near Walton is good and
only a short walk away and the Kingston Mall is
only a bus ride
away-
it
?
s huge,and has every
possible shop in the world and really nice places
to eat.
All I can say in Manchester
University is a good place to study is a
vibrant,multicultural place
with
excellent
resources,lots
to
do
and
see
and
will
get
you
a
degree
that
will
be
recognized
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