度英语专业八级考试真题及答案(不包括听力)(4)

度英语专业八级考试真题及答案

(

不包括听力< /p>

)(4)

“museum”is

a

slippery

word.

it

first

meant

(in

greek)

anything

consecrated

to

the

muses:a

hill,a

shrine,a

garden,a

festival

or

even

a

plato

mouseion,a

muses

s

academy

and

aristotle

s

lyceum

had

a

gh

the

greeks

already

collected

detached

works

of

art,many

temples

—

notably

that

of

hera

at

olympia

(before

which

the

olympic

flame

is

still

lit)

—

had

collections

of

objects,some of which were works of art by well

known masters,while

paintings and sculptures in the alexandrian museum were incidental to its

main purpose.

the

romans

also

collected

and

exhibited

art

from

disbanded

temples,as

well

as

mineral

specimens,exotic

plants,animals;

and

they

plundered

sculptures

and

paintings

(mostly

greek)

for

ile,the

greek

word

had

slipped

into

latin

by

transliteration (though not to signify picture galleries,which were called

pinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant“muses

-

shrine”.

the

inspirational

collections

of

precious

and

semi-precious

objects

were

kept

in

larger

churches

and

monasteries

—

which

focused

on

the

gold-enshrined,bejewelled

relics

of

saints

and

s,and

later

merchants,had

similar

collections,which

became

the

deposits

of

natural

curiosities:large

lumps

of

amber

or

coral,irregular

pearls,unicorn

horns,ostrich

eggs,fossil

bones

and

so

also

included

coins

and

gems

—

often

antique

engraved

ones

—

as

well

as,increasingly,paintings

and

they

multiplied

and

expanded,to

supplement

them,the

skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.

at the same time,visitors could admire the very grandest paintings

and

sculptures

in

the

churches,palaces

and

castles;

they

were

not“collected”either,bu t“site

-

specific”,and

were

considered

an

integral

part both of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went

on

inside

them

—

and

most

of

the

buildings

were

public

r,during

the

revival

of

antiquity

in

the

fifteenth

century,fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the

work

of

any

contemporary,so

that

displays

of

antiquities

would

inspire

artists to imitation,or even better,to emulation; and so could be considered

muses- shrines in the former medici garden near san marco in

florence,the belvedere and the capitol in rome were the most famous of

such

early“inspirational”

they

multiplied,and,gradually,exemplary

“modern”works

were

also

added

to

such galleries.

in the seventeenth century,scientific and prestige collecting became

so

widespread

that

three

or

four

collectors

independently

published

directories

to

museums

all

over

the

known

it

was

the

age

of

revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way

the

institution

was

perceived:the

fury

against

royal

and

church