雅思考试英语翻译

1. Functions of an abstract (p30)

An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your

paper

and

the

topics

discussed

to

your

reader.

In

doing

so,

it

facilitates

research.

Abstract

help

scientists to locate materials that are relevant to their research from among published papers. and

many times scientists will only read a paper’s abstract in order to determine whether the paper will

be

relevant

to

them.

Considering

your

audience

and

their

needs

will

help

you

to

determine

what

should be included in your abstract.

在一份 研究报告里摘要提供了一个重要的功能。它向你的读者传达了你论文的范围和讨

论的主题 。

这样做

,

它促进研究。

摘要帮助科学家从发表的论文中找到与他们研究相关的材料。

并且科学家会很 多时候只读一篇论文的文摘为了确定是否将与他们的研究有关。考虑到你的

读者和他们的 需求将会帮助你决定什么应该包括在你的摘要里。

2.

An informative abstract

（

p34)

An

informative

abstract

acts

as

a

report

in

miniature,

encapsulating

the

whole

paper.

It

summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides

the key facts and conclusions from the body of the report. A good way to develop an

informative

abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you

can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the

research,

but

you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve

as an introduction to the subject matter of the report----your introduction will serve that role. You

should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will

not be surprised to see key data in an informative abstract.

< /p>

信息性摘要相当于一篇文章的缩影

,

概括 整篇论文。它概述了文章主要部分的关键信息

,

并

提供文章关键的结果和结论。提炼出文章每个主要部分的一两句话是一个写信息摘要的好方

如果篇幅允许

,

你可 以提供上下文信息

,

如问题的背景和研究的意义

,

但

是你也可以忽略上下

文信 息

,

因为摘要不应作为文章主旨的介绍

—

你的引言将要担当这一角色。

然而

,

你应该包括关

键数值情况使信息性摘要简洁并且读者不会惊讶于 在信息性摘要中看到关键数据。

3.

An indicative abstract

（

p35)

An indicative abstract (sometimes called descriptive abstract) merely includes information about

the

purpose,

scope

and

methods

used

to

arrive

at

the

findings

contained

in

the

original

function of indicative abstract is

to help readers understand the general nature and

scope of the research article. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and main findings of the

paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. It is brief and

concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of

abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances,

conference proceedings.

一篇指示性摘要

(

有时称为描述性摘要

)

仅仅 包括原文中的关于目的

,

范围和获得结果所使

< br>用的方法的信息。指示性摘要的作用是帮助读者理解研究性文章的一般性质和范围。一篇指

示性摘要指明论文的主题和主要发现但它不探究文中所涉及的每步详细的进程。它简洁明了

,

通过摘要读者可以决定是否应该继续阅读整篇文章。这种类型的摘要经常用 于书写理论性论

文

,

评论文章

,

并且在某些情况下

,

用于会议论文集。

4. Put simply

，

abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer

works

and

occasionally

the

terms

are

used

interchangeably-but

they

are

not

identical.

Abstracts

which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give

readers

essential

information

about

research

purpose,

methods,

results,

conclusions

and

recommendations.

Most

abstracts

are

a

single

paragraph

，

and

seldom

more

than

one

page.

By

contrast, summaries are thorough though usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with

condensing

the

document

than

with

emphasizing

results,

conclusion

and

recommendations.

Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document.

简而言之

,< /p>

摘要和总结是相似的

--

它们都是长篇文 章缩写的形式并且偶尔地这些项可以相

互交换

--

但是它们不是完全相同的。

通常在期刊论文和技术报告中出现的摘要就是通过 浓缩文

章为读者提供关于研究目的

,

方 法

,

结果

,

结 论和建议等基本信息。大部分摘要是一个单独的段

落，很少超过一页。相比之下总结十分 完善，通常比摘要长。概要和总结不注重去压缩文章

而更强调结果

,

结论和建议。摘要是在文章之前的一个独立的或是执行的概述，总结是结束一

个文章。

5.

Other consideration (p43)

An

abstract

must

be

a

fully

self-contained,

capsule

description

of

the

paper .

It

can't

assume(or

attempt to provoke ) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by

some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself . Some points to consider include: Meet the

word count limitation. If your abstract runs too Long, either it will be rejected or someone will take

a chainsaw to it to get it dawn to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task

of cutting yourself , rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more interested in meeting

size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner.

一 篇摘要必须是完全独立的是对整篇文章囊括性介绍。摘要不能假设（或试图驱使）读

者对 模糊的表达在文章中搜索解释。它必须能够自己全部解释。要考虑的要点包括：满足字

数 限定。如果你的摘要太长，要么被它将被拒绝，要么其他人压缩你的摘要来达到字数限制。

做剪短这项困难的任务将更好地服务于你的目的，而不是让其他对达到字数限制更加感兴趣

而不是将你的努力以最好的方式表达的人来完成。

6. Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers take greatest pride in writing research

papers for publication in journals

，

which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going

on in their professions. The writer has information the reader needs: what was found , how it was

found

，

what the. findings mean. Good scientists and engineers are as interested in the quality of their

writing as they are in other aspects of their work. They know that technical effort counts for little of

the written reports of that work do not convey information adequately.

在各种 类型的文章中，

科学家和工程师最以撰写论文在期刊上发表为荣，

这样让它们及时

了解他们专业所发生的事。写作的人有读者所需要的信息：发现了什么 ，怎么被发现，这些

发现意味着什么。好的科学家和工程师既对写作的质量感兴趣也对他 们研究的其他方面感兴

趣。他们知道如果对于研究所写的报告不能传递准确信息那么技术 努力是无足轻重的。

7. The key to an effective research paper is integrating the research into the body of the paper. This

is also the most difficult part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend credence to

your conclusions, but

it should not

dominate the paper. Much of the writing should be

your own

ideas that are supported by research. Transitional words and phrases should be used to connect your

thoughts to the references. If that's not done

，

the writing will be stilted and contrived; the paper will

be choppy, and coherence will be lost.

Remember that the research paper is like all other formal

essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an introduction, a body and

a conclusion. It should be focused and fully developed.