-
第三章
英文合同中常见的用词及句型（
Usual Wordings
and Sentence Patterns
）
I don’t care what their
intention was. I only want to know what the words
mean. A word is not a
crystal,
transparent and unchanged, it is the skin of a
living thought and may vary greatly in color
and content according to the
circumstances and the time in which it is used.
--Towne v. Eisner, 245 U.S.418,
425(1918)(Holmes, J.)
我并不在意他们的意图是什么，我只是
想知道文字的意思。文字不是水晶般通明一成不变，
而是活生生思想的外衣，会因使用的
场合和时间在色彩和内容上产生巨大的变化。
—霍尔姆斯法官（美国）
英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含义和用法，不
仅可以帮助准确理解掌
握合同条款的含义，而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、完善草
拟和翻译合同所借鉴，
达到事半功倍的效果。
第一节
合同常用词
(Usual
Wording)
当大量接触英文合同，
就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，
往往影响或决
定了对合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍：
一、英文合同常用虚词（
Usual
Function Words
）
1
．
Her
e/there/where+
介词构成的古体词
基本规则：
Here
代表
this
，
there
代表
that
，
where
代
表
which
或
what
即
here/there/where+
介
词
=
介词
+this/
that/which or what
?
Hereby: by means of; by reason of
this.
特此，由此，兹等意。
例句：
The Buyer hereby orders
from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject
to the following
conditions:
买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：
?
Herein
：
in
this
。此中，于此。
例句：
The minimum royalty
herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party
A.
在此规定的最
低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。
?
Hereinafter: later in the same
Contract.
以下，在下文。通常与
to be referred to as,
referred as, called
连用。
例句：
This
Agreement
is
made
and
concluded
on
______,
(date)____(year),
by
and
between
_____(hereinafter called Party A) on
the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B)
on the
other
hand.
本协议书于
____
年
___
月
___
日由
__
___
（以下简称甲方）为一方，与
_____(
以下
简称乙方
)
为另一方签
订。
?
Hereof
：
of this
。关于此点，在本文件中。
Hereunder
：
under this.
本文件规定。
例句：
Both parties agree to
attempt to resolve all disputes between the
parties with respect to the
application
or
interpretation
of
any
term
hereof
of
transaction
hereunder,
through
amicable
negotiation.
合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所
有争议同意力求
通过友好协商予以解决。
?
Hereto
：
to this.
本文件的。
Thereof
：
of that.
它的，其。
Thereto
：
to that
与之，向那
里。
例句：
“
Licensed
Products”
means
the
devices
and
p
roducts
described
in
Schedule
1
annexed
hereto
together
with
all
improvement
and
modification
thereof
or
development
with
respect
thereto.
“特许产品”系指在本协议附件
1
中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产
品和与之相关的产品。
?
Herewith
：
with thi
s.
与此，附此。
Thereby
：<
/p>
by that
means.
因此，由此，从而
例句：
In any one or more of the
provisions contained in this Contract or any
document executed in
connection
herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any
respect under any applicable law, the
validity and enforceability of the
remaining provisions contained herein shall not in
any way be
affected thereby.
如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效
或不能履行，
本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
?
Thereafter: after that
，
afterwards.
此后。
例句：
The
Contract
for
the
contractual
joint
venture
shall
continue
from
a
period
o
two
years
thereafter.
本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。
?
Therein: in that; in that particular
context; in that respect.
在那里；在那点上；在那方
面。
例句：
The
Leased
Premises
are
deemed
to
be
fit
for
occupation
when
the
building
therein
is
substantially completed.
当在那里
的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。
?
Therewith
：
with
that.
以此；此外。
例句：
The Employer shall
indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against
and from the same
and against and from
all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges
and expenses whatsoever
arising there
out or in connection therewith.
业主应赔偿所有索
赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花
费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人
免于承担上述责任。
?
Whereby: by the agreement; by the
following terms and conditions, etc.
凭此协议，凭
此条款等。
例句：
This
Agreement
is
made
and
concluded
by
and
between
AA
Corporation
(hereinafter
referred to as Party A) and BB Company
(hereinafter referred to as Party B) whereby the
Parties
hereto agree to enter into the
compensation trade under the terms and conditions
set forth below:
本协议由
AA
公司（以下简称甲方）和
BB
公司（以下简称乙方
）签订。双方同意按下列条
款进行补偿贸易。
（本句中省略未译
）
2
．
WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW
THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All
Men by
these presents
，
In witness
Whereof, In Testimony Whereof,
Undersigned.
WITHNESSETH,
Whereas, Now
Therefore
用于英文合同前言部分，
In
witness Whereof
用于合
同结尾证明部分，在第
二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。
?
In Testimony Whereof: in Witness
Whereof.
以此为证，特立此证。
例句：
In Testimony Whereof we
have hereto signed this Document on _____ (date)
accepted on
_____ (date).
我方于
__
年
__
月
__
日签署本文件，并于
__
年
__
月
__
日接受该文件，特此为证。
?
NOW
THESE PRESENTS WITNESS:
兹特立约为据
,
本句话也是用于
WHEREAS
条
款之后引出具体协议事项
。
例句：
NOW THESE
PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between
the parties hereto as
follows:
兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：
l
KNOW ALL MEN by
these presents:
根据本文件，特此宣布。
（通
常用于前言部分）
例句：
KNOW
ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s
name)having our registered office
at
______
(hereinafter
called
“the
Bank”)
will
be
bound
unto
_____(the
Owner’s
name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”)
in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to
be made
to the said Owner, the Bank
will bind itself, its successors and better
assignee by these presents.
根
据本文件，兹宣布，我行，
（银行名称）
，其注册地点在（以下
简称本银行）向（业主名称）
（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本
保证书对本银行及其继受人和受
让人均具有约束力。
l
Undersigned:
法律文件末尾的签名者
,
前面加定冠词
the,
是指文件签署者的自称。
例句：
The
undersigned
Seller
and
Buyer
have
agreed
to
close
the
following
transaction
in
accordance with the terms and
conditions stipulated as follows:
兹经签约的买
卖双方同意，按下
列条款，达成这笔交易。
3
．
Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite.
即使，尽管。
例
1
：
Notwithstanding any
other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance
coverage and limits
shall be subject to
approval of all the parties.
即使有与本合同相悖的规
定，
保险范围和责任限制应以
合同各方同意为准。
例
2
：
< br>Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date
as is reasonable in the circumstances
if any of the conditions precedent referred to in
Article 2.1 is not
satisfied or waived
on or before the Expiration Date, any such
agreement or waiver to be in writing.
尽
管有本合同第二条第二款规定，
如上述第二条第一款规定的先决
条件在合同期满日之前既未实现
又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合
同的期满日。
4
．
As
合同英语中
as
出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，
as
使用的
熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实
例：
?
As
放在代表规定的
provide
，
stipulate
，
set forth
，
prescribe
等词的过去分词前，含义
为
“
< br>依照某某规定
”
。
例
1
：
For
purpose
of
this,
Capital
Account
shall
be
adjusted
hypothetically
as
provided
for
in
Section 4.6 herein.
基于此，应依照本合
同第四条第六款调整资金账户。
例
2
：
based on their respective
Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2
hereof.
基于本合同第
五条第二款规定的各方在合资公
司中的权益。
?
另有
Except as
otherwise provided
结构，表示
“
除非本文
/
某条款另有规定
”
。
例句：
Except as otherwise
provided herein, all notices or demands sent by
registered airmail shall
be deemed
received 8 days after they have been sent and
notices or demands sent by telex shall be
deemed received at the time of the
dispatch thereof.
除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航
空挂号信寄出则发出后
8
日应视为送达收悉，
以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。
?
As
构成
as the case
may be
（视具体情况而定）
，
as the case may
require
（视具体要求
而定）和
as the Venturers may
determine
等短语。
例句：
The
Venture
may
relocate
its
office
from
time
to
time
or
have
additional
offices
as
the
Venturers may determine.
该合资公
司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。
?
As
构成
as of the
date of ____ (date)
短语是英语合同中表示
“
自某年某月某日起
”
最正
式的表达。
例句：
In witness whereof, the
parties have caused this instrument to be duly
executed as of the day
and year first
above written.
合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效
，特此为
证。
?
As
还用在
as soon as
practical
短语中，意义用法相当于
as soon
as possible.
例
句：
During the Employment
Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend
to the Board
the election of the
Employee as a Director of the Company on the
Commencement Date or as soon
as
practical
thereafter.
本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会
推选受聘
方为本公司董事。
As
与
su
ch
连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。
5.
foregoing, aforesaid, the said,
aforementioned, above-mentioned, in
question
?
Foregoing, aforesaid, the said,
aforementioned, above-mentioned
一族，
一般放在名词
前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”
，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。
例
1
：
The
Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to
the Borrower of the Interest Rate
in
effect from time to time in accordance with the
foregoing sentence.
本银行将根据前述的
句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。
例
2
：
The
contract shall be written in Chinese and in
____________. Both language versions
are
equally
authentic.
In
the
event
of
any
discrepancy
between
the
two
aforementioned
versions, the
Chinese version shall prevail.
本合同应以中文和<
/p>
_
文书就，具同等法律效力。
前述两种文
本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。
?
In question: under consideration; being
talk about.
通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某
件事
或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。
例句：
All prices to be paid by
the Buyer under its obligations of the
buyback/counter-purchase Contract
shall
be the world market prices taking into account the
other delivery terms for the goods in question.
买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，
结合考虑该货物的其他交
货条件。
6.
follows,
as below, the following
这一族都
表示“下列”
，一般放在动词后，而
the
< br>following
作为“下列”在英文合同中
用的较少
。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。
NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby
covenant and agree as follows;
为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：
NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as
below.
为此，双方约定如下：
Now therefore, in consideration of the
premises and covenants described hereinafter,
Party A
and Party B agree as follows:
兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：
7.
according to, under, subject to, in
accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant
to,
in compliance with
这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“
ac
cording
to”
最
不正式，自
然用的最少了，而“
in accordance
with
”最为常见。
例如：
In case no settlement can
be reached, the case may then be submitted for
arbitration to
China
International
Economic
And
Trade
Arbitration
Commission
in
accordance
with
the
provisional Rules of Procedures
promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.
如未能达
成和解，
该案件可提交中国国际贸易
仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行
规定进行仲裁。
又如：
A
Photostat
copy
of
the
Acceptance
Certificate
of
the
Contract
Plant
signed
by
the
representatives of both
parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.<
/p>
该合同设备的验收证
书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签
收。
再如：
Both
Parties shall each contribute their paid in
capital in compliance with the items specified in
the appendix to the Contract.
合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。
8.
Including
but
not
limited
to
与
including,
without
limitation
以及
< br>including
by way
of
illustration but not
limitation
英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。
例如：
The
time
for
the
performance
of
the
Seller's
obligations
set
forth
in
this
Contract
shall
be
automatically
extended
for
a
period
equal
to
the
duration
of
any
nonperformance
arising
directly
or
indirectly
from
Force
Majeure
events
including
but
not
limited
to
fire,
flood,
earthquake,
typhoon,
natural
catastrophe,
and
all
other
contingencies
and
circumstances
whatsoever
beyond
the
Seller's
reasonable control
preventing, hindering or interfering with the
performance thereof.
本合同规定卖方
履
行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。
不
可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、
地震、台风、
自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的
阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履
行的其他风险和情形。
9.
prior
to, no later than, on or
before
，
on and
after
prior to, on or
before
，
no later than, on or
after
常用在英文合同中限定日期，
prior to
表示
“某日之前，提前多少日”
。
on or before, no(not) later
than,
表示“不迟于”
，
On
and
after
表示“从某日起”
。
例如：
Party A shall be
unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect
any account on and
after September
20.
自
9
月
2O
日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
例如：
Our terms are cash
within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
我公司的条件是，
3
个月内，即不得晚于
5
月
1<
/p>
日，支付现金。
例如：
Party B shall
ship the goods within one month of the date of
signing
this Contract, i.e. not later
than December
.
本合同签字之日一个月内，即<
/p>
不迟于
12
月
1
5
日，你方须将货物装船。
例如：
10-15 days prior to the
date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the
Seller by cable or
telex of the
contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel,
quantity to be loaded and
the name of
shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to
contact the shipping agent
direct and
arrange the shipment of the goods.
装运前
10
天到
15
天，
买方应以电报或
电传方式通知卖方合同编号、
< br>装运船名，
预计到达时间，
装载数量和承运代理商
名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。
此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用
inclusive
< br>、
including
和
inc
luded
，来限定含当
日在内的时间。
例如：
This credit
expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation
in Beijing. (or:This credit
expires
till and including January1 for negotiation in
Beijing.)
本证在北京议付，有效
期至
1
月
1
日。如果不包括
1
月
1
日在内，则
为
till and not including January
1
。
10
．
Without
prejudice to
Without
prejudice to,
常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定
/
情况下”
。
例如：
The
Buyer
shall
nevertheless
have
the
right
to
cancel
in
part
or
in
whole
of
the
contract without prejudice to the
Buyer's right to claim compensations.
不妨
害买方索
赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。
11
．
Attributable
to, due to, owing to,
by virtue of, in
view of, because of,
on account
of
，
considering, in
consideration of
这一组短语出现在英文合
同中都表示“因为”
，其中
due
to
，
owing
to
，
because
of
较不正式，很少使用。
二、英文合同常见实词
(Content
Words)
1
．
Represent, warrant, undertake,
guarantee
在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的
含义。
Represent
往往和
w
arrant
连用，出现在
合同的声明保证部分：
例如：
Both the Seller and
the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker
was involved in
negotiating this
purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the
Purchaser agree to indemnify
and hold
each other harmless against any and all claims for
brokerage.
买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易
磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其
免受损害。
例如：
Under FOB terms, the
Seller shall undertake to load the contracted
goods on board the
vessel nominated by
the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer,
within the time of shipment
as
stipulated in Clause 8 of this
Contract.
根据离岸价格术语，
卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，
按买方通知的日期，
装运货物至买方指定船只。
例如：
Party B guarantees that
the machines and equipment are unused,
sophisticated and of
best quality, and
that the machines and equipment are capable of
manufacturing the steel wire
rope.
乙方保证机器设备未经使
用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。
pal
place of business (principal office), domicile,
business premise, registered office
在英文合同中，这几个词的意思分别是：
“主营业地”
、
“住所地”
、
“营业场所”
、
“注册
地”
。往往出现在前言的“
parties
”部分。
例如：
This
Contract
made
on
April
1,
19-
-,
at
______,
China,
between
ABC
Co.
with
its
principal office at
______, China (hereinafter called Party A), and
XYZ Co. with its principal
office
at______, USA (hereinafter called Party
B).
本合同于
19**
年
4
月
1
日于中国
***
签订，合同双方为
ABC
公司（以下简称甲方）
，其
主营业地位于中国
***
，和
XYZ<
/p>
公司（以下简称乙方）
，其主营业地为美国
***
。
例如：
If
franchisee
is
declared
in
default
of
the
agreement,
the
franchiser
has
the
right
to
conclude
the
terms
of
the
agreement
and
also
has
the
right,
without
notice
to
execute
any
dutiful and authorized
acts, on the business premise
necessary.
如被特许方承认违约，许可方则有权终
止该协议且有权未经通知在必要的营业场所采取
任何尽责和授权行为。
< br>
例如：
EMPLOYMENT
AGREEMENT
is
made
and
entered
into
on
________
day
of
_________
(month),
____
(year),
by
and
between:
_______
(hereinafter
referred
to
as
the
registered
office
located
at
________________,
and
______
(hereinafter
referred
to
as
the
an
individual,
with
nationality
of
_________
(Passport
No._____)
residing
at
________________.
本聘用协议订立于
*
年
*
月
*
日，协议双方为
**
*
（以下本公司）
，其按
*
州法律组织设立，
注册地为
***
，和
***
，自然人，国籍为
*
国，护照号码为
***
，住址为
***
。
例如：
The Arbitration shall be
conducted in the country of the
domicile
of the defendant.
本仲裁应在被申请人住所地的国家进行。
3
．
Chapter, article, section, clause,
paragraph, subparagraph
英文合同
中的“章”
、
“条”
、
“款”
、
“项”
分别用
chapter,
article/section/clause, paragraph,
subparagraph
表示。