-
Appendix
C
:
Glossary
α helix
A helical secondary structure in
proteins.
Pl.
α
helices.
α
-amanitin
A toxin that inhibits the three
eukaryotic RNA
polymerases to different
extents.
Name
derives from mushroom of genus
Amanita
in
which
toxin is found.
β
-galactosidase
Enzyme that cleaves lactose into
galactose and
glucose.
Name origin: the bond cut by this
enzyme is called a
β
-galactosidic bond.
β sheet
A
secondary structure in proteins, relatively flat
and formed hydrogen bonding between two
parallel or anti-parallel stretches of
polypeptide.
σ
subunit
Component
of prokaryotic RNA polymerase
holoenzyme. Required for recognition of
promoters.
ρ
-dependent
termination
A form of
transcription termination in
prokaryotes that depends on the protein
ρ as
well as on sequences in the
DNA/RNA.
─10 box
Common promoter element in
E. coli
.
Named
for its location
approximately 10 bases
upstream of the
transcription start site.
3’
?
5’ exonuclease
activity
Function of DNA
polymerases.
Allows
3’
?
5’
removal of
incorrect nucleotides after
polymerization.
See also exonuclease.
30nm fiber
An
higher-level structure of chromatin.
The
附录
C
:名词解释
α
螺旋
蛋白质中一种螺旋形的二级结构。
复
数:
α
helices
。
α
鹅膏蕈碱
一种能不同程度地抑制三种真核生
物
R
NA
聚合酶的毒素。
名称来自于
产生此
毒素的
Amanita
属蘑菇。
β
-
半乳糖
苷酶
将乳糖分解为半乳糖和葡萄糖
的
酶。
名称来源:
该酶切割的键称为<
/p>
β
-
半乳糖苷键。
β
折叠
蛋白质的一种二级结构,
相对平坦,
在两条平行的或反向平行的肽段之
间形成氢键。
σ
亚基
<
/p>
原核生物
RNA
聚合酶全酶的组成
成分。在启动子识别中需要。
ρ
依赖型终止
原核生物中的一种转录终止方式,
依
赖于
ρ
蛋白和
DNA/RNA
序列引
起转录终止。
─10
框
大肠杆菌中常见的启动子元件。由
于它位于转录起始位点上游约
10
个
碱基处而得名。
3’
?
< br>5’
外切核酸酶活性
DNA
聚合酶的活性。
允许在聚合反
应后以
3
’
?
5
’
方向去除不正确的核
苷酸。请参照‘
exonuclease
’。
30nm
纤维
一种染色质的高级结构。其延长的
elongated structure has a width of
approximately 30nm.
30
S initiation
complex
In prokaryotes,
complex of mRNA, 30S
ribosomal subunit,
and initiator tRNA placed at
the start
codon.
;
─
35 box
Common promoter element in
E. coli
.
Named
for its location
approximately 35 bases
upstream of the
transcription start site.
5’
?
3’ exonuclease
activity
Function of DNA
polymerase I in prokaryotes.
Allows for removal of nucleotides in
the
direction of synthesis.
Often used for removal
of
RNA primers.
5-bromouracil
(BU)
Mutagenic base
analogue.
Resembles
thymine, but easily interconverts to
tautomeric
form that pairs with
guanine. Structure
resembles uracil
with an attached bromine
group.
A (aminoacyl)
site
First site on the
ribosome to which tRNAs bind,
bringing
new amino acids.
Named
after the
acyl bond that attaches amino
acids to tRNA .
A
?
I
editing
A form of post-
transcriptional modification to
mRNA in
eukaryotes in which adenine is
deaminated to form inosine, an unusual
base.
Acetylation
The
addition of an acetyl group to a molecule.
Aconitase
Protein that regulates iron metabolism.
Controls mRNA stability and
translatability for
transferrin and
ferritin, respectively.
Activators
Proteins that increase transcription of
a gene.
Active
site
结构宽度大约是
30nm<
/p>
。
30
p>
S
起始复合体
是原核生物中由
mRNA
、
30S
核糖
体亚基和起始
tRNA
在起始密码子
位置组成的复合体。
─
35
框
大肠杆菌中常见的启动子元件。由
于
它位于转录起始为点上游约
35
个
碱基
处而得名。
5
’
?
3
’
外切核酸酶活性
原核生物中
DNA
聚合酶
I
的一
种功
能。
允许以
DNA
合成方向去除核苷
酸。常在去除
RNA
引物中使用。
5-
溴尿嘧啶(
BU
)
具有诱变性的碱基类似物。与胸腺
嘧
啶相似,但很容易转换成与鸟嘌
呤配对的互变异构形式。带有溴基
团的结构与尿嘧啶相似。
A
(氨酰基)位
带有新氨基酸的
tRNA
与核糖体结
合的第一个位置。根据氨基酸连接
到<
/p>
tRNA
上的酰基键命名。
A
?
I
p>
编辑
真核生物
中对
mRNA
进行转录后修
饰的一种形
式,修饰时将腺嘌呤脱
氨基形成次黄苷,次黄苷是一种非
普通碱
基。
乙酰化作用
将一个乙酰基加到某个分子上的过
程。
顺乌头酸酶
调控铁代谢的蛋白质。分别控制运
铁
蛋白和铁蛋白的稳定性和可转译
性。
激活蛋白
促进基因转录的蛋白质。
活性位点
Site on an
enzyme that is directly responsible
for
catalyzing reactions.
Affinity chromatography
A kind of column chromatography
technique.
The column is packed with
molecules that bind
to a specific
subset of proteins.
Affinity =
attraction.
Alkyl group
A
class of chemical groups composed of carbon
and hydrogen.
Examples: methyl group
(─CH
3
) and ethyl
group (─CH
2
CH
3
).
Alleles
Versions
of the same gene that differ slightly in
function and sequence.
Allosteric regulation
Form of regulation in which a small
molecule
binds to a regulatory site on
a protein, causing a
structural and
functional change at the active
site.
‘Steric’ is related to the
word ‘structure’
.
Alternative polyadenylation
The ability to make mRNAs of varying
sizes
from one coding region, by
altering the site of
pre-mRNA cleavage
and polyadenylation.
Can
alter protein size and properties of the
mRNA, such as stability.
Alternative splicing
The ability to make various proteins
from one
coding region by choosing
between the
inclusion/exclusion of
certain introns and
exons.
Ames test
Technique to assess the mutagenic
potential of
a chemical.
Amino acids
Small
molecules that can be polymerized to
form proteins.
Name derives from the
presence of an amino group as well as
an acidic
carboxyl group.
Amino group
A
chemical group comprising nitrogen bound to
酶分子中直接负责催化反应的位
点。
亲和层析
柱层析技术的一种。柱中用能与一
组特殊的蛋白质结合的分子填
充。
亲和
=
吸引。
烷基
由碳
和氢组成的一类化学基团。例
如:甲基(
─CH
3
)和乙基
(
─CH
2
CH
3
)。
等位基因
相同基因的不同版本,它们之间在
功
能和序列上稍有不同。
别构调节
调节的一种形式,通过一个小分子
结合到蛋白质的调节位点而引起其
活性位点结构和功能的改变。
‘
steric
’
(空间的)一词与
‘
st
ructure
’
(结构)有联系。
可变聚腺苷酸化
通过改变前体
mRNA
的切割位点和
聚腺苷酸化位点而从一个编码区产
生不
同大小
mRNA
的能力。
能改变
蛋白质分子的大小和
mRNA
的性质
(如稳定性)。
可变剪接
通过选择包含或不包含某些内含子
和外显子而从一个编码区产生不同
蛋白质的能力。
埃姆斯测验法
用来评价化学物质是否具有潜在诱
变性的技术。
氨基酸
能聚合形成蛋白质的小分子。名称
来自于它们所带的氨基以及酸
性的
羧基。
氨基
由氮原子与两个氢原子结合形成的
two hydrogen
atoms.
Aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase
A protein that
matches tRNAs with the correct
amino
acid.
Name origin: enzyme
synthe
sizes
the
acyl
bond that joins
amino
acids to
tRNA
s.
Anticodon
Three
base sequence in a tRNA that binds to
one or more codons.
The prefix
‘anti
-
’ here
means ‘opposite’ or
‘complementary.’
Anti-parallel
Two
strands that are parallel but oriented in the
opposite direction.
Often used to describe the
orientation of strands in a DNA
molecule
relative to each
other.
Ara
operon
Operon containing genes that metabolize
the
sugar arabinose.
Attenuation
A
mechanism in the
trp
operon
to ensure that
genes are not
transcribed in the presence of
tryptophan.
Attenuator
Transcribed sequence just downstream of
the
trp
operon promoter that
is central to the
attenuation
mechanism.
Can form a
terminating hairpin structure that
stops
transcription of the operon.
AU-rich element
(ARE)
Sequence in the 3’UTR
of certai
n eukaryotic
mRNAs
that is involved in regulation of mRNA
stability.
Named
for prevalence of A and U
bases in the sequence.
Autonomously replicating sequence
(ARS)
An origin of replication in yeast.
Name
origin:
pieces of DNA containing this sequence
are able to replicate autonomously,
meaning
even if they are not part of a
chromosome.
Basal
transcription
The low rate
of transcription that occurs in
eukaryotes if only the pre-initiation
complex is
化学基团。
氨酰
-tRNA
合成酶
一种将
tRNA
与正确的氨基酸匹配
的蛋白质。名称来源:酶合成了将
< br>氨基酸连接到
tRNA
上去的酰基。
反密码子
tRNA
上能与一个或多个密码子结
合的三碱基序列。前缀
‘
anti-
’
在这
儿的意
思是
‘
相反的
’
或
‘
互补的
’
。
反向平行的
两条平行但方向相反的链。常用来
描述
DNA
分子中的链相对于各自
的方向。
ara
操纵子
含有阿拉伯糖代谢基因的操纵子。
衰减作用
trp
操纵子中用于确保当色氨酸存
在
时基因不被转录的一种机理。
衰减子
紧
接在
trp
操纵子的启动子之后转
录出
来的序列,对衰减作用机理很
重要。能形成终止型发夹结构而使
在操纵子进行的转录停止。
富含<
/p>
AU
元件(
ARE
)
在调节
mRNA
稳定性中起作用的一
些真核生物
mRNA 3
’
UTR
序列。
p>
因
序列中含有许多
A
和
U
而得名。
自主复制序列(
ARS
)
酵母中的一种复制起
点。
名称来源:
含有此序列的
DNA<
/p>
片段即使不是
染色体的一部分也能够自主地进行
< br>复制。
基础转录
真核生物中如果只有前起始复合体
存在(没有激活蛋白)的情况下所
present (without activators).
Basal ~ base = a
low part.
Base
analogues
Molecules that
resemble DNA bases in
structure and can
be incorporated into DNA.
‘Analogues’ = two things that resemble
each
other.
Analogue ~ analogy.
Base
excision repair (BER)
DNA
damage repair pathway usually used to
fix common damage to DNA bases.
Base pair
Two complementary nucleotides bound by
hydrogen bonds.
Often used to measure the
length for DNA.
Base-
stacking
Term to describe
the placement of base pairs in
a DNA
molecule.
Base pairs lie in
parallel
planes one above the other,
giving the
impression that they are
‘stacked.’
Beads-on-a-string
Term to describe the lowest level of
DNA
organization.
Nucleosomes are separated by
stretches of naked DNA.
Bi-directional replication
Term to describe DNA replication that
proceeds
in two opposite directions
from an origin of
replication.
The
p
refix ‘bi
-
’ =
‘two’.
Branch
migration
The movement of a
Holliday junction that
causes different
hybridizations between the
homologous chromosomes.
C
?
U
editing
A form of post-
transcriptional modification to
mRNA in
eukaryotes in which cytosine is
deaminated to form uracil.
Capping
Post-
transcriptional modification in which a
derivative of guanosine is attached to
the
5’ end
of the
pre-
mRNA.
In
normal English, a ‘cap’
is anything
that goes on the head of something.
For
example, a hat is often called a ‘cap.’
发生的低速率的转录。
基础
~
基底
=
少量。
碱基类似物
结构上与
DNA
碱基类似的分子,
能
被整合到
DNA
中。
< br>‘
类似物
’
=
两种
互相相像的事物。类似物
~
类似。
碱基切除修复(
BER
)
DNA
损伤修复途径,
通常用来修复
DNA
碱基的普通损伤。
碱基对
通过氢键结合在一起的互补的核苷
酸
。常用来度量
DNA
的长度。
碱基堆积
用来描述
DNA
分子中碱基排布位
p>
置的术语。碱基对一个接一个地平
放在平行的平面上,产生一种它们
是
‘
堆放
’<
/p>
在那里的印象。
线珠结构
用于描述
DNA
组织最低一级水平
的术
语。
核小体由裸露的
DNA
片段
连接在一起。
双向复制
用来描述
DNA
复制从复制起点开
始沿
两个相反的方向进行的术语。
前缀
‘
b
i-
’
=
‘
二
’
。
分支迁移
指
Holliday
交叉的移动,它会引起
同源染色体不同区段之间发生杂
交。
C
?
U
p>
编辑
一种形式
的真核生物转录后修饰作
用,修饰时将胞嘧啶脱氨基形成尿
嘧啶
。
加帽
将鸟嘌呤核苷的衍生物加到前体
mRNA 5
< br>’
端上去的转录后修饰作
用。在日常英语中,
‘
cap
’
(帽、盖)<
/p>
指放到某些事物头上的任何东西。
例如,有沿帽常被叫做
‘
cap
’
。
Carboxyl group
Acidic chemical group in which a carbon
atom
is bound to two oxygen atoms.
Name origin:
the
group contains
carb
on and
oxy
gen.
Catabolite activator protein
(CAP)
Protein in prokaryotes
that responds to
glucose/cAMP
concentration to activate
transcription.
Used to enhance transcription
of the
lac
and
ara
operon genes, which
produce
proteins involved
in catabolism.
Chaperones
Proteins that help other proteins to
fold into the
correct structure.
In normal English, a
chaperone is a person who accompanies
somebody else.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation
(ChIP)
A co-immunoprecipitation technique that
checks for binding of specific DNA
sequence to
a specific
protein.
Chromatin remodeling
proteins
Proteins that alter
the association of histones
with DNA as
a way of regulating transcription.
In
normal English, to ‘model’ = ‘to build’ or ‘to
organize.’ The prefix
‘re
-
’ = ‘again’ or
‘new’
.
Chromatin remodeling
causes a new
organization
of histones with DNA.
Clamp
loader
A subset of
eukaryotic DNA polymerase
subunits that
load the sliding clamp onto DNA.
Co-immunoprecipitation
(CoIP)
A technique to check
for binding of a protein to
other
proteins or molecules.
Immunopre-
cipitation of a
protein is performed using
antibodies.
Any proteins that bind to
that
protein will also be precipitated
and identified.
The prefix
‘co
-
’ = ‘with’
.
Used here because
proteins that immunoprecipitate
with
the
protein that binds to the antibody are
identified.
Colonies
羧基
<
/p>
一个碳原子连接到两个氧原子上形
成的酸性化学基团。名称来源:
该
基团含有
carb
on
(碳)和
oxy
gen
(氧
)。
代谢物激活蛋白(
CAP
)
原核生物中对葡萄糖
/cAMP
浓度进
行响应而激活转录的蛋白质。用于
增强
lac
p>
和
ara
操纵子基因的转录,
产生的蛋白在分解代谢中起作用。
伴侣蛋白
帮助其它蛋白质折叠成正确结构的
蛋白质。在日常英语中,
ch
aperone
指一个陪伴另一个人的人。
染色质免疫沉淀法(
ChIP
)
一种免疫共沉
淀技术,用于检查特
异
DNA
序列与特
异蛋白质之间的
结合。
染色质重塑蛋白
< br>改变组蛋白与
DNA
之间结合方式
的蛋白质,
是一种调控转录的方式。
在日常英语中,
to
‘
model
’
=
‘
建造
’
或
‘
组织
’
。前缀
‘
re-
’
=
‘
再次
’
或
‘
新
的
’
。染色质重塑使组蛋白与
DNA<
/p>
产生新的组织方式。
滑行夹加载器
由真核生物
DNA
聚合酶的一部分
亚基组成的将滑行夹套到
DNA
上
去的
装置。
免疫共沉淀法(
CoIP
)
一种检查某种蛋白质是否与其它蛋
白质或其它分子结合的技术。蛋白
p>
质的免疫沉淀采用抗体进行。任何
与该蛋白结合的蛋白质也将被沉淀
和鉴定出来。
前缀
‘
< br>co-
’
=
‘
与
’
。
用在
此处的原因是,它鉴定出了那些与
该蛋白(结合在抗体上)一起免疫
沉淀出来的蛋白质。
集落
Isolated populations of cells on a
plate.
Theoretically, all
cells in a colony are identical
because
they are descended from one cell.
In
normal English, a
‘colony’ is a group of people
that
settles in a foreign land.
Column chromatography
A general set of techniques used to
purify
proteins by passing them through
a column.
Proteins exit the
column at different time
depending on
their properties and the properties
of the column.
Complementary
Term used to describe bases that can
pair with
each other.
In normal English, things that
‘complement’ each other are things that
go well
together.
‘Complementary’ should not be
confused
with
‘complimentary’
.
Conformation
Used
in relation to proteins as synonym for
‘structure’
.
Consensus sequence
The most probable sequence of a
sequence
element.
In normal English, a ‘consensus’ is
when everybody agrees about
something.
Conservative
replication
A model of
replication in which an entirely new
DNA molecule is produced, and the
parental
DNA molecules is conserved.
Conservative
transposition
A type of
transposition in which the transposon
is removed from its original location
to be
inserted into a new
location.
Constitutive
A commonly used word in biology meaning
‘always’ or ‘nonstop’.
Constitutive
lac
operon
mutants are those that
transcribe
lac
operon
genes always, under any condition.
Coordinate
regulation
Transcriptional
regulation in which a set of
genes are regulated together.
平板上分开的细胞群体。
理论上说,
一个集落中的所有细胞是完全相同
的,
因为它们都是一个细胞的后代。
在日常英语中,
‘
colony
’
指定居在外
国土地上的一群人。
柱层析
使
蛋白质穿过层析柱而对它们进行
纯化的一套综合技术。蛋白质的性
质和层析柱的性质决定了蛋白质流
出柱子的不同时间。
互补的
用来描述能互相配对的碱基的术
语。在日常英语中,能互相
p>
‘
complement
’
的事物是那些可以很
好地在一起的事物。请不要将
‘<
/p>
complementary
’
(互补的
)与
‘
complimentary
’
(赞美的)混淆。
构象
作为
‘
结构
’
的同
义词在与蛋白质有
关的表述中使用。
共有序列
一个序列元件的最有可能出现的序
列。
在日常英语中,
‘
consensus
’
指每
个人都同意某件事。
保留复制
一种复制模型,认为复制产生一个
全新的
DNA
分子,而亲本
DNA
分
子保持
不变。
保守型转座
一种转座类型,转座时转座子从它
的原始位置离开并插入到一个新的
< br>位置中。
组成型的
是生物学常用词,表示
‘
总是
’
或
‘
不
停的
’
。组成型
lac
操纵
子突变体在
任何条件下都一直转录
lac
操纵子
基因。
协同调控
一组基因在一起进行调控的转录调
控方式。
Core histones
Histones that come together to form the
core of
the nucleosome.
Co-repressor
A
small molecule that binds to a repressor
protein to allow repressive activity.
Prefix
‘co
-
’ =
‘with’
.
In this
case the co-repressor
works
with
the repressor to cause
repression.
Coupled transcription-
translation
Translation that
occurs while transcription is
still in progress.
Covalent bond
A
bond between two atoms in which electrons
are shared.
Crossing-over
A
recombinational event in which regions of
DNA are exchanged between homologous
chromosomes.
Cross-linking
The
covalent linkage of bases opposite each
other in a DNA molecule.
C-terminus
The
end of a polypeptide containing a carboxyl
group.
Name
origin: C refers to carboxyl, and
terminus = end.
Pl.
= C-termini.
Deamination
The
removal of an amino group from a base.
The prefix ‘de
-
’
= ‘undo’ or ‘remove’ in this
case.
Deletion
The removal of base pairs from a DNA
molecule.
Denaturation
The
disruption of non-covalent interactions in a
macromolecule that alters its three-
dimensional
structure.
With respect to DNA, denaturation
involves separations of single-strands.
With
respect to
protein, denaturation involves
unfolding of the polypeptide.
Density ultracentrifugation
核心组蛋白
在一起形成核小体核心的组蛋白。
辅阻遏物
结合到阻遏蛋白上使其产生阻遏活
性的小分子。
前缀
‘
co-
’
=
‘
与
’
。
在此
辅阻遏物
与
阻遏蛋白一起使发生阻
遏作用。
偶联转录
-
转译作用
当转录还在进行的时候发
生的转译
作用。
共价键
两个原子共享电子形成的键。
交换
DN
A
区域在同源染色体之间发生
交换的重组事件。
交联
在
DNA
分
子中位于相对链上的碱
基之间形成的共价连接。
C
末端
多肽上含有羧基的末端。
名称来源:
C
指
carboxyl
(羧基),
terminus =
末尾。复数
=
C-termini
。
脱氨基
从
一个碱基上去除一个氨基的过
程。
在这里,
前缀
‘
de-
’
< br> =
‘
消除
’
或
‘
去
除
’
。
缺失
从<
/p>
DNA
分子中去除碱基对的过程。
变性
大分
子中非共价相互作用力的破坏
导致三维结构改变的过程。
对
p>
DNA
来说,变性涉及单链的分离。对蛋
白
质来说,变性涉及多肽链的解折
叠。
密度超速离心
A technique that uses a centrifugation
(fast
spinning) to separate molecules
according to
density.
Prefix ‘ultra
-
’ =
very.
In this
technique, centrifugation is very very
fast.
Deoxyribonucleases
(DNase)
Enzymes
that cut deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A nucleic acid made by polymerization
of
deoxyribonucleotides.
Deoxyribonucleotides
Nucleotides that are similar to
ribonucleotides
but are missing an ─OH
group.
Name origin:
The prefix ‘de
-
’
= ‘undo’ or ‘remove’ here.
Deoxyribonucleotides are
ribonucleotides with
the
oxy
gen
removed
.
Depurination
The
removal of a purine base from the DNA
backbone. Prefix
‘de
-
’ = ‘undo’ or ‘remove’
here.
Dideoxy
method
A technique for
sequencing DNA that relies on
the use of dideoxyribonucleotides.
Dideoxyribonucleotides
Nucleotides that resemble
ribonucleotides but
are missing two
–
OH groups.
Name origin:
Prefix
‘di
-
’ = ‘two.’
Prefix ‘de’ = ‘undo’ or
‘remove.’
Dideoxyribonucleotides are
ribonucleotides that have had
two oxy
gens
removed
.
Dimer
A molecule
composed of two smaller
molecules.
Lactose is an example of a
dimer,
as it is made of glucose and
galactose.
A
protein made of two subunits can also
be called
a dimer.
Prefix ‘di
-
’ =
‘two.’
Diploid
Organisms
with two copies of each gene.
Prefix
‘di
-
’ = two.
Direct repeats
Sequences that are exactly the same,
and
present in the same orientation.
应用离心(快速旋转)根据密度对
分子进行分离的技术。
前缀
‘
ultra-
’
=
非常。在此技术中,离心速度是非
常非常快的。
脱氧核糖核酸酶(
DNase
)
切割脱氧核糖
核酸(
DNA
)的酶。
脱氧核糖核酸(
DNA
)
由脱氧核糖核苷酸聚合而来的核
酸。
脱氧核糖核苷酸
与核糖核苷酸类似的核苷酸,但它
们
缺少
─
OH
基团。名称来源:在这
p>
里,
前缀
‘
de-
’
=
‘
去
掉
’
或
‘
去除
’
。
脱
p>
氧核糖核苷酸就是
oxy
gen
(氧)被
removed
(去除)了的核糖核苷酸
。
脱嘌呤
从
DNA
骨
架上去除嘌呤碱基的过
程。
在这里,
前
缀
‘
de-
’
=
‘
去掉
’
或
‘
去
除
’<
/p>
。
双脱氧法
依赖于使用双脱氧核糖核苷酸进行
DNA
序列测定的技术。
p>
双脱氧核糖核苷酸
与核糖核苷酸类似的核苷酸,但它
们缺少两个
─
OH
基团。名称来源:
前缀
< br>‘
di-
’
=
‘
二
’
。前缀
‘
de-
’
=
‘
去掉
’
或
‘
去除
’
。双脱氧核糖核
苷酸就是
two oxy
gen
(两个
氧)
被
removed
(去
除)了的核糖核苷酸。
二聚体
由
两个较小的分子组成的分子。乳
糖就是一个二聚体的实例,它是由
葡萄糖和半乳糖组成的。由两个亚
基组成的蛋白质也可称为二聚体。
< br>前缀
‘
di-
’
=
‘
二
’
。
二倍体
每
个基因有两个拷贝的生物。前缀
‘
di-
’
=
‘
二
’
。
同向重复序列
完全相同并以相同方向出现的序
列。
Dispersive
replication
A model for
replication in which parental DNA
is
fragmented.
The fragments
are dispersed,
and daughter DNA
molecules are made by
connecting the
fragments with newly
synthesized DNA.
Disulfide
bond
A covalent bond formed
between the R groups
(─SH) of two
cystein
e amino acids.
Prefix
‘di
-
’ =
‘two’
.
Disulfide
bonds are formed by
two
chemical groups that contain
sulf
ur.
D-loop
A
structure formed during homologous
recombination after synapsis.
Two DNA
strands
in one chromosome are separated,
forming an opening that resembles a
loop.
DNA gyrase
A common topoisomerase II in
prokaryotes.
Undoes
supercoiling by
gyra
ting one
part of the
chromosome relative to
another.
DNA
microarray
A technique that
is used to test the difference in
transcription of thousands of genes
between
two different conditions.
Name origin: prefix
‘micro
-
’ =
‘small’
.
A DNA
microarray is a
very
small
piece of glass in
which an
array
of
very
small
spots
of
DNA
are placed.
DNA mismatch
When two or more bases in a DNA
molecule
are not matched correctly.
Prefix
‘mis
-
’ =
‘incorrect’
.
DNA
polymerase
Enzyme that
polymerizes deoxyribonucleotides
to
make DNA.
DNA polymerase
I
A prokaryotic DNA
polymerase with a special
5’
?
3’ exonuclease
activity, used to remove
primers.
DNA polymerase
III
A prokaryotic DNA
polymerase with high
散乱型复制
一种复制模型,
认为亲本
DNA
成短
片段状。
这些
DNA
< br>片段被分散,
子
代
DNA
分子是由这些片段与新合
成的片段连接而成的。
二硫键
在两个半胱氨酸的
R
基团(
─SH
)
之间形成的共
价键。前缀
‘
di-
’
=
‘
二
’
。二硫键就是由
two
(二个)含
sulf
ur
(
硫)
的化学基团所形成的键。
D-
环
<
/p>
联会之后的同源重组过程中形成的
结构。
一条染色体上的两条
DNA
链
被分开,
形成一个环状开口。
DNA
旋转酶
原核生物中一种常见的拓扑异构
酶。
通过将染色体的一部分相对另
一部分进行旋转(
gyra
ting
)而消除
超螺旋。
< br>
DNA
芯片
用来试验两种不同条件下几千个基
因不同转录情况的一种技术。
名称
来源:
前缀
‘
micro-
’
=
‘
小
’
。
DNA
芯
片就是一块被放上了一个很小的
DNA
阵列的很小的玻璃片。
DNA
错配
指
DNA
分子中两个或多个碱基没
p>
有互相正确匹配。前缀
‘mis
-
’ = ‘
不
正确的
’
。
DNA
聚合酶
将脱氧核糖核苷酸聚合形成
DNA<
/p>
的酶。
DN
A
聚合酶
I
一种原核生物的
DNA
聚合酶,
具有
特殊的
5’
?<
/p>
3’
外切核酸酶活性,可
用于去除引物。
DNA
聚
合酶
III
一种原核生物的
DNA
聚合酶,
具有
processivity that performs
most DNA
replication.
DNA polymerase III core
The smallest collection of subunits
required for
DNA polymerase
III to make DNA.
DNA polymerase III
holoenzyme
The full
collection of DNA polymerase III
subunits.
Necessary for replication to occur
with high processivity.
DNA strand
A
covalently linked chain of deoxribonu-
cleotides.
The
double helix is composed of
two DNA
strands.
DnaA
A protein involved in initiation of DNA
replication in
E.
coli
.
Binds to
DNA 9-mers in
the OriC.
Double helix
The
structure of DNA, consisting of two DNA
strands that join together and form a
helical
shape.
Double-stranded break repair
(DSBR)
General
term for the repair of double-stranded
breaks in the DNA.
Downstream promoter element
(DPE)
A promoter
element that occurs downstream of
the
transcription start site.
E
(exit) site
The site on a
ribosome to which tRNAs bind
before exiting the ribosome.
Electron microscope
A microscope that uses electron beams
to
visualize subcellular
components.
Elongation
factors
Proteins involved in
the elongation phase of
translation.
Endonuclease
很强的持续合成能力,执行大多数
DNA
的复
制任务。
DNA
< br>聚合酶
III
核心
DNA
聚合酶
III
的最少亚基组合,
能产生
DN
A
。
DN
A
聚合酶
III
全酶
< br>
DNA
聚合酶
III
的完整亚基组合。
是持续进行复制所必需的。
DNA
链
脱氧核糖核苷酸以共价键连接起来
的链。双螺旋由两条
DNA
链组成。
DnaA
在大肠杆菌
DNA
复制起始中起作
用的
一种蛋白质。
在
OriC
的位置与
p>
DNA
的
9-mer
部分结合。
双螺旋
D
NA
的一种结构,由两条链组成,
两条链结合在一起产生螺旋形
。
双链断裂修复(
DSBR
)
修复
DNA
中双链断裂的常用术语。
下游启动子元件(
DPE
)
出现在转录起始位点下游的启动子
元件。
E
(退出)位
核糖体上的位点,是
tRNA
在退出
核糖体之前所在的位置。
电子显微镜
应用电子束对亚细胞成分进行成像
的
显微镜。
延伸因子
在转译延伸阶段发挥作用的蛋白
质。
内切核酸酶
An enzyme that
cleaves DNA or RNA at site
inside the
molecule (as opposed to cutting at
ends
of the molecule).
Prefix
‘endo
-
’ =
‘inside’
.
Enhancers
Regulatory DNA elements to which
activators
bind to enhance the rate of
transcription.
Enzymes
Proteins that catalyse reactions.
Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)
An alkylating agent that adds an ethyl
group (a
kind of alkyl group) to target
molecules.
Euchromatin
Chromatin regions that are less tightly
packaged than heterochromatin and
contain
transcribed genes.
Excision repair
A
general term for mechanisms that repair
damaged bases.
Excise = remove a piece from
something.
In
excision repair, the damaged
base (and
some surrounding bases) are removed
from the DNA and resynthesized.
Exons
Parts of a
gene that are expressed as protein.
Exons are formed by the interruption of
coding
regions by introns.
Exonucleases
Enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA from
the
ends of the molecule; in other
words, from the
exterior.
Exosome
A protein
complex containing exonucleases that
degrades mRNA in the
3’
?
5’ direction.
Ferritin
Protein that binds to iron in the
cytoplasm.
‘Ferr’ comes from the Latin word for
iron.
Five prime
end
The end of a DNA strand
that terminates with
the five prime
(5’) carbon (which has
a
phosphate attached) of the ribose in a
在分子的内部切割
DNA
或
RNA
的
酶(与在分子
的末端切割相反)。
前缀
‘endo
-
’ =
‘
内部
’
。
增强子
具有调控作用的
DNA
元件,
激活蛋
白结合上去后可以增强转录速率。
酶
催化反应的蛋白质。
乙基甲磺酸(
EMS
)
一种烷化剂,能将一个乙基(烷基
的
一种)加到目标分子上。
常染色质
比异染色质包装松散并含有已转录
基因的染色质区域。
切除修复
受损碱基修复机理的通用名称。
Excise =
从某事物中去除。在切除
修复中,受损的碱基(以及一些邻
近碱基)
被从
DNA
中去除并
重新合
成。
外显子
基
因中被表达(
expressed
)成蛋白
质的部分。由内含子打断编码区域
而形成。
外切核酸酶
从分子的末端降解
DNA
或
RNA
的
酶;
换句话说,是从外面
(
exterior
)
进行切割。
外来体
一
种含有外切核酸酶、以
3’
?
5’
p>
方
向降解
mRNA
的蛋白质复合体。
铁蛋白
在
细胞质中与铁结合的蛋白质。
‘
F
er
r’
来自
‘
铁
’
的拉丁文。
五一撇末端
DNA
链的一个末端,
以脱氧核糖核
苷酸中核糖的五一撇(
5
’
)碳(上<
/p>
面连接着磷酸)
结尾。
‘
一撇
’
在这儿
deoxy
p>
ribnoucleotide.
‘Prime’ means nothing
here;
it simply denotes that the label ‘five’
comes from arbitrary numbering of the
ribose
carbons.
没有含义;它只是简单地表示
‘
五
p>
’
这一记号来自于对核糖上碳的人为
编号。
Forward genetics
正向遗传学
Genetic/molecular biology research in
which a
一种遗传学
/
p>
分子生物学研究,研究
phenotype is first
considered, and later the gene
responsible is isolated.
Frameshift
A mutation that
causes a shifting of the reading
frame
of an mRNA.
Caused by
insertions and
deletions.
Fusion protein
A
protein that is made by fusing together two or
more different proteins.
Gel electrophoresis
A technique for separating DNA
according to
length.
The DNA is pulled through a piece of
gel by a voltage because of its
electric charge.
Gel-
filtration chromatography
A
form of column chromatography that
separates proteins according to size.
Uses
beads made
gel, with small tunnels that trap
smaller proteins more easily than
larger
proteins.
Filtration = separation of
components in a mixture.
Gene conversion
Consequence of homologous
recombination, in
which hybridization
between different alleles
causes one
allele to be converted into the other.
This occurs by mismatch repair.
Gene expression
The process of making a protein from a
gene.
In normal English, to
‘express’ yourself = to
say what you
are thinking.
In gene
expression, the cell makes something
from the
information that the gene is
holding.
Genetic
material
A general term to
describe a material that can
pass
traits from generation to generation.
The
term was mainly used in
the past, before DNA
中先考虑表型、之后再分离相关的
基因。
移码
p>
一种引起
mRNA
读码框位置发生变
化的突变。由插入和缺失引起。
融合蛋白
通过融合两个或多个不同蛋
白产生
的蛋白质。
凝胶电泳
根据长度将
DNA
分离的技术。
由于
DN
A
上带有电荷
(
electric c
harge
)
,
它们在电压作用下被牵
引着在凝胶
中移动。
凝胶过滤层析
一种根据分子大小分离
蛋白质的柱
层析。采用珠状凝胶,凝胶中带有
小的通道,小分子
比大分子更容易
被通道捕捉。
过滤
=
从混合物中分
离组分。
基因转换
同源重组的后果,在不同等
位基因
之间的杂交使其中的一个等位基因
被转换成了另一个等位
基因。这是
由错配修复引起的。
基因表达
从基因产生蛋白质的过程。
在日常
英语中,
to ‘express’ yourself
=
说出
你的想法。在基因表达中,细胞从
基因持有的信息中产生某种物质。
遗传物质
用来描述可以将性状在世代
间传递
的物质的常用术语。该术语主要在
过去使用,
即在
DNA
被发现是遗传
was
discovered to be the genetic material.
物质之前。
Global
control
全局控制
Regulation
of all translation in the cell at once.
细胞中一次就对所有转译过程进行
In normal
English, global = something that
happens everywhere.
Group I
introns
Self-splicing
introns that use a free guanylate
nucleotide in the splicing mechanism.
Group II introns
Self-splicing introns that follow
nearly the same
basic splicing reaction
as normally occurs with
the
spliceosome.
Guide RNAs
(gRNAs)
RNAs that guide mRNA
editing in
trypanosomes.
Direct addition and deletion of
uracils from the mRNA.
Hairpin loop
An
RNA structure caused by hybridization
between neighboring regions of RNA.
Somewhat
resembles a hairpin.
Helicase
Enzyme
that separates the two strands of the
double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds
between the two strands.
Helix-loop-helix (HLH)
A DNA-binding domain in proteins.
Each
half of the
domain consists of two α
-helices
connected by a peptide loop.
The two halves,
usually present on different proteins,
come
together at the
binding site on DNA.
Helix-turn-helix
(HTH)
A common DNA-binding
motif in prokaryotic
proteins.
Consists of two
α
-helices connected
by a short peptide turn.
Heterochromatin
Regions of DNA tightly packaged with
proteins, usually does not contain
genes to be
expressed.
Heterodimerization
Formation of dimers between two
different
的调控。
在日常英语中,
global
=
在
任何地方都发生。
I
类内含子
自我剪接型内含子,在剪接过程中
使
用鸟苷酸。
II
类内含子
自我剪接型内含子,剪接过程几乎
与
有剪接体参与的剪接反应相同。
指
导
RNA
(
gRNA
< br>)
在锥虫中指导
mRNA
编辑的
RNA
。
指导向
mRNA
添加或从中删去尿嘧<
/p>
啶。
发夹环
一
种
RNA
结构,由
RNA
邻近区域
之间杂交产生。
看起来有些像发夹。
解旋酶
通过打断两条链之间的氢键而将双
螺旋(
he
lix
)的两条链分开的酶。
p>
螺旋
-
环
-
螺旋(
HLH
)
蛋白质的一种
DNA
结合域。
该结合
域的每一半由两个
α
-
螺旋通过一个
肽环连接在一起
。该结合域的两半
通常来自于不同蛋白,它们会聚集
到目标
p>
DNA
位置并发生结合。
螺旋
-
转角
-
螺旋(
HTH
)
原核生物中常见的
DNA
结合基序。
由两个
α
-
螺旋通过一个肽转角连接
在一起。
异染色质
与蛋白质紧密包装在一起的
DNA<
/p>
区域,通常没有需要表达的基因。
异源二聚化作用
两个不同亚基之间形成二聚体的过
subunits.
The
prefix ‘hetero
-
’ =
different.
Heteroduplex
joint
Site on a
chromosome, produced after
homologous
recombination, where a region of
DNA
from one chromosome meets a region
from
a different chromosome.
At
the joint,
single-stranded DNAs from
the different
chromosomes are
hybridized.
The prefix
‘hetero
-
’ =
different.
Histone
code
Combinations
of covalent modifications on
histones
that have a functional significance and
are recognized by proteins.
Histone
tails
Long
unstructured ends of histones that stick
out from the nucleosome.
Can bind to other
DNA and to
other histones, and can be
covalently
modified.
Histones
Proteins
around which DNA is wrapped to
organize it and regulate transcription.
Holliday
junctions
Structure formed during homologous
recombination connection of single
strands of
one chromosome to the other
chromosome.
Named after a scientist called
Holliday.
Homeodomain
DNA-binding domain, found in many
eukaryotic proteins involved in
organismal
development.
Homologous
chromosomes
Chromosomes that are not identical, but
have
the same set of genes. The prefix
‘homo
-
’ =
‘same’
.
Homologous
recombination
Recombination between DNA molecules
with
similar DNA sequences.
The prefix
‘homo
-
’
=
‘same.’
Housekeeping
genes
Genes that
must be transcribed in all cells,
because they have a function that is
basic to cell
程。前缀
‘hetero
-
’ =
不同的。
异源双链接头
染色体上由同源重组产生的位点,
其
中来自一条染色体的
DNA
区域
与来自
另一条染色体的区域相遇。
在接头处,来自不同染色体的单链
D
NA
杂交在一起。前缀
‘hetero
-
’ =
不同的。
组蛋白密码
在组蛋白上发生的共价修饰组合,
具
有功能意义,能被蛋白质识别。
组蛋白尾
从核小体中伸出的组蛋白非结构化
长末端。
能与其它
DNA
和其它组蛋
白结合,能被共价修饰。
组蛋白
用于缠绕
DNA
以组织
DNA
并调控
转录的蛋白质
。
Holliday
交叉
在同源重组中一条染色体的单链与
另
一条染色体的单链连接形成的结
构。根据科学家的名字
Holl
iday
命
名。
同源异形域
DNA
结合域,
在许多真核生物中发
现,在生物发育中起作用。
同源染色体
不是完全相同但具有同样一套基因
的
染色体。
前缀
‘homo
-
’ = ‘
相同的
’
。
同源重组
在具有相似
DNA
序列的
DNA
分子
之间发生的重组。
前缀
< br>‘homo
-
’ = ‘
相
p>
同的
’
。
持家基因
在所有细胞中必须被转录的基因,
因为它们具有的功能对细胞生
存来
survival.
In normal English,
‘hous
e
keeping’
refers to the daily activities required
in a home,
like cleaning and cooking.
Housekeeping
genes are genes perform the daily
activities
required in a
cell.
Hybridization
The binding of two strands of nucleic
acid.
Hybridization can
occur between two different
DNA
molecules, and between DNA and RNA.
Hydrogen
bonds
Relatively
weak interatomic bonds involving
hydrogen atoms that are partially
positively
charged.
Hydrophobic
interaction
Interaction that occurs between non-
polar
molecules in the presence of
water.
Prefix
‘hydro
-
’ =
‘water’, and suffix
‘
-
phobic’ =
‘afraid of’
.
Immunoprecipitation
Technique in which proteins are
isolated by
antibodies.
Name origin: antibodies are
sometimes called immunoglobulins,
because
they are active in the immune
system.
The
technique creates a clump of proteins
called a
precipitate.
Induced
mutations
Mutations caused by factors not
normally
present in the
cell.
Induced-fit
A
change in the structure of
an enzyme’s active
site during
catalysis.
Inducer
A small
molecule that binds to a transcription
factor, leading to activation of
transcription.
May act by
preventing a repressor protein from
repressing transcription.
Initiator tRNA
A
specialized tRNA that functions in translation
initiation.
Initiator (Inr) promoter
element
An element of
eukaryotic promoters, involved
说是最基本的。在
日常英语中,
‘hous
e
keepi
ng’
指在家里需要做的日
常事务。持家基因是那些需要在细<
/p>
胞中执行日常事务的基因。
杂交
核酸
的两条链之间的结合。杂交可
以发生在两条不同的
DNA
分子之
间,以及
DNA
和
RNA
之间。
氢键
<
/p>
相对较弱的原子之间形成的键,由
于氢原子上带有部分正电荷而引
起。
疏水相互作用
当非极性分子被置于水中发生的相
互作用。前缀
‘hydr
o
-
’ = ‘
水
’
,后缀
‘
-
phobic’ = ‘
害怕
’
。
免疫沉淀法
通过抗体对蛋白质进行分离的技
术。
名称来源:抗体有时称为免疫
球蛋白(
immunoglobu
lins
),因为
它们在免疫系统中很活跃。该技术
产生一种蛋白质聚集形成的沉淀。
诱导突变
由通常不是细胞的正常成分引起的
突变。
诱导契合
在催化过程中酶的活性位点结构所
发生的改变。
诱导物
与转录因子结合从而激活转录的小
分
子。可以通过防止阻遏蛋白对转
录的阻遏而发挥作用。
起始
tRNA
在转译起始中起作用的一种特殊
tR
NA
。
起
始子(
Inr
)启动子元件
在转录起始中起作用的真核启动子
in initiation of transcription.
Inosine
A
nitrogenous base.
Sometimes
found in
tRNA anti-codons, where it has
the ability to
recognize three
different bases at the third
position in the codon.
Insertion sequences
Simple prokaryotic transposons.
They are
sequences that insert themselves into
random
sites on a piece of DNA.
Insertion/deletion loop
(IDL)
Loops caused by strand
slippage during DNA
replication.
Leading to deletions or
insertions,
depending on
which strand the loop occurs.
Insertions
With
reference to DNA, the addition of bases
into a coding region.
Integrase
Protein
coded by LTR-retrotransposons, similar
in function to transposase.
Helps to integrate
the transposon into a site on the DNA.
Intercalating agents
Molecules that resemble base pairs in
structure
and insert between base pairs
in DNA, causing
i
nsertions
and deletions.
The prefix
‘inter
-
’ =
‘between’.
Internal ribosome entry sequence
(IRES)
A sequence
in eukaryotic mRNAs that allows
ribosomes to begin translation
downstream of
the normal
start codon.
Intrinsic
termination
A transcription
termination mechanism in
prokaryotes in
which the transcribed RNA
forms a
hairpin loop followed by a string of
A’s.
Called
‘intrinsic’ because the RNA alone
is
able to stop transcription, without help from
proteins.
Introns
Sequences
that do not code for protein that
intervene (or interrupt) among coding
regions.
元件。
次黄苷
一种含氮碱基。有时出现在
tRNA
的
反密码子中,具有识别位于密码
子第三个位置的三个不同碱基的能
力。
插入序列
简单的原核生物转座子。它们是一
些能使自身插入到一段
DNA
随机
位置中的序列。
插入
/
缺失
环(
IDL
)
在
DNA
复
制过程中由于链滑动而
形成的环。
能导致缺失或插入突变,
p>
依环出现在哪条链而定。
插入
指在
DNA
编码区增加了碱基。
整合酶
LTR
反转录转座子编码的蛋白质,
与
转座酶功能相似。帮助将转座子
整合
(
integrate
)
到
DNA
的位点中。
嵌入剂
结构与碱基对相似并能插入到
DNA
的碱基对之间的分子,
能引起
插入与缺
失突变。前缀
‘inter
-
’ =
‘
在
·
·
p>
·
·
·
·
之间
’
。
内部核糖体进入序列(
IRES
p>
)
真核
mRNA
序列中位于正常起始密
码子下游、允
许核糖体开始转译的
区域。
内在型终止
原核生物转录终止的一种机理,终
止时转录出来的
RNA
p>
形成发夹环
结构,紧接其后的是一连串
A<
/p>
。称
之为内在型的原因是因为
RNA
p>
自
身即能终止转录,不需要蛋白质的
帮助。
内含子
不编码蛋白质并干涉
(
intervene
)
或
打
断(
interrupt
)编码区的序列。
Introns-
early theory
Theory that
introns were present in early life
forms and were retained by eukaryotes,
but lost
by prokaryotes.
Introns-late theory
Theory that introns were introduced
into
eukaryotes after the lineage
separated from
prokaryotes.
Inversion
When a
region of a chromosome becomes
rotate, or inverted, in orientation.
Inverted repeats
Sequences that are the same if you take
the
complement of one and read it
backwards.
Ion-exchange
chromatography
A type of
column chromatography in which
proteins
are separated according to charge.
Column is loaded with ions.
Ionic bonds
An
attraction between two ions of opposite
charge.
Kinases
Proteins
that add phosphate groups to other
proteins.
Knockdown
The use
of RNA interference to eliminate
specific mRNAs in the cell.
In colloquial
English,
‘knock down’ means to throw
something to the floor.
Knockout
A
technique to eliminate the presence of
specific gene in an entire organism.
In
colloquial
English, a ‘knockout’ is when
someone
is defeated in a fight.
Lac
operon
An operon
containing genes involved in lactose
metabolism.
Lac
repressor
Repressor protein that regulates the
lac
operon.
内含子早期论
认为内含子在早期生命形式中即存
在并被真核生物保留而被原核生物
丢失的理论。
内含子后期论
认为内含子是真核生物在与原核生
物进化谱系分开以后才开始有的理
论。
倒位
一个
染色体区域的方向发生旋转或
颠倒的现象。
反向重复序列
互补序列从反方向读与它自身相同
的
序列。
离子交换层析
根据蛋白质所带电荷的不同而进行
分离的一种柱层析技术。层析柱用
离子装填。
离子键
带相反电荷的两个离子之间的引
力。
激酶
<
/p>
将磷酸基团加到其它蛋白质上去的
蛋白质。
基因敲低
应用
RNA
干涉从细胞中去除特殊
mRNA
的技术。在口头英语中,
‘knock down’
的意思是:
把
p>
·
·
·
·
·
·
丢到
地上。
基因敲除
将某个特殊的基因从整个生物中去
除
的技术。在口头英语中,
‘knock
out
< br>’
的意思是:某人被打败。
lac
操纵子
含有乳糖(
lactose
)代谢基因的操
纵子。
lac
阻遏蛋白
调控
lac
操纵子的阻遏蛋白。
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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