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分子生物学英语名词解释

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2021-02-27 21:32
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2021年2月27日发(作者:networking)






Appendix C



Glossary




α helix



A helical secondary structure in proteins.


Pl.



α


helices.



α


-amanitin



A toxin that inhibits the three eukaryotic RNA


polymerases to different extents.



Name


derives from mushroom of genus


Amanita


in


which toxin is found.



β


-galactosidase



Enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and


glucose.



Name origin: the bond cut by this


enzyme is called a β


-galactosidic bond.



β sheet



A secondary structure in proteins, relatively flat


and formed hydrogen bonding between two


parallel or anti-parallel stretches of polypeptide.



σ



subunit



Component of prokaryotic RNA polymerase


holoenzyme. Required for recognition of


promoters.



ρ


-dependent termination



A form of transcription termination in


prokaryotes that depends on the protein ρ as


well as on sequences in the DNA/RNA.



─10 box



Common promoter element in


E. coli


.



Named


for its location approximately 10 bases


upstream of the transcription start site.



3’


?


5’ exonuclease activity



Function of DNA polymerases.



Allows 3’


?


5’


removal of incorrect nucleotides after


polymerization.



See also exonuclease.



30nm fiber



An higher-level structure of chromatin.



The




附录


C


:名词解释




α


螺旋




蛋白质中一种螺旋形的二级结构。


复 数:


α


helices





α


鹅膏蕈碱




一种能不同程度地抑制三种真核生



R NA


聚合酶的毒素。


名称来自于


产生此 毒素的


Amanita


属蘑菇。




β


-


半乳糖 苷酶




将乳糖分解为半乳糖和葡萄糖 的


酶。


名称来源:


该酶切割的键称为< /p>


β


-


半乳糖苷键。




β


折叠




蛋白质的一种二级结构,


相对平坦,


在两条平行的或反向平行的肽段之


间形成氢键。




σ


亚基



< /p>


原核生物


RNA


聚合酶全酶的组成


成分。在启动子识别中需要。




ρ


依赖型终止




原核生物中的一种转录终止方式,


依 赖于


ρ


蛋白和


DNA/RNA


序列引


起转录终止。




─10





大肠杆菌中常见的启动子元件。由


于它位于转录起始位点上游约


10



碱基处而得名。




3’


?

< br>5’


外切核酸酶活性




DNA


聚合酶的活性。


允许在聚合反


应后以


3



?


5



方向去除不正确的核


苷酸。请参照‘


exonuclease


’。




30nm


纤维




一种染色质的高级结构。其延长的



elongated structure has a width of


approximately 30nm.



30


S initiation complex



In prokaryotes, complex of mRNA, 30S


ribosomal subunit, and initiator tRNA placed at


the start codon.






35 box



Common promoter element in


E. coli


.



Named


for its location approximately 35 bases


upstream of the transcription start site.



5’


?


3’ exonuclease activity



Function of DNA polymerase I in prokaryotes.



Allows for removal of nucleotides in the


direction of synthesis.



Often used for removal


of RNA primers.



5-bromouracil (BU)



Mutagenic base analogue.



Resembles


thymine, but easily interconverts to tautomeric


form that pairs with guanine. Structure


resembles uracil with an attached bromine


group.



A (aminoacyl) site



First site on the ribosome to which tRNAs bind,


bringing new amino acids.



Named after the


acyl bond that attaches amino acids to tRNA .



A


?


I editing



A form of post- transcriptional modification to


mRNA in eukaryotes in which adenine is


deaminated to form inosine, an unusual base.



Acetylation



The addition of an acetyl group to a molecule.



Aconitase



Protein that regulates iron metabolism.



Controls mRNA stability and translatability for


transferrin and ferritin, respectively.



Activators



Proteins that increase transcription of a gene.



Active site



结构宽度大约是


30nm< /p>





30


S


起始复合体




是原核生物中由


mRNA


< p>
30S


核糖


体亚基和起始


tRNA


在起始密码子


位置组成的复合体。




35





大肠杆菌中常见的启动子元件。由


于 它位于转录起始为点上游约


35



碱基 处而得名。




5


?


3



外切核酸酶活性




原核生物中


DNA


聚合酶


I


的一 种功


能。


允许以


DNA


合成方向去除核苷


酸。常在去除


RNA


引物中使用。




5-


溴尿嘧啶(


BU





具有诱变性的碱基类似物。与胸腺


嘧 啶相似,但很容易转换成与鸟嘌


呤配对的互变异构形式。带有溴基


团的结构与尿嘧啶相似。




A


(氨酰基)位




带有新氨基酸的


tRNA

< p>
与核糖体结


合的第一个位置。根据氨基酸连接


到< /p>


tRNA


上的酰基键命名。




A


?


I


编辑




真核生物 中对


mRNA


进行转录后修


饰的一种形 式,修饰时将腺嘌呤脱


氨基形成次黄苷,次黄苷是一种非


普通碱 基。




乙酰化作用




将一个乙酰基加到某个分子上的过


程。




顺乌头酸酶




调控铁代谢的蛋白质。分别控制运


铁 蛋白和铁蛋白的稳定性和可转译


性。




激活蛋白




促进基因转录的蛋白质。




活性位点



Site on an enzyme that is directly responsible


for catalyzing reactions.



Affinity chromatography



A kind of column chromatography technique.


The column is packed with molecules that bind


to a specific subset of proteins.



Affinity =


attraction.





Alkyl group



A class of chemical groups composed of carbon


and hydrogen.



Examples: methyl group


(─CH


3


) and ethyl group (─CH


2


CH


3


).



Alleles



Versions of the same gene that differ slightly in


function and sequence.



Allosteric regulation



Form of regulation in which a small molecule


binds to a regulatory site on a protein, causing a


structural and functional change at the active


site.



‘Steric’ is related to the word ‘structure’


.



Alternative polyadenylation



The ability to make mRNAs of varying sizes


from one coding region, by altering the site of


pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation.



Can alter protein size and properties of the


mRNA, such as stability.



Alternative splicing



The ability to make various proteins from one


coding region by choosing between the


inclusion/exclusion of certain introns and


exons.



Ames test



Technique to assess the mutagenic potential of


a chemical.



Amino acids



Small molecules that can be polymerized to


form proteins.



Name derives from the


presence of an amino group as well as an acidic


carboxyl group.



Amino group



A chemical group comprising nitrogen bound to



酶分子中直接负责催化反应的位


点。




亲和层析




柱层析技术的一种。柱中用能与一


组特殊的蛋白质结合的分子填 充。


亲和



=


吸引。




烷基




由碳 和氢组成的一类化学基团。例


如:甲基(


─CH


3


)和乙基



─CH


2


CH


3


)。




等位基因




相同基因的不同版本,它们之间在


功 能和序列上稍有不同。




别构调节




调节的一种形式,通过一个小分子


结合到蛋白质的调节位点而引起其

活性位点结构和功能的改变。



steric



(空间的)一词与



st ructure



(结构)有联系。




可变聚腺苷酸化




通过改变前体


mRNA


的切割位点和


聚腺苷酸化位点而从一个编码区产


生不 同大小


mRNA


的能力。


能改变


蛋白质分子的大小和


mRNA


的性质


(如稳定性)。




可变剪接




通过选择包含或不包含某些内含子


和外显子而从一个编码区产生不同

蛋白质的能力。




埃姆斯测验法



用来评价化学物质是否具有潜在诱


变性的技术。




氨基酸




能聚合形成蛋白质的小分子。名称


来自于它们所带的氨基以及酸 性的


羧基。




氨基




由氮原子与两个氢原子结合形成的


two hydrogen atoms.



Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase



A protein that matches tRNAs with the correct


amino acid.



Name origin: enzyme


synthe


sizes


the


acyl


bond that joins


amino


acids to


tRNA


s.



Anticodon



Three base sequence in a tRNA that binds to


one or more codons.



The prefix ‘anti


-


’ here


means ‘opposite’ or ‘complementary.’




Anti-parallel



Two strands that are parallel but oriented in the


opposite direction.



Often used to describe the


orientation of strands in a DNA molecule



relative to each other.


Ara


operon



Operon containing genes that metabolize the


sugar arabinose.



Attenuation



A mechanism in the


trp


operon to ensure that


genes are not transcribed in the presence of



tryptophan.


Attenuator



Transcribed sequence just downstream of the


trp


operon promoter that is central to the


attenuation mechanism.



Can form a


terminating hairpin structure that stops


transcription of the operon.



AU-rich element (ARE)



Sequence in the 3’UTR of certai


n eukaryotic


mRNAs that is involved in regulation of mRNA


stability.



Named for prevalence of A and U



bases in the sequence.


Autonomously replicating sequence



(ARS)



An origin of replication in yeast.



Name


origin: pieces of DNA containing this sequence


are able to replicate autonomously, meaning


even if they are not part of a chromosome.



Basal transcription



The low rate of transcription that occurs in


eukaryotes if only the pre-initiation complex is


化学基团。




氨酰


-tRNA


合成酶




一种将


tRNA


与正确的氨基酸匹配


的蛋白质。名称来源:酶合成了将

< br>氨基酸连接到


tRNA


上去的酰基。



反密码子




tRNA


上能与一个或多个密码子结


合的三碱基序列。前缀



< p>
anti-



在这


儿的意 思是



相反的





互补的






反向平行的




两条平行但方向相反的链。常用来


描述


DNA


分子中的链相对于各自


的方向。




ara


操纵子




含有阿拉伯糖代谢基因的操纵子。




衰减作用




trp


操纵子中用于确保当色氨酸存


在 时基因不被转录的一种机理。




衰减子




紧 接在


trp


操纵子的启动子之后转


录出 来的序列,对衰减作用机理很


重要。能形成终止型发夹结构而使


在操纵子进行的转录停止。




富含< /p>


AU


元件(


ARE





在调节


mRNA


稳定性中起作用的一


些真核生物

mRNA 3



UTR


序列。



序列中含有许多


A



U


而得名。




自主复制序列(


ARS





酵母中的一种复制起 点。


名称来源:


含有此序列的


DNA< /p>


片段即使不是


染色体的一部分也能够自主地进行

< br>复制。




基础转录




真核生物中如果只有前起始复合体


存在(没有激活蛋白)的情况下所

present (without activators).



Basal ~ base = a



low part.


Base analogues



Molecules that resemble DNA bases in


structure and can be incorporated into DNA.



‘Analogues’ = two things that resemble each



other.



Analogue ~ analogy.


Base excision repair (BER)



DNA damage repair pathway usually used to


fix common damage to DNA bases.



Base pair



Two complementary nucleotides bound by


hydrogen bonds.



Often used to measure the



length for DNA.


Base- stacking



Term to describe the placement of base pairs in


a DNA molecule.



Base pairs lie in parallel


planes one above the other, giving the


impression that they are ‘stacked.’




Beads-on-a-string



Term to describe the lowest level of DNA


organization.



Nucleosomes are separated by



stretches of naked DNA.


Bi-directional replication



Term to describe DNA replication that proceeds


in two opposite directions from an origin of



replication.



The p


refix ‘bi


-


’ = ‘two’.



Branch migration



The movement of a Holliday junction that


causes different hybridizations between the



homologous chromosomes.


C


?


U editing



A form of post- transcriptional modification to


mRNA in eukaryotes in which cytosine is


deaminated to form uracil.



Capping



Post- transcriptional modification in which a


derivative of guanosine is attached to the


5’ end


of the pre-


mRNA.



In normal English, a ‘cap’


is anything that goes on the head of something.


For example, a hat is often called a ‘cap.’





发生的低速率的转录。


基础



~


基底



=


少量。




碱基类似物




结构上与


DNA


碱基类似的分子,



被整合到


DNA


中。

< br>‘


类似物



=


两种


互相相像的事物。类似物



~


类似。




碱基切除修复(


BER





DNA


损伤修复途径,


通常用来修复


DNA


碱基的普通损伤。




碱基对




通过氢键结合在一起的互补的核苷


酸 。常用来度量


DNA


的长度。




碱基堆积




用来描述


DNA


分子中碱基排布位


置的术语。碱基对一个接一个地平


放在平行的平面上,产生一种它们




堆放


’< /p>


在那里的印象。




线珠结构




用于描述


DNA


组织最低一级水平


的术 语。


核小体由裸露的


DNA


片段


连接在一起。




双向复制




用来描述


DNA


复制从复制起点开


始沿 两个相反的方向进行的术语。


前缀



b i-



=








分支迁移





Holliday


交叉的移动,它会引起

同源染色体不同区段之间发生杂


交。




C


?


U


编辑




一种形式 的真核生物转录后修饰作


用,修饰时将胞嘧啶脱氨基形成尿


嘧啶 。




加帽




将鸟嘌呤核苷的衍生物加到前体


mRNA 5

< br>’


端上去的转录后修饰作


用。在日常英语中,

< p>


cap



(帽、盖)< /p>


指放到某些事物头上的任何东西。


例如,有沿帽常被叫做



cap







Carboxyl group



Acidic chemical group in which a carbon atom


is bound to two oxygen atoms.



Name origin:


the group contains


carb


on and


oxy


gen.



Catabolite activator protein (CAP)



Protein in prokaryotes that responds to


glucose/cAMP concentration to activate


transcription.




Used to enhance transcription


of the


lac


and


ara


operon genes, which produce



proteins involved in catabolism.


Chaperones



Proteins that help other proteins to fold into the


correct structure.



In normal English, a


chaperone is a person who accompanies


somebody else.



Chromatin immunoprecipitation



(ChIP)



A co-immunoprecipitation technique that


checks for binding of specific DNA sequence to



a specific protein.


Chromatin remodeling proteins



Proteins that alter the association of histones


with DNA as a way of regulating transcription.


In normal English, to ‘model’ = ‘to build’ or ‘to


organize.’ The prefix ‘re


-


’ = ‘again’ or ‘new’


.


Chromatin remodeling causes a new



organization of histones with DNA.


Clamp loader



A subset of eukaryotic DNA polymerase


subunits that load the sliding clamp onto DNA.



Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP)



A technique to check for binding of a protein to


other proteins or molecules.



Immunopre-


cipitation of a protein is performed using


antibodies.



Any proteins that bind to that


protein will also be precipitated and identified.



The prefix ‘co


-


’ = ‘with’


.



Used here because


proteins that immunoprecipitate


with


the



protein that binds to the antibody are identified.


Colonies




羧基



< /p>


一个碳原子连接到两个氧原子上形


成的酸性化学基团。名称来源: 该


基团含有


carb


on


(碳)和


oxy


gen


(氧 )。




代谢物激活蛋白(

< p>
CAP




< p>
原核生物中对葡萄糖


/cAMP


浓度进

< p>
行响应而激活转录的蛋白质。用于


增强


lac



ara


操纵子基因的转录,


产生的蛋白在分解代谢中起作用。




伴侣蛋白




帮助其它蛋白质折叠成正确结构的


蛋白质。在日常英语中,


ch aperone


指一个陪伴另一个人的人。




染色质免疫沉淀法(


ChIP





一种免疫共沉 淀技术,用于检查特



DNA


序列与特 异蛋白质之间的


结合。




染色质重塑蛋白



< br>改变组蛋白与


DNA


之间结合方式


的蛋白质,


是一种调控转录的方式。


在日常英语中,


to



model



=



建造





组织



。前缀



re-



=



再次







。染色质重塑使组蛋白与


DNA< /p>


产生新的组织方式。




滑行夹加载器



由真核生物


DNA


聚合酶的一部分


亚基组成的将滑行夹套到


DNA



去的 装置。




免疫共沉淀法(

< p>
CoIP





一种检查某种蛋白质是否与其它蛋


白质或其它分子结合的技术。蛋白


质的免疫沉淀采用抗体进行。任何


与该蛋白结合的蛋白质也将被沉淀


和鉴定出来。


前缀


< br>co-



=






用在


此处的原因是,它鉴定出了那些与


该蛋白(结合在抗体上)一起免疫

< p>
沉淀出来的蛋白质。




集落




Isolated populations of cells on a plate.



Theoretically, all cells in a colony are identical


because they are descended from one cell.



In


normal English, a ‘colony’ is a group of people


that settles in a foreign land.



Column chromatography



A general set of techniques used to purify


proteins by passing them through a column.



Proteins exit the column at different time


depending on their properties and the properties



of the column.


Complementary



Term used to describe bases that can pair with


each other.



In normal English, things that


‘complement’ each other are things that go well


together.



‘Complementary’ should not be


confused


with ‘complimentary’


.



Conformation



Used in relation to proteins as synonym for



‘structure’


.


Consensus sequence



The most probable sequence of a sequence


element.



In normal English, a ‘consensus’ is



when everybody agrees about something.


Conservative replication



A model of replication in which an entirely new


DNA molecule is produced, and the parental


DNA molecules is conserved.



Conservative transposition



A type of transposition in which the transposon


is removed from its original location to be



inserted into a new location.


Constitutive



A commonly used word in biology meaning


‘always’ or ‘nonstop’.



Constitutive


lac


operon


mutants are those that transcribe


lac


operon


genes always, under any condition.



Coordinate regulation



Transcriptional regulation in which a set of



genes are regulated together.



平板上分开的细胞群体。


理论上说,


一个集落中的所有细胞是完全相同


的,


因为它们都是一个细胞的后代。


在日常英语中,



colony



指定居在外


国土地上的一群人。




柱层析




使 蛋白质穿过层析柱而对它们进行


纯化的一套综合技术。蛋白质的性


质和层析柱的性质决定了蛋白质流


出柱子的不同时间。




互补的




用来描述能互相配对的碱基的术


语。在日常英语中,能互相



complement



的事物是那些可以很


好地在一起的事物。请不要将


‘< /p>


complementary



(互补的 )与



complimentary



(赞美的)混淆。




构象




作为



结构



的同 义词在与蛋白质有


关的表述中使用。




共有序列




一个序列元件的最有可能出现的序


列。


在日常英语中,



consensus



指每


个人都同意某件事。




保留复制




一种复制模型,认为复制产生一个


全新的


DNA


分子,而亲本


DNA



子保持 不变。




保守型转座




一种转座类型,转座时转座子从它


的原始位置离开并插入到一个新的

< br>位置中。




组成型的




是生物学常用词,表示



总是






停的



。组成型


lac


操纵 子突变体在


任何条件下都一直转录


lac


操纵子


基因。




协同调控




一组基因在一起进行调控的转录调


控方式。



Core histones



Histones that come together to form the core of


the nucleosome.



Co-repressor



A small molecule that binds to a repressor


protein to allow repressive activity.



Prefix


‘co


-


’ = ‘with’


.



In this case the co-repressor



works


with


the repressor to cause repression.


Coupled transcription- translation



Translation that occurs while transcription is



still in progress.



Covalent bond



A bond between two atoms in which electrons


are shared.



Crossing-over



A recombinational event in which regions of


DNA are exchanged between homologous



chromosomes.


Cross-linking



The covalent linkage of bases opposite each


other in a DNA molecule.



C-terminus



The end of a polypeptide containing a carboxyl


group.



Name origin: C refers to carboxyl, and



terminus = end.



Pl.


= C-termini.


Deamination



The removal of an amino group from a base.



The prefix ‘de


-


’ = ‘undo’ or ‘remove’ in this


case.



Deletion



The removal of base pairs from a DNA



molecule.


Denaturation



The disruption of non-covalent interactions in a


macromolecule that alters its three- dimensional


structure.



With respect to DNA, denaturation


involves separations of single-strands.



With


respect to protein, denaturation involves



unfolding of the polypeptide.


Density ultracentrifugation




核心组蛋白




在一起形成核小体核心的组蛋白。




辅阻遏物




结合到阻遏蛋白上使其产生阻遏活


性的小分子。


前缀



co-



=






在此


辅阻遏物



阻遏蛋白一起使发生阻


遏作用。




偶联转录


-


转译作用




当转录还在进行的时候发 生的转译


作用。




共价键




两个原子共享电子形成的键。




交换




DN A


区域在同源染色体之间发生


交换的重组事件。




交联





DNA


分 子中位于相对链上的碱


基之间形成的共价连接。




C


末端




多肽上含有羧基的末端。


名称来源:


C



carboxyl


(羧基),



terminus =


末尾。复数



= C-termini





脱氨基




从 一个碱基上去除一个氨基的过


程。


在这里,

前缀



de-


< br> =



消除










缺失




从< /p>


DNA


分子中去除碱基对的过程。



变性




大分 子中非共价相互作用力的破坏


导致三维结构改变的过程。



DNA


来说,变性涉及单链的分离。对蛋


白 质来说,变性涉及多肽链的解折


叠。




密度超速离心




A technique that uses a centrifugation (fast


spinning) to separate molecules according to


density.



Prefix ‘ultra


-


’ = very.



In this


technique, centrifugation is very very fast.



Deoxyribonucleases (DNase)




Enzymes that cut deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.


Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)



A nucleic acid made by polymerization of


deoxyribonucleotides.



Deoxyribonucleotides



Nucleotides that are similar to ribonucleotides


but are missing an ─OH group.



Name origin:


The prefix ‘de


-


’ = ‘undo’ or ‘remove’ here.




Deoxyribonucleotides are ribonucleotides with



the


oxy


gen


removed


.


Depurination



The removal of a purine base from the DNA


backbone. Prefix ‘de


-


’ = ‘undo’ or ‘remove’


here.



Dideoxy method



A technique for sequencing DNA that relies on



the use of dideoxyribonucleotides.


Dideoxyribonucleotides



Nucleotides that resemble ribonucleotides but


are missing two



OH groups.



Name origin:


Prefix ‘di


-


’ = ‘two.’



Prefix ‘de’ = ‘undo’ or


‘remove.’



Dideoxyribonucleotides are


ribonucleotides that have had


two oxy


gens



removed


.


Dimer



A molecule composed of two smaller


molecules.



Lactose is an example of a dimer,


as it is made of glucose and galactose.



A


protein made of two subunits can also be called


a dimer.



Prefix ‘di


-


’ = ‘two.’




Diploid



Organisms with two copies of each gene.




Prefix ‘di


-


’ = two.



Direct repeats



Sequences that are exactly the same, and


present in the same orientation.




应用离心(快速旋转)根据密度对


分子进行分离的技术。


前缀



ultra-



=


非常。在此技术中,离心速度是非


常非常快的。




脱氧核糖核酸酶(


DNase





切割脱氧核糖 核酸(


DNA


)的酶。




脱氧核糖核酸(


DNA





由脱氧核糖核苷酸聚合而来的核


酸。




脱氧核糖核苷酸




与核糖核苷酸类似的核苷酸,但它


们 缺少



OH


基团。名称来源:在这


里,


前缀



de-



=



去 掉





去除






氧核糖核苷酸就是


oxy


gen

< p>
(氧)被


removed


(去除)了的核糖核苷酸 。




脱嘌呤





DNA


骨 架上去除嘌呤碱基的过


程。


在这里,


前 缀



de-



=



去掉







’< /p>





双脱氧法




依赖于使用双脱氧核糖核苷酸进行


DNA


序列测定的技术。




双脱氧核糖核苷酸




与核糖核苷酸类似的核苷酸,但它


们缺少两个



OH


基团。名称来源:


前缀

< br>‘


di-



=





。前缀



de-



=



去掉



< p>


去除



。双脱氧核糖核 苷酸就是


two oxy


gen


(两个 氧)



removed


(去

< p>
除)了的核糖核苷酸。




二聚体




由 两个较小的分子组成的分子。乳


糖就是一个二聚体的实例,它是由


葡萄糖和半乳糖组成的。由两个亚


基组成的蛋白质也可称为二聚体。

< br>前缀



di-



=








二倍体




每 个基因有两个拷贝的生物。前缀



di-



=








同向重复序列




完全相同并以相同方向出现的序


列。




Dispersive replication



A model for replication in which parental DNA


is fragmented.



The fragments are dispersed,


and daughter DNA molecules are made by


connecting the fragments with newly



synthesized DNA.


Disulfide bond



A covalent bond formed between the R groups


(─SH) of two cystein


e amino acids.



Prefix


‘di


-


’ = ‘two’


.



Disulfide bonds are formed by


two


chemical groups that contain


sulf


ur.



D-loop



A structure formed during homologous


recombination after synapsis.



Two DNA


strands in one chromosome are separated,



forming an opening that resembles a loop.


DNA gyrase



A common topoisomerase II in prokaryotes.



Undoes supercoiling by


gyra


ting one part of the


chromosome relative to another.



DNA microarray



A technique that is used to test the difference in


transcription of thousands of genes between


two different conditions.



Name origin: prefix


‘micro


-


’ = ‘small’


.



A DNA microarray is a


very


small


piece of glass in which an


array


of


very


small


spots of


DNA


are placed.



DNA mismatch



When two or more bases in a DNA molecule


are not matched correctly.



Prefix ‘mis


-


’ =



‘incorrect’


.


DNA polymerase



Enzyme that polymerizes deoxyribonucleotides


to make DNA.



DNA polymerase I



A prokaryotic DNA polymerase with a special


5’


?


3’ exonuclease activity, used to remove



primers.


DNA polymerase III



A prokaryotic DNA polymerase with high



散乱型复制




一种复制模型,


认为亲本


DNA


成短


片段状。


这些


DNA

< br>片段被分散,




DNA


分子是由这些片段与新合


成的片段连接而成的。




二硫键




在两个半胱氨酸的


R


基团(


─SH



之间形成的共 价键。前缀



di-



=





。二硫键就是由


two


(二个)含

sulf


ur



硫)


的化学基团所形成的键。



D-




< /p>


联会之后的同源重组过程中形成的


结构。


一条染色体上的两条


DNA



被分开, 形成一个环状开口。




DNA


旋转酶




原核生物中一种常见的拓扑异构


酶。 通过将染色体的一部分相对另


一部分进行旋转(


gyra


ting


)而消除


超螺旋。

< br>



DNA


芯片




用来试验两种不同条件下几千个基


因不同转录情况的一种技术。 名称


来源:


前缀


micro-



=






DNA



片就是一块被放上了一个很小的


DNA


阵列的很小的玻璃片。




DNA


错配





DNA


分子中两个或多个碱基没


有互相正确匹配。前缀


‘mis


-


’ = ‘



正确的






DNA


聚合酶




将脱氧核糖核苷酸聚合形成


DNA< /p>


的酶。




DN A


聚合酶


I




一种原核生物的


DNA


聚合酶,


具有


特殊的


5’


?< /p>


3’


外切核酸酶活性,可


用于去除引物。




DNA


聚 合酶


III




一种原核生物的


DNA


聚合酶,


具有



processivity that performs most DNA


replication.



DNA polymerase III core



The smallest collection of subunits required for



DNA polymerase III to make DNA.


DNA polymerase III holoenzyme



The full collection of DNA polymerase III


subunits.



Necessary for replication to occur



with high processivity.


DNA strand



A covalently linked chain of deoxribonu-


cleotides.



The double helix is composed of


two DNA strands.



DnaA



A protein involved in initiation of DNA


replication in


E. coli


.



Binds to DNA 9-mers in



the OriC.


Double helix



The structure of DNA, consisting of two DNA


strands that join together and form a helical


shape.



Double-stranded break repair


(DSBR)



General term for the repair of double-stranded



breaks in the DNA.


Downstream promoter element


(DPE)



A promoter element that occurs downstream of


the transcription start site.



E (exit) site



The site on a ribosome to which tRNAs bind



before exiting the ribosome.


Electron microscope



A microscope that uses electron beams to



visualize subcellular components.


Elongation factors



Proteins involved in the elongation phase of


translation.



Endonuclease



很强的持续合成能力,执行大多数


DNA


的复 制任务。




DNA

< br>聚合酶


III


核心




DNA


聚合酶


III


的最少亚基组合,


能产生


DN A





DN A


聚合酶


III


全酶

< br>



DNA


聚合酶


III


的完整亚基组合。


是持续进行复制所必需的。




DNA





脱氧核糖核苷酸以共价键连接起来


的链。双螺旋由两条


DNA


链组成。



DnaA




在大肠杆菌


DNA


复制起始中起作


用的 一种蛋白质。



OriC


的位置与


DNA



9-mer


部分结合。




双螺旋




D NA


的一种结构,由两条链组成,


两条链结合在一起产生螺旋形 。




双链断裂修复(


DSBR





修复


DNA


中双链断裂的常用术语。



下游启动子元件(


DPE





出现在转录起始位点下游的启动子


元件。




E


(退出)位




核糖体上的位点,是


tRNA


在退出


核糖体之前所在的位置。




电子显微镜




应用电子束对亚细胞成分进行成像


的 显微镜。




延伸因子




在转译延伸阶段发挥作用的蛋白


质。




内切核酸酶





An enzyme that cleaves DNA or RNA at site


inside the molecule (as opposed to cutting at


ends of the molecule).



Prefix ‘endo


-


’ =



‘inside’


.


Enhancers



Regulatory DNA elements to which activators


bind to enhance the rate of transcription.



Enzymes




Proteins that catalyse reactions.


Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)



An alkylating agent that adds an ethyl group (a


kind of alkyl group) to target molecules.



Euchromatin



Chromatin regions that are less tightly


packaged than heterochromatin and contain



transcribed genes.


Excision repair



A general term for mechanisms that repair


damaged bases.



Excise = remove a piece from


something.



In excision repair, the damaged


base (and some surrounding bases) are removed



from the DNA and resynthesized.


Exons



Parts of a gene that are expressed as protein.



Exons are formed by the interruption of coding


regions by introns.



Exonucleases



Enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA from the


ends of the molecule; in other words, from the



exterior.


Exosome



A protein complex containing exonucleases that


degrades mRNA in the 3’


?


5’ direction.




Ferritin



Protein that binds to iron in the cytoplasm.




‘Ferr’ comes from the Latin word for iron.



Five prime end



The end of a DNA strand that terminates with


the five prime (5’) carbon (which has


a


phosphate attached) of the ribose in a



在分子的内部切割


DNA

< p>


RNA



酶(与在分子 的末端切割相反)。


前缀


‘endo


-


’ = ‘


内部






增强子




具有调控作用的


DNA


元件,


激活蛋


白结合上去后可以增强转录速率。







催化反应的蛋白质。




乙基甲磺酸(


EMS





一种烷化剂,能将一个乙基(烷基


的 一种)加到目标分子上。




常染色质




比异染色质包装松散并含有已转录


基因的染色质区域。




切除修复




受损碱基修复机理的通用名称。


Excise =

< p>
从某事物中去除。在切除


修复中,受损的碱基(以及一些邻


近碱基)


被从


DNA


中去除并 重新合


成。




外显子




基 因中被表达(


expressed


)成蛋白

质的部分。由内含子打断编码区域


而形成。




外切核酸酶




从分子的末端降解


DNA

< p>


RNA



酶;


换句话说,是从外面



exterior



进行切割。




外来体




一 种含有外切核酸酶、以


3’


?


5’



向降解


mRNA


的蛋白质复合体。




铁蛋白




在 细胞质中与铁结合的蛋白质。



F


er r’


来自





的拉丁文。




五一撇末端




DNA


链的一个末端,


以脱氧核糖核


苷酸中核糖的五一撇(


5



)碳(上< /p>


面连接着磷酸)


结尾。



一撇



在这儿


deoxy


ribnoucleotide.




‘Prime’ means nothing


here; it simply denotes that the label ‘five’


comes from arbitrary numbering of the ribose


carbons.




没有含义;它只是简单地表示





这一记号来自于对核糖上碳的人为


编号。



Forward genetics




正向遗传学



Genetic/molecular biology research in which a



一种遗传学


/


分子生物学研究,研究


phenotype is first considered, and later the gene


responsible is isolated.



Frameshift


A mutation that causes a shifting of the reading


frame of an mRNA.



Caused by insertions and



deletions.


Fusion protein



A protein that is made by fusing together two or


more different proteins.



Gel electrophoresis



A technique for separating DNA according to


length.



The DNA is pulled through a piece of


gel by a voltage because of its electric charge.



Gel- filtration chromatography



A form of column chromatography that


separates proteins according to size.



Uses


beads made gel, with small tunnels that trap


smaller proteins more easily than larger


proteins.



Filtration = separation of


components in a mixture.



Gene conversion



Consequence of homologous recombination, in


which hybridization between different alleles


causes one allele to be converted into the other.



This occurs by mismatch repair.


Gene expression



The process of making a protein from a gene.



In normal English, to ‘express’ yourself = to


say what you are thinking.



In gene


expression, the cell makes something from the


information that the gene is holding.



Genetic material



A general term to describe a material that can


pass traits from generation to generation.



The


term was mainly used in the past, before DNA


中先考虑表型、之后再分离相关的


基因。



移码



一种引起


mRNA


读码框位置发生变


化的突变。由插入和缺失引起。



融合蛋白



通过融合两个或多个不同蛋 白产生


的蛋白质。



凝胶电泳



根据长度将


DNA


分离的技术。


由于


DN A


上带有电荷



electric c harge




它们在电压作用下被牵 引着在凝胶


中移动。



凝胶过滤层析



一种根据分子大小分离 蛋白质的柱


层析。采用珠状凝胶,凝胶中带有


小的通道,小分子 比大分子更容易


被通道捕捉。


过滤



=


从混合物中分


离组分。



基因转换



同源重组的后果,在不同等 位基因


之间的杂交使其中的一个等位基因


被转换成了另一个等位 基因。这是


由错配修复引起的。



基因表达



从基因产生蛋白质的过程。 在日常


英语中,


to ‘express’ yourself =


说出


你的想法。在基因表达中,细胞从

基因持有的信息中产生某种物质。



遗传物质



用来描述可以将性状在世代 间传递


的物质的常用术语。该术语主要在


过去使用,

< p>
即在


DNA


被发现是遗传


















was discovered to be the genetic material.


物质之前。



Global control




全局控制



Regulation of all translation in the cell at once.




细胞中一次就对所有转译过程进行


In normal English, global = something that



happens everywhere.


Group I introns



Self-splicing introns that use a free guanylate


nucleotide in the splicing mechanism.



Group II introns



Self-splicing introns that follow nearly the same


basic splicing reaction as normally occurs with



the spliceosome.


Guide RNAs (gRNAs)



RNAs that guide mRNA editing in


trypanosomes.



Direct addition and deletion of


uracils from the mRNA.



Hairpin loop



An RNA structure caused by hybridization


between neighboring regions of RNA.




Somewhat resembles a hairpin.


Helicase



Enzyme that separates the two strands of the


double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds


between the two strands.



Helix-loop-helix (HLH)



A DNA-binding domain in proteins.



Each


half of the domain consists of two α


-helices


connected by a peptide loop.



The two halves,


usually present on different proteins, come



together at the binding site on DNA.


Helix-turn-helix (HTH)



A common DNA-binding motif in prokaryotic


proteins.



Consists of two


α


-helices connected



by a short peptide turn.


Heterochromatin



Regions of DNA tightly packaged with


proteins, usually does not contain genes to be


expressed.



Heterodimerization



Formation of dimers between two different


的调控。


在日常英语中,


global =



任何地方都发生。




I


类内含子




自我剪接型内含子,在剪接过程中


使 用鸟苷酸。




II


类内含子




自我剪接型内含子,剪接过程几乎


与 有剪接体参与的剪接反应相同。




指 导


RNA



gRNA

< br>)




在锥虫中指导

< p>
mRNA


编辑的


RNA



指导向


mRNA


添加或从中删去尿嘧< /p>


啶。




发夹环




一 种


RNA


结构,由


RNA


邻近区域


之间杂交产生。


看起来有些像发夹。



解旋酶




通过打断两条链之间的氢键而将双


螺旋(


he lix


)的两条链分开的酶。




螺旋


-



-


螺旋(


HLH





蛋白质的一种


DNA


结合域。


该结合


域的每一半由两个

α


-


螺旋通过一个


肽环连接在一起 。该结合域的两半


通常来自于不同蛋白,它们会聚集


到目标


DNA


位置并发生结合。




螺旋


-


转角


-


螺旋(


HTH





原核生物中常见的

< p>
DNA


结合基序。


由两个


α


-


螺旋通过一个肽转角连接


在一起。




异染色质




与蛋白质紧密包装在一起的


DNA< /p>


区域,通常没有需要表达的基因。




异源二聚化作用




两个不同亚基之间形成二聚体的过




subunits.



The prefix ‘hetero


-


’ = different.



Heteroduplex




joint



Site on a chromosome, produced after


homologous recombination, where a region of


DNA from one chromosome meets a region


from a different chromosome.



At the joint,


single-stranded DNAs from the different


chromosomes are hybridized.



The prefix


‘hetero


-


’ = different.




Histone



code



Combinations of covalent modifications on


histones that have a functional significance and



are recognized by proteins.


Histone



tails



Long unstructured ends of histones that stick


out from the nucleosome.



Can bind to other


DNA and to other histones, and can be


covalently modified.



Histones



Proteins around which DNA is wrapped to



organize it and regulate transcription.


Holliday



junctions



Structure formed during homologous


recombination connection of single strands of


one chromosome to the other chromosome.




Named after a scientist called Holliday.


Homeodomain



DNA-binding domain, found in many


eukaryotic proteins involved in organismal


development.



Homologous



chromosomes



Chromosomes that are not identical, but have


the same set of genes. The prefix ‘homo


-


’ =



‘same’


.


Homologous



recombination



Recombination between DNA molecules with


similar DNA sequences.



The prefix ‘homo


-



= ‘same.’




Housekeeping



genes



Genes that must be transcribed in all cells,


because they have a function that is basic to cell


程。前缀


‘hetero


-


’ =


不同的。




异源双链接头




染色体上由同源重组产生的位点,


其 中来自一条染色体的


DNA


区域


与来自 另一条染色体的区域相遇。


在接头处,来自不同染色体的单链


D NA


杂交在一起。前缀


‘hetero


-


’ =


不同的。




组蛋白密码




在组蛋白上发生的共价修饰组合,


具 有功能意义,能被蛋白质识别。




组蛋白尾




从核小体中伸出的组蛋白非结构化


长末端。


能与其它

< p>
DNA


和其它组蛋


白结合,能被共价修饰。




组蛋白




用于缠绕


DNA

以组织


DNA


并调控


转录的蛋白质 。




Holliday


交叉




在同源重组中一条染色体的单链与


另 一条染色体的单链连接形成的结


构。根据科学家的名字


Holl iday



名。




同源异形域




DNA


结合域,

在许多真核生物中发


现,在生物发育中起作用。




同源染色体




不是完全相同但具有同样一套基因


的 染色体。


前缀


‘homo


-

< p>
’ = ‘


相同的





同源重组




在具有相似


DNA


序列的


DNA


分子


之间发生的重组。


前缀

< br>‘homo


-


’ = ‘



同的






持家基因




在所有细胞中必须被转录的基因,


因为它们具有的功能对细胞生 存来



survival.



In normal English, ‘hous


e


keeping’


refers to the daily activities required in a home,


like cleaning and cooking.



Housekeeping


genes are genes perform the daily activities



required in a cell.


Hybridization



The binding of two strands of nucleic acid.



Hybridization can occur between two different


DNA molecules, and between DNA and RNA.



Hydrogen



bonds



Relatively weak interatomic bonds involving


hydrogen atoms that are partially positively



charged.


Hydrophobic



interaction



Interaction that occurs between non- polar


molecules in the presence of water.



Prefix


‘hydro


-


’ = ‘water’, and suffix ‘


-


phobic’ =



‘afraid of’


.


Immunoprecipitation



Technique in which proteins are isolated by


antibodies.



Name origin: antibodies are


sometimes called immunoglobulins, because


they are active in the immune system.



The


technique creates a clump of proteins called a


precipitate.



Induced



mutations



Mutations caused by factors not normally



present in the cell.


Induced-fit



A


change in the structure of an enzyme’s active


site during catalysis.



Inducer



A small molecule that binds to a transcription


factor, leading to activation of transcription.



May act by preventing a repressor protein from



repressing transcription.


Initiator tRNA



A specialized tRNA that functions in translation


initiation.



Initiator (Inr) promoter element



An element of eukaryotic promoters, involved


说是最基本的。在 日常英语中,


‘hous


e


keepi ng’


指在家里需要做的日


常事务。持家基因是那些需要在细< /p>


胞中执行日常事务的基因。




杂交




核酸 的两条链之间的结合。杂交可


以发生在两条不同的


DNA


分子之


间,以及


DNA



RNA


之间。




氢键



< /p>


相对较弱的原子之间形成的键,由


于氢原子上带有部分正电荷而引


起。




疏水相互作用



当非极性分子被置于水中发生的相


互作用。前缀


‘hydr o


-


’ = ‘



,后缀



-

phobic’ = ‘


害怕






免疫沉淀法




通过抗体对蛋白质进行分离的技


术。 名称来源:抗体有时称为免疫


球蛋白(


immunoglobu lins


),因为


它们在免疫系统中很活跃。该技术

< p>
产生一种蛋白质聚集形成的沉淀。




诱导突变




由通常不是细胞的正常成分引起的


突变。




诱导契合




在催化过程中酶的活性位点结构所


发生的改变。




诱导物




与转录因子结合从而激活转录的小


分 子。可以通过防止阻遏蛋白对转


录的阻遏而发挥作用。




起始


tRNA




在转译起始中起作用的一种特殊


tR NA





起 始子(


Inr


)启动子元件




在转录起始中起作用的真核启动子



in initiation of transcription.


Inosine



A nitrogenous base.



Sometimes found in


tRNA anti-codons, where it has the ability to


recognize three different bases at the third



position in the codon.


Insertion sequences



Simple prokaryotic transposons.



They are


sequences that insert themselves into random


sites on a piece of DNA.



Insertion/deletion loop (IDL)



Loops caused by strand slippage during DNA


replication.



Leading to deletions or insertions,



depending on which strand the loop occurs.


Insertions



With reference to DNA, the addition of bases


into a coding region.



Integrase



Protein coded by LTR-retrotransposons, similar


in function to transposase.



Helps to integrate



the transposon into a site on the DNA.


Intercalating agents



Molecules that resemble base pairs in structure


and insert between base pairs in DNA, causing


i


nsertions and deletions.



The prefix ‘inter


-


’ =


‘between’.




Internal ribosome entry sequence


(IRES)



A sequence in eukaryotic mRNAs that allows


ribosomes to begin translation downstream of



the normal start codon.


Intrinsic termination



A transcription termination mechanism in


prokaryotes in which the transcribed RNA


forms a hairpin loop followed by a string of


A’s.



Called ‘intrinsic’ because the RNA alone


is able to stop transcription, without help from



proteins.


Introns



Sequences that do not code for protein that


intervene (or interrupt) among coding regions.



元件。




次黄苷




一种含氮碱基。有时出现在


tRNA


的 反密码子中,具有识别位于密码


子第三个位置的三个不同碱基的能


力。




插入序列




简单的原核生物转座子。它们是一


些能使自身插入到一段


DNA


随机


位置中的序列。




插入


/


缺失 环(


IDL






DNA


复 制过程中由于链滑动而


形成的环。


能导致缺失或插入突变,


依环出现在哪条链而定。




插入




指在


DNA


编码区增加了碱基。




整合酶




LTR


反转录转座子编码的蛋白质,


与 转座酶功能相似。帮助将转座子


整合



integrate




DNA


的位点中。



嵌入剂




结构与碱基对相似并能插入到


DNA


的碱基对之间的分子,


能引起


插入与缺 失突变。前缀


‘inter


-


’ =




·


·


·


·


·


·


之间






内部核糖体进入序列(


IRES





真核


mRNA


序列中位于正常起始密


码子下游、允 许核糖体开始转译的


区域。




内在型终止




原核生物转录终止的一种机理,终


止时转录出来的


RNA


形成发夹环


结构,紧接其后的是一连串


A< /p>


。称


之为内在型的原因是因为


RNA



身即能终止转录,不需要蛋白质的


帮助。




内含子




不编码蛋白质并干涉



intervene




打 断(


interrupt


)编码区的序列。




Introns- early theory



Theory that introns were present in early life


forms and were retained by eukaryotes, but lost



by prokaryotes.


Introns-late theory



Theory that introns were introduced into


eukaryotes after the lineage separated from


prokaryotes.



Inversion



When a region of a chromosome becomes



rotate, or inverted, in orientation.


Inverted repeats



Sequences that are the same if you take the


complement of one and read it backwards.



Ion-exchange chromatography



A type of column chromatography in which


proteins are separated according to charge.




Column is loaded with ions.


Ionic bonds



An attraction between two ions of opposite



charge.


Kinases



Proteins that add phosphate groups to other


proteins.



Knockdown



The use of RNA interference to eliminate


specific mRNAs in the cell.



In colloquial


English, ‘knock down’ means to throw



something to the floor.



Knockout



A technique to eliminate the presence of


specific gene in an entire organism.



In


colloquial English, a ‘knockout’ is when


someone is defeated in a fight.



Lac



operon



An operon containing genes involved in lactose



metabolism.


Lac



repressor



Repressor protein that regulates the


lac


operon.



内含子早期论



认为内含子在早期生命形式中即存


在并被真核生物保留而被原核生物


丢失的理论。




内含子后期论



认为内含子是真核生物在与原核生


物进化谱系分开以后才开始有的理


论。




倒位




一个 染色体区域的方向发生旋转或


颠倒的现象。




反向重复序列




互补序列从反方向读与它自身相同


的 序列。




离子交换层析



根据蛋白质所带电荷的不同而进行


分离的一种柱层析技术。层析柱用


离子装填。




离子键




带相反电荷的两个离子之间的引


力。




激酶



< /p>


将磷酸基团加到其它蛋白质上去的


蛋白质。




基因敲低




应用


RNA


干涉从细胞中去除特殊


mRNA


的技术。在口头英语中,


‘knock down’


的意思是:



·


·


·


·


·


·


丢到


地上。




基因敲除




将某个特殊的基因从整个生物中去


除 的技术。在口头英语中,


‘knock


out

< br>’


的意思是:某人被打败。



lac


操纵子




含有乳糖(


lactose


)代谢基因的操


纵子。




lac


阻遏蛋白




调控


lac


操纵子的阻遏蛋白。



-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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