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Chapter 9 Thinking and language
W
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Thinking
may be defined as:
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The mental
activity involved in
understanding,
processing, and communicating information.
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Thinking entails attending to
information, representing it mentally, reasoning
about it, and making
judgments and
decisions about it.
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思维
是借
助语言、表象或动作实现的、对客观事物概括的和间接的认识，是认识的高级形式。它能揭示
事物的本质特征和内部联系，并主要表现在概念形成和问题解决的活动中。
C
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Concepts are mental categories used to
group together objects, relations, events, and
abstractions or qualities
that have
common properties.
概念是人脑对客观事物的本质特征的认识
。
Organization of
Concepts into Hierarchies
: People may
have
a concept “objects that store
information.”
This concept
may include concepts such as floppy disk, DVD, and
printed matter.
Within
the concept of
printed matter
, people may
include
newspapers, college
textbooks
(certainly the most important
object that stores
information!),
novels, and catalogs.
The concept of
newspaper
may include one’s
school newspaper and various
commercial
newspapers.
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Prototypes
:examples that best match the essential features of categories.
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Exemplar
: A
specific example
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Positive
Instance
: Object or event that belongs
to the concept class
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Negative
Instance
: Object or event that does not
belong to the concept class
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解
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略
1.
Algorithms
算法策略
:a
specific procedure for solving a type of problem.
Algorithms always lead to
the
solution. Systematic random search
algorithm: every possible combination is
examined.
2.
Heuristics
启发策略
:
are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve
problems. Heuristics do not guarantee
a
correct solution to a tics permit more rapid
solutions.
3.
analogy
类推
: is a
partial similarity among things that are different
in other analogy applies the
solution
of an earlier problem to the solution of a new
one.
F
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1.
Expertise:Experts solve problems more
efficiently and rapidly than novices do.
2.
Mental
Sets
定势
: the tendency to
respond to a new problem with the same approach
that helped solve similar
problems.
Usually this makes the work
easier but they can mislead us.
3.
Insight: It
seems as if pieces of information in the problem
have suddenly been reorganized so that the
solution leaps out at you.
4.
Incubation
酝酿效应
:
standing back from the problem may allow for
mysterious process within
us continues
to work on it.
5.
Functional
Fixedness
功能固着
: hinder
problem solving by thinking of an object in terms
of its name or its
familiar function.
C
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1.
Creativity
: The ability to
generate novel and useful solutions to problems
2.
Two types of
thinking:
1)
Convergent
thinking(
辐合性思维）
:
A
thought
process
that
attempts
to
narrow
in
on
the
single
best
solution to a problem
2)
Divergent
thinking
（发散性思维）
:
A
thought
process
that
attempts
to
generate
multiple
solutions
to
problems