-
长难句基本类型
1
）
定语从句中的指代问题
①
Sculptures
must, for example, be stable,
which(
指前面的这个句子
) requires an
understanding
of the properties of
mass, weight distribution, and stress.
课本中内容：
P15
第三句：
Parasitic(
寄生的
) plants attach themselves to host plants,
(often to the stems or
roots,
插入的状语
) by means of
haustoria (
吸管，吸器
), (which
the parasite uses to make its way into
the food channels of the host plant and
absorb the nutrients that it needs to survive from
the host
plant.)
非限制性定语从句一般不用
看
P16
第二段最后一句：
Like
many
of
Ferber
’
s
novels,
this
novel
features
a
tenacious
female
protagonist (
主角
)
with strong character who struggles to deal with
ethical(
伦理的
) dilemmas(
进
退两难
/
困难
) about the importance of status and money.
P22
第一句：
Horatio
Alger, Jr. was the author of more than 100 books
(for boys in the second half
of the
nineteenth century) that focused on the theme of
success coming to those who work hard to
achieve
it.(that
指代
books)
2)
形容词短语作后置定语
①
Missing until
recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or
transitional, between land mammals
and
cetaceans(
鲸类
).
（这里运用了一个倒装，原句的头太重了：
fossils
clearly intermediate or
transitional
between land mammals and cetaceans were missing
until recently
）
②
The legs were
strong and ended in long feet (very much like
those of a modern
pinniped
).
③
Formation of a
glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a
thickness sufficient to make
it move
slowly under pressure, in much the same way that
solid rock
deep within the earth can
change shape without breaking.
3)
介词短语作后置定语（中心词的判断）
①
Buildings
without roots, for example, are unusual because
they depart from the
norm
（标准规
范）
.
②
Sensitivity
to
physical
laws
is
thus
an
important
consideration
for
the
maker
of
applied-art
objects.
③
In the early Italian Renaissance,
bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg
usually had a
cannonball
（炮弹）
under the hoof
④
Even though the fine arts (in the
twentieth century) often treat materials in new
ways, the basic
difference in attitude
of artists(
在
…
中的态度
) in relation to their materials(
在跟他们的材料的关
系这件事中的态度
)
in
the fine arts and the applied
arts(
在艺术和使用艺术中跟他们的材料的关
系
) remains relatively constant.(
一步步越来越具体
)
⑤
The tar pits
were found to contain the remains of scores of
species of animals from the last
30,000years of the Ice
Age.
（
scores
of
一个短语
,
介词短语前面的词为
中心词，动物的种类，
中心词是种类）
⑥
Desertification
is accomplished primarily through the loss of
stabilizing natural vegetation and
the
subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil (by
wind and water).
中心词是
erosion
⑦
In some
regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring
largely as the result of a trend toward
drier climatic conditions.
⑧
The
hypothalamus(
丘脑下部
) appears
to be involved in this
inborn
（
天生的）
reaction pattern:
electrical
stimulation
of
part
of
the
hypothalamus
triggers
（引发）
stereotypical(
成规的
)
aggressive behaviors in many animals.
4)
动词的过去分词作后置定语
①
An
offshoot(
分支
) of the
biological approach called sociobiology suggests
that aggression is
natural and even
desirable for people.
（有
calle
d
，看前或看后）
②
The deposits
associated with present-day glaciers have been
well studied, and some of their
characteristics are quite distinctive.
③
There
was
a
great
expansion
of
plankton
（浮游生物）
that
precipitated(
促成
)
skeletons
or
shells composed of two types of
mineral.
③
It was
not until the 1890
’
s that
archaeologists excavating in city-states found
many thousands
of tablets inscribed in
Sumerian only.
课本句子：
P15
第一句：
Parasitic
Plants are plants that survive by using food
(produced by host plants) rather
than
(rather than
也是一个重要的判断标志，表示不是
…
) by producing their own food from the
sun
’
s energy.
P20
倒数第二句：
The
binder
（
used in some
paints
）
is made
from oil solvents(
溶剂
) such
as
those
（
derived
from petroleum resources
）
.
5)
动词的现在分词作后置定语
①
The process may
be accelerated in subsequent decades if global
warming (resulting from air
pollution)
seriously increases.
②
including
作插入语看待：
Sociob
iology
views
much
social
behavior
including
aggressive
behavior as genetically determined. (
用固定用法
view
…
as
…
判断结构
)
③
Theorists
adopting
the
psychodynamic
approach
hold
that
inner
conflicts
are
crucial
for
understanding human behavior, including
aggression.
④
Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a
psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting
（发泄，
排
出）
of aggressive impulses of
“<
/p>
catharsis
”
.
6)
不定式作后置定语
①
Even in the
areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of
vegetation typically results in the
loss of the
soil
’
s ability to absorb
substantial quantities of water.
②
One
is
that
people
’
s
capacity
to
outwit(
以智取胜
)
other
species,
not
their
aggressiveness,
appears to
be the dominant factor in human survival.
③
Sigmund Freud,
for example, believed that aggressive impulses are
inevitable reactions to the
frustrations of daily life.
课本中句子：
P31
第一句：
The
Pulitzer Prize came about as part of an attempt
(by newspaperman Joseph
插入
一个介
词短语作后置定语
) Pulitzer to upgrade the
profession of journalism.
7)
用固定搭配定位句子主干
①
Since the
raising of most crops necessitates the prior
removal of the natural vegetation, crops
failures leave extensive tracts of land
devoid(
缺少
) of a plant cover
and susceptible
（易受…影响
的）
to wind and water erosion.(leave
sth. Adj)
②
In
1905, eleven-year-old Frank Epperson stirred up a
drink of fruit-favored powder and soda
water and then mistakenly left the
drink, with the spoon in it, out on the back porch
overnight.
（
left
out
）
③
Researchers
have
found
definitions
of
competition
and
cooperation
based
upon
rewards
inadequate primarily because
definitions of these two concepts based upon
rewards depict them as
opposites. (find
sth adj)
④
Columbia
University
appoints
nominating
juries
comprised
of
experts
in
each field,
and
the
nominating juries submit
these nominations for each category to the
Pulitzer Prize Board, which
makes the
final decisions and awards the prizes.
⑤
A
devastating
outbreak
of
disease
that
strikes
for
the
first
time(
一个插入的状语
)
against
a
completely unprotected population is
known as a virgin soil
epidemic.
（
strike
against
固定搭配）
⑥
Many types of
animals combine the advantages of family
association with those
conferred(
授
予给与
)
by membership in still larger groups.
⑦
It is there
that oxygen and nitrogen gas combine as the fuel
burns to form nitric oxide (NO), a
colorless
gas.(
用强调句定位
)
8)
用不定式，介词引导的状语
(from
…
to
…
/ too
…
to
< br>…
)
等定位句子主干
A. From
…
to
…
①
At
the
same
time,
the
image
that
the
spectator
looked
at
expanded
from
the
minuscule(
小写字
)
peepshow
（小物体）
of
1 or 2 inches in height to the life-size
proportions of 6
or 9 feet.
B. too
…
to
< br>…
①
Another
is
that
there
is
too
much
variation
among
people
to
believe
that
they
are
dominated by aggressive impulses.
C.
用不定式，动词和介词的搭配，或介词引导的状语为句子定位
①
He
served
as
a
minister
for
a
short
time
before
moving
to
New
York
City
in
1866
to
devote
his time to writing inspirational books for
boys.(
用介词和不定式定位
)
②
The inhabitants
of the Americas were separated from Asia, Africa,
and Europe by raising
oceans following
the Ice Ages, and as a result, they were isolated
by means of this watery barrier
from
numerous virulent epidemic
diseases.(
用动词和介词的搭配定位
)
③
The
nitric oxide is forced out into the air through
tailpipe along with other gases.
9)
并列结构
a)
and
并列
(and
并列的条件是必须是内容相似，内容重要性一致，所以，名词
/
介词
/
修饰成分并列的时候可以只看第一个就可以了，
有时并列动词也可以这样；
and
是
定
位句子的一个重要的词，
看到一个动词或名词后，
再往下看，<
/p>
出现了第二个词性
相同，内容相似的词，就要想到有可能是三个词
或更多词的并列，就要有意去找
and
了；
怎样判断，
and
并列什么呢？一般来说看
and
后面的词的词性
/
结构
和意思，
往前找同样的词性，相似的结构和意思的词
)
①
There
is
no
way
around
the
fact
that
containers,
shelters,
and
supports
must
be
functional.
②
Their streamlined bodies, the absence
of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and
blowhole cannot disguise their
affinities with land-dwelling mammals.
③
Several
skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus,
were found in sediments left
by the
Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.
④
Cognitive(
认知的
/
感知的
)
psychologists
assert
that
our
behavior
is
influenced
by
our values, by the ways in which we
interpret our situations, and by choice.
⑤
These
tar
pits
have
been
known
for
centuries
and
were
formerly
mined
for
their
natural asphalt, a black or brown
petroleum-like substance.
⑥
The
railroad
simultaneously
（同时地）
stripped
the
landscape
of
the
natural
resources, made
velocity
（速率）
of
transport and economy of scale
（因经营规模扩大而
得到的经济节约）
necessary parts of industrial
production, and carried consumer goods to
households.
⑦
Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and
hospitals, and by some forward-looking city
dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and
butter. (
并列介词
)
⑧
Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest
time, and still others waited on raw
materials that were only produced seasonally.
⑨
The fruit paintings by James and S.M.P
are simple arrangements of a few subjects,
handsomely colored, small in size, and
representing little more than what they are.
课本中的句子：
P16
第二句：
She
embarked
on(
着手
)
her
career
by
working
as
a
newspaper
reporter
in
Wisconsin and soon began
writing novels.
P22
第二句：
In
addition to having a pleasing color, a paint must
protect the surface (to
which
指代问题
) it is applied and
be easy to apply in a
thin
（薄）
coat.
P22
第二段第二句：
All
paints consist of two parts. One is a powder of
solid particles (that is
the
source
of
the
color
and
the
opaqueness(
不透明的
))
and(and
并列
is
a
powder/is
known)
is
known
as the pigment(
色素
).
P37
第二句：
Corn was
also popped by first cutting the
kernels(
核
) off the
cob
（玉米棒）
,
throwing them into a fire, and
gathering them as they popped out of the fire.
P101
第三段最后一句：
Star-
shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes (that
reach incredible
heights, (up to 80
meters high in some deserts,)) and are quite
common in massive deserts such as
the
Sahara.
b)
more
…
than
…<
/p>
①
Interestingly,
Columbia University was not immediately amenable
to the proposal by
Pulitzer inasmuch as
journalism was not held in high regard in general
and Pulitzer
’
s papers
were
more
known
for
their
sensationalization
of
the
news
than
for
the
high
quality
of
the
journalism.(
比较两个原因—用
more
than
定位，一般看
t
han
后面的成分，再在
than
前
面找相应的内容，同
and
相似
)
②
Darwin held
that many more individuals are produced than can
find food and survive
into
a
dulthood.
（关键看
than
后面的成分知道并列的是什么
,
这里是
are
produced
和
can
find food
…
这里的是比较两
个动作，
生这个动作比可以找到食物和生存到成年这个动作
强或
多，如果是要比较人的话是：
many more individuals are
produced than those who can
find food
…
所以这里是比较动作，
因为
than
后面跟的是动作。像上面强调原因，
tha
n
后
面就跟原因
than
for,
而
more
的位
置就比较活，可以用于，
P
’
s
paper
were
known
more
for
…
than for
…
//
一般情况下，
th
an
后面如果是个名词的话，我们就看作是主语的比较，
如：<
/p>
group-work involves more abilities than
individual work,
其中
individual work
是跟主
语比较，
而不是
ability
,
除非
more
指定了比较宾语，<
/p>
如：
The object looks more like
a book
than a box
，
从内容上我们知道
than
是比较
a
book
和
a box
，
但这里存在着歧意就是让人
觉得是在比较
the o
bject
和
box
）
c)
< br>between
…
and
…
①
Other features,
however, show experts that Pakicetus is a
transitional form between a
group of extinct flesh-
eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.
②
the main
conflict in the novel is between a mother who
places a high value on hard
work and
honor and a son who repudiates(
否认
/
与
…
断绝关系
) his mother
’
s values,
instead
preferring the easier path to
fortune and celebrity
（动词
ing<
/p>
作伴随状语）
.
d)
as well
as
…
①
The
extreme seriousness of desertification results
from the vast areas of land and the
tremendous numbers of people affected,
as well as from the great difficulty of reversing.
10)
同位语
①
The
fossil
consists
of
a
complete
skull
of
an
archaeocyte,
an
extinct
group
of
ancestors
of
modern cetaceans.
②
This had become
possible because a new household convenience, the
ice box, a precursor
（
先
驱者）
of the modern
refrigerator, had been invented
③
The P family of
Philadelphia established the still life, a picture
consisting mainly of inanimate
objects
as a valuable part of the
artist
’
s
repertoire
（全部技能，保留曲目）
.
11)
动词的现在分词作状语（在开头，在主要动词之后）
i.
在开头
①
Approaching
（处理）
crafts from the point of view of
function, we can divide them
into
simple categories.=we approach crafts from the
point of view of function. Thus we
can
divide them into categories.
我们要强调的是我们可
以将它们分类，而前面那句
我们只是作为一个原因出现，
并不是
我们的重点内容，
我们可以将它们合成上面那
句。
（原因出现
Approaching
放开头）
如果我们要强调我们按照何种方法处理
crafts
< br>，
而将我们可以如何分类作一个顺带产生的结果，不做强调的话，就是
we
approach
crafts
from the point of view of function, dividing them
into simple categories.
（结果出
现
放后面）
②
consisting
of
only
one
sheet
of
paper
and
requiring
small
amounts
of
type,
broadsides involved lower investments
of capital than longer works.= as the broadsides
consist
of
only
one
sheet
of
paper
and
require
small
amounts
of
type,
they
involved
lower investments
of capital than longer works
除了原因放开头（主语
相同）可以写成
V+ing
的形式，两个动作发生，动作
1
和
动作
2, (<
/p>
主语相同
)
，动作
1
若先于动作
2
发生，而你要强调的
是动作
2
，那么动作
1
可以以现在分词的形式放在句首。如：他想了想这件事的严重后果之后，立刻放
弃了：
Thinking carefully about the
consequences of this, he gave it up immediately.
课本中的句子：
P39
最后一句：
Years
later, remembering how enjoyable the treat had
been, Epperson
went into business
producing Popsicles.
ii.
在主要动词之后（同时发生的或顺带产生的结果）
①
In some cases
the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a
stony surface.
②
Water
absorption
is
greatly
reduced,
consequently
runoff
is
increased,
resulting
in
accelerated erosion
rates.
③
In
the
phonograph
（留声机）
parlors,
customers
listened
to
recordings
through
individual ear tubes, moving
（
from one machine to the
next
）
to hear different
recorded
speeches of pieces of music.
④
He
refused
to
develop
projection
technology,
reasoning
that
if
he
made
and
sold
projectors,
then
exhibitors
would
purchase
only
one
machine
from
him
instead
of