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英语学科教学法 teaching method

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2021-02-27 23:37
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2021年2月27日发(作者:单子叶植物纲)


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A general view


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Part One:



An Analysis of the Target Language


---Distinctions of a few terminologies



---approach, method and technique


Part Two: A study of the subject



language learners and learning


processes


--- An Analysis of Learning



--- some research into language learning


--- individual learner differences and second language acquisition



Part three (optional)


1. learner-centeredness


2. task-based learning Approach in



Teaching


3. cooperative learning in Teaching


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What is first language?


?



---first??


?



What is second language?


?



---second???


L


1



?



First language



?



Native language


?



Mother language


?



Primary language


L


2



?



Second language


?



Non-native language


?



Foreign language


?



Secondary language


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Three aspects:


?



Manner of acquisition


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Social function


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Level of proficiency


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L1:---



---


?



L2:--- ---


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In social life, how do the speaker use the language?


?



L1:---



---


?



L2:--- ---



1


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Which is more proficient, or higher level?


?



L1 or L2?

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L1:---



---


?



L2:--- ---


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Two professions:


TESL & TEFL


?



1. TESL: teaching English as a second language


?



2. TEFL: teaching English as a foreign language


B


A


N


A



&



T


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P



?



Britain, Australia and North America (BANA )


?



Tertiary, secondary and primary English language education (TESEP)


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What is a second language?


?



What is second?


?



What is a first language? Or native and mother tongue?


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A language second to first language.


?



A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is


widely used as a medium of communication, e.g. in education and in government and


which is usually used alongside another language or languages



?



In both Britain and North America, it would describe a native language in a country as


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learned by people living there who have another first language. English in UK would be


called a second language of immigrants and people whose first language is Welsh


?



Foreign language?


?



What is foreign?


?



---


, in, from , another country, not one‘s own.



?



---2. coming or introduced from outside.


?



So, how do you understand foreign language?



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---A language which is not a Native language in a country. A foreign language is usually


?




?



--- in British usage, a distinction is often made between foreign language and second


studied either for communication with foreigners who speak the language, or for reading


printed materials in the language. In North American applied linguistics usage, foreign


language and second language are often used to mean the same in this sense.


language, a foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which


is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication



2


within a country


?



NL,SL & FL


?



SL & NL


?



FL & NL


?



Official status


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In fact, second language carries personal and societal sense, just as personal and



societal bilingualism.



?



Second language in its societal sense means that a country two languages are used side


by side with each other, and is often recognized as official (official status). They are


second to each other.



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1. English in China, Japan, Singapore,



?







India & HK, SL or FL?


?



2. Burmese in Yunnan bordering Burma,


?







Putonghua in Xinjiang, SL or FL?


?



3. Other examples?


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A. purpose


?







TESL??


?







TEFL??



Approach, method and technique


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How would you to do (as many ways as possible):



?



---you are to kill an elephant in a valley.



?



---you are to catch fish in a pond.


?



Why


can you do it that way?


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Starve the elephant: why?


?



Shoot with a rifle: why it works?


?



….



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?



Dry the pond


?



By fishing rod


?



….



?



Starve the elephant:



?



What an overall plan would you like to


have?


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?



What is an approach?


?



----the act of getting close to


?



----way, path, road


?



In language teaching, approach is a set


3



of assumptions dealing with the nature of


language teaching and learning. It


describes the nature of the subject matter


to be t


aught…



techniques


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What is a method?


Langua


ge



teachin


Approach


a


Method a


Method b


Lan


skil


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?



----way of doing sth



Method is an overall plan for the orderly


presentation of language material, no


part of which contradicts, and all of which


is based upon, the selected approach. An


approach is axiomatic, a method is


procedural.


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Technique: technical or mechanical skills



A technique is implementational



that


which actually takes place in a classroom.


It is a particular trick, strategem, or


contrivance used to accomplish an


immediate objective. Techniques must


be consistent with a method, and


therefore in harmony with an approach


as well.



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---


-reading aloud, listening to the tape,


?








discussion, translation


?


R



----


……..?????



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What‘s their relations?



?



For approach, method, and technique,


which determines which?


?



----approach determines method, in turn,


?








method determines technique.


?



The arrangement is hierarchical. The


organizational key is that techniques


carry out a method which is consistent


with an approach


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a





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Method


Method


Approach


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techniques



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b




approach


M a


M b


M c


T a


T b


T c


T d


T e


T f


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Elements and sub-elements of method





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It includes approach, design and


techniques


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?



----an account of the nature of language







proficiency





----what can be called language


proficiency



?



----an account of the basic units of


language structure


?



----An account of the basic units of


4


language structure


the learning of others


?




----basic units of language structure:


?



----phonology is important?


?



---- meaning and form, which is more


important?



letter, word, phrase, sentence, discourse


?



--



the view of the learner as a processor,


performer, initiator, problem solver, etc.


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?




--




types of functions teachers fulfill


?





--- partner, resource of information


participant, organizer, director,









manager…



learning


?



1. Psycholinguistics and cognitive


processes


?



----psycholinguistic processes


?



----cognitive processes


?



2. Conditions allowing for the process


d


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n



?



--



degree of teacher influence over


?



--



degree to which the teacher


decide the content



determines the content of learning


?



--- does the teacher have the right to


?





--- text-based or not


?



--



types of interaction between teachers


and learners


?



A. The general and specific objectives of


the method


?



----


what‘s the general objectives?



?



----


what‘s the specific objectives?



A



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---interaction modes: t



ss, t-s, s alone


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criteria for the selection and organization


of linguistic and /or subjective-matter


content


?



---- what materials to be selected?


?



---- how should the materials be


organized?


?



---



primary function of materials


?



---



the form materials take (e.g.,


textbook, audiovisual)


and learners


?



--- assumptions made about teachers


?




Procedure


?



Classroom techniques, practice, and


?



----and what subjective-matter?


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kinds of tasks and practice activities to be


employed in the classroom and in


materials


note-taking, translation or others?


behaviors observed when the method is


used


and equipment used by the teacher


lessons


?



--



resources in terms of time, space,


?



--



interactional patterns observed in


?



--



tactics and strategies used by



teachers and learners when the method


is being used


?



---- tasks and practice, listening,


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--



types of learning tasks set for


learners


?



--



degree of control learners have over


the content of learning


?



--



patterns of learner groupings that are


recommended or implied


?



B. learning difficulty


?








Which is easier, why?



?



--



degree to which learners influence


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?



The habit-formation theory



5


?



The hypothesis of linguistic universals


?



Constructivism


?



The acculturation theory


?



The discourse theory


?



Monitor theory



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A behavioristic view of language learning


?



---language is a behavior


?



---to learn a new language is to form a new habit


?



---the process is: stimulus-response-reinforcement


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A innateness theory


?



---language is inborn


?



---language is universal


?



---we learn language with the help of LAD


?



---A grammar covers both core grammar and peripheral grammar


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Representative: Seppo Tella


?



constructivism---construction


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Knowledge is a process of construction


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basically a theory -- about how people learn: people construct their own understanding and


knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.


When we encounter something new, we have to


reconcile


it with our previous ideas and


experience, maybe changing what we believe, or maybe discarding the new information as


irrelevant.



questions, explore, and assess what we know.


?



In any case, we are active creators of our own knowledge. To do this, we must ask



Outside knowledge




what happens?







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建构主义理论一个重要概念是图式,

图式是指个体对世界的知觉理解和思考的方式。


也可


以把它 看作是心理活动的框架或组织结构。图式是认知结构的起点和核心,或者说是人类认识


事 物的基础。因此,图式的形成和变化是认知发展的实质,认知发展受三个过程的影响:即同


化、顺化和平衡。


schemata





6









同化(


a ssimilation


)是指学习个体对刺激输入的过滤或改变过程。也就是说个体在 感


受刺激时,把它们纳入头脑中原由的图式之内,使其成为自身的一部分。





顺应


(accommodation)


是指学习者调节自己的内部结构以适应特定刺 激情境的过程。当学


习者遇到不能用原有图式来同化新的刺激时,便要对原有图式加以修 改或重建,以适应环境。





平衡


(equilibration)


是指学 习者个体通过自我调节机制使认知发展从一个平衡状态向另一个


平衡状态过渡的过程。< /p>



结余






1


)学习 不是由教师把知识简单地传递给学生,而是由学生自己建构知识的过程。学生不


是简单被 动地接收信息,而是主动地建构知识的意义,这种建构是无法由他人来代替的。






2


)学习不是被动接收信息刺激,而是主动地建构意义,是根据自己的经验背景,对外部


信息进行主动地选择、加工和处理,从而获得自己的意义。外部信息本身没有什么意义,意义< /p>


是学习者通过新旧知识经验间的反复的、双向的相互作用过程而建构成的。因此,学习,不 是


象行为主义所描述的



刺激


--


反应



那样。




3



学习意义的获得,


是每个学习者以自己原有的知识经验为基础,


对新信息重新认识和编码,


建构自己的理解。在这一过程中,学习者原有 的知识经验因为新知识经验的进入而发生调整和


改变。






4



同化和顺应,


是学习者认知结构发生变化 的两种途径或方式。


同化是认知结构的量变,


而顺应则是认知结 构的质变。同化-顺应-同化-顺应


……


循环往复,平衡-不平 衡-平衡-


不平衡,相互交替,人的认知水平的发展,就是这样的一个过程。学习不是简 单的信息积累,


更重要的是包含新旧知识经验的冲突,以及由此而引发的认知结构的重组 。学习过程不是简单


的信息输入、存储和提取,是新旧知识经验之间的双向的相互作用过 程,也就是学习者与学习


环境之间互动的过程。






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Difference


?



---The classroom is no longer a place where the teacher (


passive students, who wait like empty vessels to be filled.



?



---In the constructivist model, the students are urged to be actively involved in their own


process of learning. One of the teacher's biggest jobs becomes ASKING GOOD


QUESTIONS.



?



---and, in the constructivist classroom, both teacher and students think of knowledge not


as inert factoids to be memorized, but as a dynamic, ever-changing view of the world we


live in and the ability to successfully stretch and explore that view.


?



---in the constructivist classroom, the focus tends to shift from the teacher to the students.


Dialogism(


对话式讨论


)


?



―dialogue is a crucial element in the creation of any language organization and especially


in establishing an open multimedia based collaborative and networked learning


environment. It suggests that the learning environment in the framework of dialogism


cannot be a physical space, a classroom, nor any particular media education tool. The


learning environment is




dialogue‖



The acculturation theory


?



By J. Schumann and R. Anderson


?



Late 1970s


?



Culture?


?



Ac|cultur|ate


?



accuraturation



acculturation


7


definition


?



individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes,


knowledge, and behavior in order to function well in another culture. It involves not only the


social adaptation but also psychological adaptation.



?



A process in which changes in the language, culture, and system of values of a group


happen through interaction with another group with a different language


?



In easy terms, it is to become a target culture person.


example


?



A Chinese emigrant who lives in America:


?



---to think


?



---to behave


Culture


A


Culture B


?



---to speak


?



---to dress



acculturation


Two stages


?



Deculturation: to get rid of one‘s own culture



?



Acculturation: approach to another culture


Two important factors


?



Social distance


?



Psychological distance


Social distance


?



The physical distance of the two cultures



how far away is the two culture?


?



---attitudes


?



---language


?



---social behavior


---


….



Psychological distance


?



Psychological perception to the social distance



how do we take it?


?



---if you can understand it and are ready to change your own culture, then it works


(acceptance).


?



---if you can not understand and take the culture, or if you find it too far away from your


own culture, you resist it (resistance).


Acculturation and L2 acquisition



?



---Second language acquisition is just one aspect of acculturation


?



---the degree of acculturation will determine the degree of second language acquisition.


Why?


?



Culture and language is closely related.


?



---language expresses culture reality


?



---L symbolizes culture reality (L is a symbol of social identity)


?



Cultural attitudes determine how well we learn the language.



8


?



what would like to learn the language?


?



---if you like the culture.


?



---if you do not like the culture.



?



By E. Hatch


?



Late 1970‘s



The discourse theory


definition


?



discourse often refers to the speech patterns and usage of language, dialects, and


acceptable statements, within a community



reflection


?



How do we speak to children (motherese)?


?



---tone


?



---speed


?



---sentence length


?



---sentence structure



?



---vocabulary



?



Is it the same as our normal communication?



?



How do they speak to their child at different age:


?




---half a year old


?



---one year old


?



---five years old


?



---Ten years old


?



---thirty years old


which can be taken by the children.


Discourse adaptation


?



Children learn their first language because the speaker adjusted his discourse to a mode


?



Discourse adaptation is an ongoing process: from easier-to difficult.


Child-directed language


?



Higher pitch


?



Pause more often, more slowly


?



Pronounce words more clearly and distinctly


?



Exaggerated intonation


?



Easier words


?



?



?



reflection


What is the way a native speaker communicate with a second language acquirer?


---the speed


---vocabulary


?





In summary



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