-
2012
考研英语（一）真题参考答案
Section
Ⅰ
Use of English
Directions:
Read the
following text. Choose the best word(s) for each
numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on
ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)
The
ethical
judgments
of
the
Supreme
Court
justices
became
an
important
issue
recently.
The
court
cannot_____ its
legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______
justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several
instances, justices acted in ways
that_____ the court
’
s
reputation for being independent and
impartial
。
Justices
Antonin
Scalia
and
Samuel
Alito
Jr.,
for
example,
appeared
at
political
events.
That
kind
of
activity makes it less
likely that the court
’
s
decisions will be____ as impartial judgments. Part
of the problem
is that the justices are
not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least,
the court should make itself_______ to
the code of conduct that ______to the
rest of the federal
judiciary
。
This
and
other
cases
______the
question
of
whether
there
is
still
a
_____
between
the
court
and
politics
。
The
framers
of
the
Constitution
envisioned
law____
having
authority
apart
from
politics.
They
gave
justices
permanent
positions
____
they
would
be
free
to
____those
in
power
and
have
no
need
to_____
political support.
Our legal system was designed to set law apart
from politics precisely because they are so
closely _____
。
Constitutional
law
is
political
because
it
results
from
choices
rooted
in
fundamental
social
______like
liberty and
property. When the court deals with social policy
decisions, the law it _____is inescapably
political
—
which
is why decisions split along ideological lines are
so easily _____ as unjust
。
The justices
must _____doubts about the
court
’
s legitimacy by making
themselves _____to the code of
conduct.
That
would
make
their
rulings
more
likely
to
be
seen
as
separate
from
politics
and,
_____,
convincing as
law
。
1 A emphasizeB maintainC modifyD
recognize 2 A whenB bestC beforeD unles
3 A renderedB weakenedC
establishedD eliminated
4 A challengedB compromisedC suspectedD
accepted 5. A advancedB caught C boundD founded
6.
A
resistantB
subjectC
immuneD
prone
7.
A
resortsB
sticksC
leadsD
applies
8.
A
evadeB
raiseC
denyD settle 9. A lineB barrier C
similarity D conflict 10. A byB asC throughD
towards 11.
A soB sinceC providedD
though 12. A serveB satisfyC upsetD replace 13. A
confirm B express
C cultivate D offer
14 A guardedB followedC studiedD tied
15. A concepts B theories C
divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions
C shapes
D controls17. A dismissed B
released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B
exploitC addressD
ignore 19. A
accessibleB. amiableC agreeable D accountable20. A
by all meansB at all costsC
in a wordD
as a result
Section
Ⅱ
Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read
the
following
four
texts.
Answer
the
questions
below
each
text
by
choosing
[A],
[B],
[C] or [D]. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)
Text 2
Pretty in pink: adult women do not
remember being so obsessed with the colour,
yet it is pervasive in our young
girls
’
lives. It is not that
pink intrinsically bad, but
it is a
tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may
celebrate girlhood in one way, it also
repeatedly
and
firmly
fused
girls
’
identity
to
appearance.
Then
it
presents
that
connection,
- 1 -
/
91
even among two-year-olds, between girls
as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.
Looking
around,
despaired
at
the
singular
lack
of
imagination
about
girls
’
lives
and
interests
。
Girls'
attraction
to
pink
may
seem
unavoidable,
somehow
encoded
in
their
DNA,
but
according
to
Jo
Paoletti, an associate professor of
American Studies, it's not. Children were not
colour-coded at all until the
early
20th century: in the era before domestic washing
machines all babies wore white as a practical
matter,
since the only way of getting
clothes clean was to boil them. What's
m
ore,
both
boys
and
girls
wore
what
were thought of as
gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were
introduced, pink was
actually
considered the
more masculine
colour, a pastel version
of
red,
which
was associated
with strength. Blue, with its
intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and
faithfulness,
symbolised
femininity.
It
was
not
until
the
mid-1980s,
when
amplifying
age
and
sex
differences
became a
dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink
fully came into its own, when it
began
to
seem
innately
attractive
to
girls,
part
of
what
defined
them
as
female,
at
least
for
the
first few critical years
。
I had not
realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated
our perception of what is
natural to
kids, including our core beliefs about their
psychological development. Take the
toddler. I assumed that phase was
something experts developed after years of
research into
children's behaviour:
wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a
historian of childhood
consumerism,
it
was
popularised
as
a
marketing
gimmick
by
clothing
manufacturers
in
the
1930s
。
Trade
publications counselled department stores that, in
order to increase sales, they
should
create a
only after
developmental stage. Splitting kids, or
adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a
sure-fire way to
boost
profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a
market is to magnify
gender differences
–
or invent them where they
did not previously exist
。
26 By saying
，
the author means pink
_______
。
A should not be the sole
representation of girlhood
B should not be associated with girls'
innocence
C
cannot explain girls' lack of imagination
D cannot
influence girls' lives and interests
27 According to Paragraph
2, which of the following is true of colours?
A Colors are
encoded in girls' DNA
B Blue
used to be regarded as the color for
girls
C Pink used to be a neutral color in
symbolizing genders
D White is preferred by babies
28
The
author
suggests
that
our
perception
of
children's
psychological
devotement
was
much
influenced by
________
。
[A] the marketing of
products for children[B] the observation of
children's nature
[C] researches into children's
behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption
29. We may
learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were
advised ________
。
A focuses on
infant wear and older kids' clothes
B attach equal importance
to different genders
C classify consumers into smaller
groups
D create some common shoppers'
terms
30. it
can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink
seems to be _____
。
A
clearly
explained
by
their
inborn
tendency
B
fully
understood
by
clothing
manufacturers
C
mainly
imposed
by
profit-driven
businessmenD
well
interpreted
by
psychological
experts
Part B
Directions:
- 2 -
/
91
For questions
41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from
the list A-G and fill them
into
the
numbered
boxes
to
form
a
coherent
text.
Paragraph
E
has
been
correctly
placed.
There
is
one paragraph which does not fit in with the text.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(
10 points)
Part
C Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your translation
should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10
points)
Section
Ⅲ
Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You should write about 100 words on
ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do
not
sign
your
own
name
at
the
end
of
the
notice.
Use
Association
instead.
( 10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write
an
essay
of
160-200
words
based
on
the
following
drawing.
In
your
essay,
you
should
describe the picture
briefly,explain its intended meaning, and
give your
comments
。
You should write neatly on
answer sheet 2.
2012
年全国硕士
研究生入学考试英语试题
National Entrance
Test of English for
MA/MSCandidates
(NETEM)
跨考英语教研室—杨凤芝
Section
Ⅰ
Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the
best word(s) for each numbered blank
and mark [A], [B], [C] or
[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)
The ethical judgments of
the Supreme Court justices became an important
issue
recently.
The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian
of the rule of
law______ justices behave like
politicians. Yet, in several instances,
justices acted
in ways that_____ the
court
’
s reputation for being
independent
and
impartial
。
Justices Antonin Scalia and
Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at
political
events. That kind of activity makes it less likely
that the court
’
s
decisions will be____ as
impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that
the justices
are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very
least, the court
should make itself_______ to the code
of conduct that ______to the rest of the
federal
judiciary
。
This and other cases
______the question of whether there is still a
_____
between
the court and politics
。
The framers of
the Constitution envisioned law____ having
authority apart
from politics. They gave justices
permanent positions ____ they would be free
to ____those in
power and have no need to_____ political support.
Our legal
system was designed to set law apart
from politics precisely because they are
so closely
_____
。
Constitutional law is
political because it results from choices rooted
in
fundamental
social ______like liberty and property. When the
court deals with
social policy decisions, the law it
____is inescapably political
—
which
is why decisions split
along ideological lines are so easily _____ as
unjust
。
The justices must
_____doubts about the
court
’
s legitimacy by making
themselves
_____to the code of conduct. That would make their
rulings more
likely to be seen as separate from
politics and, _____, convincing as
law
。
- 3 -
/
91
1 A emphasize B maintain C modify D
recognize 2 A when B best C before D unless
3 A rendered B
weakened C established D eliminated
4
A
challenged
B
compromised
C
suspected
D
accepted
5.
A
advanced
B
caught
C
bound
D
founded
6. A resistant B
subject C immune D prone 7. A resorts B sticks C
leads D applies 8. A evade
B raise C
deny D settle 9. A line B barrier C similarity D
conflict 10. A by B as C through
D
towards 11. A so B since C provided D though 12. A
serve B satisfy C upset D replace 13.
A
confirm B express C cultivate D offer 14 A guarded
B followed C studied D tied
15. A concepts B theories C
divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions
C shapes
D controls17. A dismissed B
released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B
exploit C address
D
ignore
19.
A
accessible
B.
amiable
C
agreeable
D
accountable20.
A
by
all
means
B
at
all
costs
C in a word D as a
result
Section
Ⅱ
Reading ComprehensionPart
A
Directions:
Read the
following four texts. Answer the questions below
each text by
choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)
Text 2
Pretty in pink:
adult women do not remember being so obsessed with
the
colour, yet
it is pervasive in our young
girls
’
lives. It is not that
pink
intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny
slice of the rainbow and, though it may
celebrate
girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly
fused girls
’
identity to appearance.
Then it presents that connection, even among two-
year-olds,
between girls as not only innocent but
as evidence of innocence
。
Looking around,
despaired at the singular lack of imagination
about girls
’
lives and
interests
。
Girls' attraction to pink
may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their
DNA,
but
according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor
of American Studies,
it's not. Children were not colour-
coded at all until the early 20th
century: in the era before
domestic washing machines all babies wore white as
a
practical
matter, since the only way of getting clothes
clean was to boil
them.
What's
more,
both
boys
and
girls
wore
what
were
thought
of
as
gender-
neutral
dresses.
When
nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually
considered the
more masculine colour, a pastel version of red,
which was
associated with strength. Blue, with
its intimations of the Virgin Mary,
constancy and faithfulness,
symbolised femininity. It was not until the
mid-1980s, when
amplifying age and sex differences became a
dominant
children's marketing strategy, that
pink fully came into its own, when it
began to seem innately
attractive to girls, part of what defined them as
female,
at
least for the first few critical
years
。
I had not realised how
profoundly marketing trends dictated our
perception
of
what is natural to kids, including our core
beliefs about their psychological
development. Take the
toddler. I assumed that phase was something
experts
developed after years of research into
children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out,
according to
Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism,
it was
popularised as a marketing gimmick by
clothing manufacturers in the
1930s
。
Trade publications
counselled department stores that, in order to
increase
- 4 -
/
91
sales, they should create a
older kids' clothes. It was
only after
term
that it evolved into a broadly accepted
developmental stage. Splitting
kids, or
adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a
sure-fire way to
boost profits. And one of the easiest
ways to segment a market is to
magnify gender differences
–
or invent them where they
did not previously exist
。
26 By saying
，
the author means pink
_______
。
A should not be the sole
representation of girlhood
B should not be associated with girls'
innocence
C
cannot explain girls' lack of imagination
D cannot
influence girls' lives and interests
27 According to Paragraph
2, which of the following is true of colours?
A Colors are
encoded in girls' DNA
B Blue used to be
regarded as the color for girls
C Pink used to be a neutral
color in symbolizing genders
D White is
preferred by babies
28 The author suggests that our
perception of children's psychological
devotement was much
influenced by ________
。
[A] the
marketing of products for children
[B]
the observation of children's nature
[C] researches into
children's behavior[D] studies of childhood
consumption
29.
We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department
stores were advised
________
。
A
focuses on
infant
wear and older kids'
clothes
B attach
equal importance to
different
genders
C classify
consumers into smaller groupsD create some common
shoppers' terms
30. it can be concluded that girl's
attraction to pink seems to be
_____
。
A
clearly
explained
by
their
inborn
tendencyB
fully
understood
by
clothing
manufacturers
C
mainly
imposed
by
profit-driven
businessmenD
well
interpreted
by
psychological
experts
Part B
Directions:
For questions 41-45, choose the most
suitable paragraphs from the list
A-G and fill them into
thenumbered boxes to form a coherent text.
Paragraph
E has
been correctly placed. There is one paragraph
which does not fit in with
the text. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text
carefully and then translate the underlined
segments
into
Chinese. Your translation should be written
clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
( 10 points)
Section
Ⅲ
Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You should write about 100
words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of
the notice. Use
Association
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based
on the following drawing. In your
essay,you should
- 5 -
/
91
1) describe the
picture briefly,2) explain its intended meaning,
and
3) give
your comments
。
You should
write neatly on answer sheet 2.
1.B
2.A
3.B
4.D
5.C6.B
7.D
8.B
9.A
10.B
11.A
12.C
13.C
14.D
15.A16.C
17.A
18.C
19.D
20.D
21.D
22.D
23.A
24.C
25.D26.C
27.A
28.A
29.B
30.B
31.A
32.D
33.B
34.D
35.D36.C
37.D
38.B
39.A
40.A
41.C
42.D
43.A
44.F
45.G
46.
在物理学上，一种方
法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论
---
一条我们都可以
看的见，明白的普遍公式。
47.
在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则，如果所有的人类都有共同的起
源，那么文化差异能够追
寻到更早的可控的起源也是合理的。
48.
从我们的共同特征中过滤独特性能够使我们明白文化行为
的复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认
知方面指导我们人类。
49
、其实，由约书亚格林伯说，将
更多的经验主义用在了普遍性上，验证许多语言所共有的特点，这些
特点被认为是代表了
由认知限制造成的偏见。
50.
乔
姆斯基的语法应该表现了语言更改的模式，
是通过独立的家谱或由它所跟踪的路径，
而通过性预
测的特定类型间的合作关系。
Part A
ions
：
Suppose
you
have
found
something
wrong
with
the
electronic
dictionary
that
you
bought
from
an
online
store the other day. Write and email to
the customer service center to
1) make
a complaint
，
and
2) demand a prompt solution.
You should write about 100 words on
ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign
your own name at the end of the letter.
Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
参考范文：
Dear
Mr./Miss
：
This
letter is a complaint concerning the electronic
dictionary I bought from your online store the
other day.
Two weeks ago I mailed the
money that ordered and soon received the
electronic dictionary. I followed the
instructions attached with it. Instead
I cannot get it started anyway. After changed the
battery inside several
times in
vain
，
I totally
gave it up.
I
wrote
to
your
company
expecting
a
prompt
solution
to
this
problem.
I
would
hope
that
you
could
do
something to give me a
satisfactory feedback. And I will appreciate it
very much if you put a strict test on
these electronic dictionaries
，
thus stop the
continuing complaints and suffers of other
comtomers.
Sincerely
Yours
，
Zhang Wei
2012
年考研英语真题：作文题目
及范文
作文一些外国留学生将要来你的大学，以学生会的名义给他们写一封
email,
1.
表示你的欢迎
2.
为他们在这里的校园生活提供一些建议
请写
10
0
个字左右，请不要在信的末尾写你的名字，用笔名代替，不要写地址。
范文
亲爱的同学们，
- 6 -
/
91
首先请允许我代表我校的各位领导老师及同学们对你们的到来表示热烈的欢迎，
欢迎来到我校学习
和生活。
< br>不同国家的校园生活有所不同，
为了使你们的生活更加舒适，
下面我将介绍一些在我校生活的一些建议。
首先，
在中国不可以直呼老师的名字
，
因为中国是一个礼仪之邦，
中国人用称呼表达对老师的尊重。
其次，
希望你们珍惜在中国学习的时间，
主动增加与中国人交流的机会
，
这样既能提高你们的汉语
水平，也能了解中国的文化。
最后，如果你
们在生活和学习上遇到困难，及时与我们沟通。祝你们在中国的留学生活愉快
!
学生会
Dear
students,
First
of
all,
allow
me,
on
behalf
of
the
leaders
of
our
school
teachers
and
students
are
warmly
welcome
to
come
to
you,
welcome
to
our
school
and
life.
Campus
life
is
different
in
different
countries,
in
order
to
make
your
life
more
comfortable,
the
f
ollowing
I
will
describe
some
of
the
proposals
in
my
school
life.
First
of
all,
cannot
call
the
teacher's
name
in
China,
because
China
is
a
ritual
of
ceremony,
Chin
ese
used
to
call
the
expression
of
respect
for
teachers.
Secondly, I hope you cherish the time
studying in China, take the initiative to increase
opportunities for
interaction with
Chinese people, so that both can improve your
Chinese language level, can understand
Chinese culture.
Finally, if you encounter
difficulty in living and learning, to communicate
with us in a timely
you to study
abroad in China live in interesting times!
Student Union
作文
2
：
这幅漫
画象征性的描述了一个倒在地上的瓶子，
一些牛奶洒了出来。
在
这个瓶子的旁边站着两个人，
一个垂头丧气的说
“
全完了
!”
，而另一个则说
“
幸好还剩点儿
!”
。这幅画所表达的
内容既意义深远又发人
深省。
这幅漫画的目的是告诉我们在生活、
工作和学习中遇到挫折时，
不同的人持有不同的态度。
积极乐<
/p>
观的人总是能够发掘事情好的一面，
而消极悲观的人总是为他失去
的东西伤心抱怨。
总之，
一个人的态
度
能够决定他的成败。
在我看来，
我们应该向那个积极乐观的人学习。
在
生活中无论遇到什么样的困难，
我们都应该用积
极乐观的态度来
面对。只有这样，我们才能取得成功。
This cartoon token
describes a bottle that fell to the ground, some
milk spilled out. The bottle stands next
to two people, a dejected saying
。
The contents
expressed in the painting is both
meaningful and thought-provoking.
This cartoon is designed to
tell us to live, work and learning are down, you,
different people hold different
attitudes. Optimistic people can always
discover what's good side, and negative and
pessimistic people always
losing things
sad for him to complain. In short, a person's
attitudes can make or break him.
- 7 -
/
91
In my opinion, we should learn from the
positive and optimistic man. No matter what
difficulties she met
in life, we should
use a positive and optimistic attitude to face.
Only in this way, we can be successful.
2011
年考研英语一真题及答案
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Ancient Greek
philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily
exercise precious to health.”
But
-
-
-
_____som
e
claims
to
the
contrary,
laughing
probably
has
little
influence
on
physical
filness Laughter does _____short-term
changes in the function of the heart and its blood
vessels,
____ heart rate and oxygen
consumption But because hard laughter is difficult
to ____, a good
laugh is unlikely to
have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or
jogging does.
____,
instead
of
straining
muscles
to
build
them,
as
exercise
does,
laughter
apparently
accomplishes the
____, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate
that laughter. muscles,
Such
bodily reaction might conceivably help____the
effects of psychological ,the
act
of
laughing
probably
does
produce
other
types
of
______feedback,that
improve
an
individual’s
emotional
state.
______one
classical
theory
of
emotion,our
feelings
are
partially
rooted _______ physical reactions. It
was argued at the end of the 19th century that
humans do
not cry ______they are sad
but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also _______
tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow
_____ muscular
an experiment published
in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.
1
．
[A]among
[B]except
[C]despite
[D]like
2
．
[A]reflect
[B]demand
[C]indicate
[D]produce
3
．
[A]stabilizing
[B]boosting
[C]impairing
[D]determining
4
．
[A]transmit
[B]sustain
[C]evaluate
[D]observe
5
．
[A]measurable
[B]manageable
[C]affordable
[D]renewable
6
．
[A]In turn
[B]In fact
[C]In addition
[D]In brief
7
．
[A]opposite
[B]impossible
[C]average
[D]expected
8
．
[A]hardens
[B]weakens
[C]tightens
[D]relaxes
9
．
[A]aggravate
[B]generate
[C]moderate
[D]enhance
10
．
[A]physical
[B]mentl
[C]subconscious
[D]internal
11
．
[A]Except for
[B]According to
[C]Due to
[D]As
for
12
．
[A]with
[B]on
[C]in
[D]at
13
．
[A]unless
[B]until
C]if
[D]because
14
．
[A]exhausts
[B]follows
[C]precedes
[D]suppresses
15
．
[A]into
[B]from
[C]towards
[D]beyond
16
．
[A]fetch
[B]bite
[C]pick
[D]hold
17
．
[A]disappointe
d
[B]excited
[C]joyful
[D]indifferent
18
．
[A]adapted
[B]catered
[C]turned
[D]reacted
19
．
[A]suggesting
[B]requiring
[C]mentioning
[D]supposing
20
．
[A]Eventually
[B]Consequently
[C]Similarly
[D]Conversely
Section II
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the
following four texts. Answer the questions below
each text by choosing [A], [B],
[C] or
[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40
points)
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91
Text 1
The
decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan
Gilbert as its next music director
has
been
the
talk
of
the
classical-
music
world
ever
since
the
sudden
announcement
of
his
appointment
in
2009.
For
the
most
part,
the
response
has
been
favorable,
to
say
the
least.
“Hooray! At last!”
wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober
-sided
classical-music critic.
One of the
reasons why the appointment came as such a
surprise, however, is that Gilbert
is
comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who
had advocated Gilbert’s appointment
in
the
Times,
calls
him
“an
unpretentious
musician
with
no
air
of
the
formidable
conductor
about
him.” As a description of the next
music director of an orchestra that has hitherto
been led by
musicians like Gustav
Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to
have struck at least some
Times readers
as faint praise.
For my part, I have no
idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even
a good one. To be
sure, he performs an
impressive variety of interesting compositions,
but it is not necessary for
me to visit
Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear
interesting orchestral music. All I have to
do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up
my computer and download still more recorded music
from iTunes.
Devoted
concertgoers who reply that recordings are no
substitute for live performance are
missing
the
point.
For
the
time,
attention,
and
money
of
the
art-loving
public,
classical
instrumentalists must compete not only
with opera houses, dance troupes, theater
companies,
and museums, but also with
the recorded performances of the great classical
musicians of the
20th century. There
recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and
very often much higher in
artistic
quality than today’s live performances; moreover,
they can be “consumed” at a time and
place of the l
istener’s
choosing. The widespread availability of such
recordings has thus brought
about a
crisis in the institution of the traditional
classical concert.
One possible
response is for classical performers to program
attractive new music that is
not
yet
av
ailable
on
record.
Gilbert’s own
interest
in new
music
has
been
widely noted:
Alex
Ross,
a
classical-music
critic,
has
described
him
as
a
man
who
is
capable
of
turning
the
Philharmonic into “a markedly
different, more vibrant organization.” But what
will b
e the nature
of that
difference?
Merely
expanding
the
orchestra’s repertoire
will
not
be
enough.
If
Gilbert
and the Philharmonic
are to succeed, they must first change the
relationship between America’s
oldest
orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s
appointment has
[A]incurred
criticism.
[B]raised suspicion.
[C]received acclaim.
[D]aroused
curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards
Gilbert as an artist who is
[A]influential.
[B]modest.
[C]respectable.
[D]talented.
23. The author
believes that the devoted concertgoers
[A]ignore the expenses of live
performances.
[B]reject most kinds of recorded
performances.
[C]exaggerate the variety
of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of
live performances.
24. According to the
text, which of the following is true of
recordings?
[A]They are often inferior
to live concerts in quality.
[B]They
are easily accessible to the general public.
[C]They help improve the quality of
music.
[D]They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in
revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author
feels
[A]doubtful.
[B]enthusiastic.
[C]confident.
[D]puzzled.
Text
2
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91
When
Liam
McGee
departed
as
president
of
Bank
of
America
in
August,
his
explanation
was surprisingly
straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the
usual vague excuses, he came
right out
and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of
running a company.” Broadcasting his
ambition was “very much my decision,”
McGee says. Within two weeks, he was
talki
ng for the
first
time
with
the
board
of
Hartford
Financial
Services
Group,
which
named
him
CEO
and
chairman on September
29.
McGee says leaving without a
position lined up gave him time to reflect on what
kind of
company
he
wanted
to
run.
It
also
sent
a
clear
message
to
the
outside
world
about
his
aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In
recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and
American
Express quit with the
explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.
As boards scrutinize
succession
plans
in
respon
se
to
shareholder
pressure,
executives
who
don’t
get
the
nod
also
may wish
to move on. A turbulent business environment also
has senior managers cautious of
letting
vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
As the first signs of
recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be
more willing to make
the jump without a
net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down
23% from a year ago as
nervous
boards
stuck
with
the
leaders
they
had,
according
to
Liberum
Research.
As
the
economy
picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring
leaders.
The decision to quit a senior
position to look for a better one is
unconventional. For years
executives
and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the
most attractive CEO candidates
are the
ones who must be poached. S
ays
Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t
think
of a single search I’ve done
where a board has not instructed me to look at
sitting CEOs first.”
Those
who
jumped
without
a
job
haven’t
always
landed
in
top
positions
quickly.
Ellen
Marram quit as chief
of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be
a CEO. It was a year
before she became
head of a tiny Internet-based commodities
exchange. Robert Willumstad left
Citigroup
in
2005
with
ambitions
to
be
a
CEO.
He
finally
took
that
post
at
a
major
financial
institution three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is
fading for top performers. The financial crisis
has
made it more acceptable to be
between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The
traditional rule was it’s
safer to stay
where you are,
but that’s been
fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The
people who’ve been hurt the worst are
those who’ve stayed too long.”
26. When McGee announced his departure,
his manner can best be described as being
[A]arrogant.
[B]frank.
[C]self-centered.
[D]impulsive.
27. According
to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be
spurred by
[A]their
expectation of better financial status.
[B]their need to reflect on
their private life.
[C]their strained
relations with the boards.
[D]their
pursuit of new career goals.
28. The
word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably
means
[A]approved of.
[B]attended to.
[C]hunted for.
[D]guarded against.
29. It
can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A]top performers used to cling to
their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is
getting out-dated.
[C]top performers
care more about reputations.
[D]it’s
safer to stick to the traditional
rules.
30. Which of the
following is the best title for the text?
[A]CEOs: Where to Go?
[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?
[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net
[D]The Only Way
Out for Top Performers
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success
used to be that you got what you paid for. No
longer.
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91
While traditional “paid”
media –
such as television commercials
and print advertisements
–
still
play
a
major
role,
companies
today
can
exploit
many
alternative
forms
of
media.
Consumers
passionate about a
product may create “owned” media by sending
e
-mail alerts about products
and
sales
to
customers
registered
with
its
Web
site.
The
way
consumers
now
approach
the
broad range of factors beyond
conventional paid media.
Paid
and
owned
media
are
controlled
by
marketers
promoting
their
own
products.
For
earned media , such marketers act as
the initiator for users’ respo
nses. But
in some cases, one
marketer’s
owned
media
become
another
marketer’s
paid
media
–
for
instance,
when
an
e-commerce retailer sells ad space on
its Web site. We define such sold media as owned
media
whose traffic is so strong that
other organizations place their content or
e-commerce engines
within
that
environment.
This
trend
,which
we
believe
is
still
in
its
infancy,
effectively
began
with
retailers
and
travel
providers
such
as
airlines
and
hotels
and
will
no
doubt
go
further.
Johnson
&
Johnson, for example,
has
created
BabyCenter,
a
stand-alone media property
that
promotes
complementary
and
even
competitive
products.
Besides
generating
income,
the
presence of other
marketers makes the site seem objective, gives
companies opportunities to
learn
valu
able
information
about
the
appeal
of
other
companies’
marketing,
and
may
help
expand
user traffic for all companies concerned.
The
same
dramatic
technological
changes
that
have
provided
marketers
with
more
(and
more diverse) communications choices
have also increased the risk that passionate
consumers
will voice their opinions in
quicker, more visible, and much more damaging
ways. Such hijacked
media are the
opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign
becomes hostage to consumers,
other
stakeholders,
or
activists
who
make
negative
allegations
about
a
brand
or
product.
Members
of
social
networks,
for
instance,
are
learning
that
they
can
hijack
media
to
apply
pressure on the businesses that
originally created them.
If that
happens, passionate consumers would try to
persuade others to boycott products,
putting
the
reputation
of the target
company
at
risk.
In
such
a
case, the
company’s response
may
not
be
sufficiently
quick
or
thoughtful,
and
the
learning
curve
has
been
steep.
Toyota
Motor, for example, alleviated some of
the damage from its recall crisis earlier this
year with a
relatively quick and well-
orchestrated social-media response campaign, which
included efforts
to engage with
consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and
the social-news site Digg.
ers may
create “earned” media when they are
[A] obscssed with online shopping at
certain Web sites.
[B]
inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to
them.
[C] eager to help
their friends promote quality products.
[D] enthusiastic about recommending
their favorite products.
32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media
feature
[A] a safe business
environment.
[B] random competition.
[C] strong user traffic.
[D]
flexibility in organization.
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3
that earned media
[A] invite constant
conflicts with passionate consumers.
[B] can be used to produce negative
effects in marketing.
[C]
may be responsible for fiercer competition.
[D] deserve all the negative comments
about them.
34. Toyota
Motor’s
experience is cited as an
example of
[A] responding
effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading
customers into boycotting products.
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11 -
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91
[C]
cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking
advantage of hijacked media.
35. Which
of the following is the text mainly about ?
[A] Alternatives to conventional paid
media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned
media.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.
[D]
Popularity of owned media.
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s
insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I
love
My
Children,
I
Hate
My
Life,”
is
arousing
much
chatter
–
nothing
gets
people
talking
like
the
suggestion
that
child
rearing
is
anything
less
than
a
completely
fulfilling,
life-enriching
experience.
Rather
than
concluding
that
children
make
parents
either
happy
or
miserable,
Senior suggests
we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking
of it as something that can
be
measured
by
moment-to-moment
joy,
we
should
consider
being
happy
as
a
past-tense
condition. Even
though the day-to-day experience
of
raising
kids
can
be
soul-crushingly hard,
Senior writes that “the very things
that in the moment dampen our moods can later be
sources
of intense gratification and
delight.”
The magazine cover
showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby
is hardly the only
Madonna-and-child
image
on
newsstands
this
week.
There
are
also
stories
about
newly
adoptive
–
and
newly
single
–
mom
Sandra
Bullock,
as
well
as
the
usual
“Jennifer
Aniston
is
pregnant”
news.
Practically
every
week
features
at
least
one
celebrity
mom,
or
mom-to-
be,
smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently
celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that
admitting you
regret
having
children
is
equivalent
to
admitting
you
support
kitten-
killing
?
It
doesn’t
seem
quite
fair,
then,
to
compare
the
regrets
of
parents
to
the
regrets
of
the
children.
Unhappy
parents rarely are provoked to wonder
if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy
childless
folks are bothered with the
message that children are the single most
important thing in the
world: obviously
their misery must be a direct result of the gaping
baby-size holes in their lives.
Of
course,
the
image
of
parenthood
that
celebrity
magazines
like
Us
Weekly
and
People
present
is
hugely
unrealistic,
especially
when
the
parents
are
single
mothers
like
Bullock.
According
to
several
studies
concluding
that
parents
are
less
happy
than
childless
couples,
single parents are the least happy of
all. No shock there, considering how much work it
is to
raise a kid without a partner to
lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,
raising a kid on
their “own” (read:
with round
-the-clock help) is a piece
of cake.
It’s
hard
to
imagine
that
many
people
are
dumb
enough
to
want
children
just
because
Reese
and
Angelina
make
it
look
so
glamorous:
most
adults
understand
that
a
baby
is
not
a
haircut.
But
it’s
interesting
to
wonder
if
the
images
we
see
every
week
of
stress
-free,
happiness-
enhancing
parenthood
aren’t
in
some
small,
subconscious
way
contributing
to
our
own dissatisfactions
with the actual experience, in the same way that a
small part of us hoped
getting “ the
Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like
Jennifer Aniston.
er Senior
suggests in her article that raising a child can
bring
[A]temporary delight
[B]enjoyment in
progress
[C]happiness in retrospect
[D]lasting reward
learn
from Paragraph 2 that
[A]celebrity moms
are a permanent source for gossip.
[B]single mothers with babies deserve
greater attention.
[C]news about
pregnant celebrities is entertaining.
[D]having children is highly valued by
the public.
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/
91
is suggested in
Paragraph 3 that childless folks
[A]are
constantly exposed to criticism.
[B]are largely ignored by the media.
[C]fail to fulfill their social
responsibilities.
[D]are less
likely to be satisfied with their life.
ing to Paragraph 4, the message
conveyed by celebrity magazines is
[A]soothing
.[B]ambiguous.
[C]compensatory.
[D]misleading.
of the
following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A]Having children contributes little
to the glamour of celebrity moms.
[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our
attitude towards child rearing.
[C]Having children intensifies our
dissatisfaction with life.
[D]We
sometimes neglect the happiness from child
rearing.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraph are
given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you
are required
to reorganize these
paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from
the list A-G to filling them
into the
numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been
correctly placed. Mark your answers
on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A]
No
disciplines
have
seized
on
professionalism
with
as
much
enthusiasm
as
the
humanities.
You
can,
Mr
Menand
points
out,
became
a
lawyer
in
three
years
and
a
medical
doctor in four. But the regular time it
takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities
is nine
years. Not surprisingly, up to
half of all doctoral students in English drop out
before getting their
degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the
humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and
so on.
These are disciplines that are
going out of style: 22% of American college
graduates now major
in
business
compared
with
only
2%
in
history
and
4%
in
English.
However,
many
leading
American
universities want their undergraduates to have a
grounding in the basic canon of ideas
that every educated person should
posses. But most find it difficult to agree on
what a “general
education” should look
like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great
books are read bec
ause
they
have been read”
-they form a sort of
social glue.
[C]
Equally
unsurprisingly,
only
about
half
end
up
with
professorships
for
which
they
entered
graduate
school.
There
are
simply
too
few
posts.
This
is
partly
because
universities
continue to
produce ever
more
PhDs.
But fewer
students
want
to
study
humanities
subjects:
English departments awarded more
bachelor’s degrees in 1970
-71 than they
did 20 years later.
Fewer
students
requires
fewer
teachers.
So,
at
the
end
of
a
decade
of
theses-
writing,
many
humanities
students leave the profession to do something for
which they have not been trained.
[D]
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such
courses is that they can cut across
the
insistence
by
top
American
universities
that
liberal-arts
educations
and
professional
education
should be kept separate, taught in different
schools. Many students experience both
varieties.
Although
more
than
half
of
Harvard
undergraduates
end
up
in
law,
medicine
or
business,
future
doctors
and
lawyers
must
study
a
non-
specialist
liberal-arts
degree
before
embarking on a professional
qualification.
[E] Besides
professionalizing the professions by this
separation, top American universities
have
professionalised
the
professor.
The
growth
in
public
money
for
academic
research
has
speeded the process:
federal research grants rose fourfold between
1960and 1990, but faculty
teaching
hours fell by half as research took its toll.
Professionalism has turned the acquisition of
a doctoral degree into a prerequisite
for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a
third of
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/
91
American professors
did
not
possess
one.
But
the
key
idea
behind professionalisation,
argues
Mr
Menand,
is
that
“the
knowledge
and
skills
needed
for
a
particular
specialization
are
transmissible
but
not
transferab
le.”So
disciplines
acquire
a
monopoly
not
just
over
the
production of knowledge, but also over
the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F]
The
key to
reforming
higher
education,
concludes
Mr
Menand,
is
to
alter
the
way
in
which “the
producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,
academics will continue to think
dangerously
alike,
increasingly
detached
from
the
societies
which
they
study,
investigate
and
criticize.”
Academic
inquiry,
at
least
in
some fields,
may need
to become
less
exclusionary
and
mor
e
holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand
dose not say.
[G] The subtle
and intelligent little book The Marketplace of
Ideas: Reform and Resistance
in
the
American
University
should
be
read
by
every
student
thinking
of
applying
to
take
a
doctoral
degree.
They
may
then
decide
to
go
elsewhere.
For
something
curious
has
been
happening
in
American
Universities,
and
Louis
Menand,
a
professor
of
English
at
Harvard
University, captured
it skillfully.
G
→
41.
→
42.
→
E
→
43.
→
44.
→
45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the
following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segments into Chinese.
Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER
SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme
that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our
inner character and outer
circumstances,
the
book
As
a
Man
Thinking
by
James
Allen
is
an
in-depth
exploration
of
the
central idea of self-
help writing.
(46) Allen’s contribution
was to take an assumption we all
share
-that because we are not
robots we therefore control our
thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because
most of us
believe
that
mind
is
separate
from
matter,
we
think
that
thoughts
can
be
hidden
and
made
powerless; this allows us to think one
way and act another. However, Allen believed that
the
unconscious mind generates as much
action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we
may be
able
to
sustain
the
illusion
of
control
through
the
conscious
mind
alone,
in
reality
we
are
continually faced with a question: “Why
cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?
”
Since
desire
and
will
are
damaged
by the
presence
of
thoughts
that
do
not
accord
with
desire,
Allen
concluded :
“
We
do not
attract
what
we
want,
but
what we
are.”
Achievement
happens because you as a
person embody the external achievement; you don’t
“ get
”
success
but become it. There is no gap between
mind and matter.
Part of the fame of
Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances
do not make a person,
they
reveal
him.”
(48)
This
seems
a
justification
for
neglect
of
those
in
need,
and
a
rationalization of
exploitation, of the superiority of those at the
top and the inferiority of those
at the
bottom.
This
,however,
would
be
a
knee-jerk
reaction
to
a
subtle
argument.
Each
set
of
circumstances,
however
bad,
offers
a
unique
opportunity for
growth.
If
circumstances
always
determined the life and prospects of
people, then humanity would never have progressed.
In fat,
(49)circumstances seem to be
designed to bring out the best in us and if we
feel that we have
been
“wronged”
then
we
are
unlikely
to
begin
a
conscious
e
ffort
to
escape
from
our
situation .Nevertheless,
as
any
biographer
knows,
a
person’s
early
life
and
its
conditions
are
often the greatest gift
to an individual.
The sobering aspect
of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to
blame for our present
- 14 -
/
91
condition
except
ourselves.
(50)
The
upside
is
the
possibilities
contained
in
knowing
that
everything
is
up
to
us;
where
before
we
were
experts
in
the
array
of
limitations,
now
we
become authorities of
what is possible.
Section
Ⅲ
Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend
of yours to
1) recommend one of your
favorite movies and
2) give reasons for
your recommendation
Your should write
about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do
not sign your own name at the end of the leter.
User “LI MING” instead.
Do
not writer the address.(10 points)
Part
B
52. Directions:
Write
an
essay
of
160---200
words
based
on
the
following
drawing.
In
your
essay,
you
should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain it’s intended meaning,
and
3) give your comments.
Your should write neatly on ANSWER
SHEET 2. (20 points)
- 15 -
/
91
附阅读
Part
A
翻译：
译文
1
2
009
年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦?吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到
现在，这次任命都成
为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如
冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼?托姆西尼就
这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。
然而，
这次任命还是令人意外。
原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。
就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的
托姆西
尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。作为对这个很
牛的管弦乐队（牛的表现：到
目前为止一直被牛人领导着）
下一
任指挥家的描述，
这种描述跟虚浮的赞扬一样，
确实会令至少一
部分泰晤士报
的读者觉得愕然不解（让他们觉得不可思议）
。<
/p>
就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，
甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。
可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深
刻的有趣的乐曲。
然而，我不需要访问
Avery
Fisher Hall
（可能是纽
约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔
伯特表演之所）
，或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。
（作者
意思是，不需要听吉尔
伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。
）我
所做的，只需要到我的
CD
棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从
ITUNES
上就
16
/
91
可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。
<
/p>
对于唱片，那些专门参加音乐会的人会说，现场表演是不可替代的。他们显然忽视了一个要
点。为了替音乐
爱好者节省时间、精力、金钱考虑，古典乐曲表演表不仅要在各种表演场
所进行竞争，还要在记录这些行为的媒
介上竞争。记在唱片上的表演比现场表演更便宜，
更易得，甚至质量更好。而且它们的消费时间地点可以任由听
者选择。因此，这种唱片的
广泛应用，给传统音乐会带来了生存危机。
一个可能的应对方
式
（解决办法）
是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从唱片上听不
到的曲子。
吉尔伯特在新
音乐方面投入了自己的兴趣，
这已广被人知：
如古典音乐评论家罗斯就把吉尔伯特描述成一个可以扭转
交响乐方
向的人，认为他把交响乐带进了一个明显不同的更有活力的天地。但是，这种“
不同”的实质是什么呢？仅仅扩
展交响乐的节目是不够的。
吉尔
伯特和交响乐要想取得成功，
必须首先改变美国旧的管弦乐和它们想吸引的新的
听众之间的关系。
译文
2
当
列姆?麦克杰八月份从美国银行任上离职时，他的解释确实令人意外。与通常会用的模糊理由不同的是，
他直率地说，
他离开是为了找一家公司当管理者，
而那是他一向就有的追求。
他说，
作出这一选择纯属个人原因
。
两周之内，他与哈佛财务服务集团的董事会实现了首次会谈，这一集团在
9
月
29
日聘他担任
CEO
。
麦克杰说
，
他离开时并没有确定的目标，
这使他得以思考自己究竟想管理
什么样的公司。
这同时也可以让他
向外界展示自己的魄力。无独
有偶（并不只有他才有这种雄心）
。最近几周，雅芳公司和美国联邦快递公司的第
二执行官都离开自己的公司，他们的解释都是想当
CEO
。由于股东施压，董事会需要审查继承人方案，还没有被
准许离开的这几位执
行官肯定希望事情早点出来结果。
商业环境复杂异常，
这使得高
级经理人员不愿用模糊的声
明来损害自己的名声。
随着经济开始出现复苏的迹象，这些希望离任者可能在还没有找到下家时就跳槽。根据“登记册”研 究机构
的报告，在第三季度，
CEO
营
业额从一年前开始下降了
23%
，把那些紧跟在这些领导人身后
的董事会也弄得神经
兮兮。由于经济复苏，那些有抱负的领导人将大有机会。
放弃高级职位去寻找更好的职位，这种决定是非同寻常的，过去可不常见
。多年来，执行官和猎头们都坚持
认为，最好的
CEO
候选人需要去挖别人的墙角才能得到（而不是那些主动离开原岗位的人）
。某某猎头说，当董
事会还没有委托我先去找一个还在任上的
C
EO
时，我不能去考虑那些我在网上一搜就有的人。
那些没有工作去向就跳槽的人不会总是很快找到理想岗位。十年前爱伦?马拉姆从
T
公司领导人的位子上退
下，
也是为了当一个
CEO
。
一年前她才成
为一家小型电子交易所的领导人。
罗伯特在
2005
年为了当
CEO
而离开，
他最终在一家重要的财务机构找到这种工作是在三年之后。
许
多招聘人表示，
对于那些最好的演员来说，
旧的耻辱正在淡忘。
财务危机使得在两个工作机会之间进行选
择或者离开更坏的工作
这样的行为变得可以接受。
“传统规则是，最好呆在你原来的地方，但现在这种规则被从
根本上颠覆了。
”
< br>一个猎头说，
“在一个地方呆得越久，就越容易受损。
”
译文
3
在
过去，销售成功的基本法则是：种瓜得瓜，一分耕耘一分收获。现在不同了。传统的付出方式（媒介，指
企业付钱给电视台做广告或者报社做报刊广告）
——电视购物和印刷广告
——虽然仍占主要地位，
但是现在的企
业可以开发出更多的替代
这些媒介的形式。
对产品有热情的用户可能通过给在自己网站上注册的顾客发关于产品<
/p>
和商品的电邮的提醒，
来建立自己的媒介。
这样用户现在接近了广阔的媒介因素，
这些因素超越了传统的付费媒
< br>介。
付费并占有的媒介，是被想促销自己产品的商人控
制的。而对于白捡的媒介（免费的媒介报道）而言，这种
商人的角色仅是作为响应用户需
求的第一环（直接面对用户的不是他们）
。但是在一些案例中，一个商人拥有的
媒介成为另一个商人的付费媒介
（但有时候，
促
销产品的商人也直接面对用户，
即把别人占有的媒介暂时变成自
己占有的媒介）
。例如，当一个电子商务零售商在自己的网站上出售广告空间时，就是如
此。我们把这种出售的
媒介定义为拥有的媒介。这种（出售空间式的）拥有的媒介是如此
强大普遍，以致于其他团体把他们的希望（满
意；内容；电子商务发动机）寄托在这种环
境中。这种（寄托）趋势虽然依然在婴儿期，但我们相信这种从零售
商和旅行提供商（如
航空公司、旅馆）有效起步的趋势会越来越强劲。例如强生建立了一个婴儿中心，这是一种
杰出的媒介资产，可用于推销提升配套产品，包括那些有竞争力的产品。除了带来利润，除了由于其他商人的到
场可以使这个地方显得客观可信，
以及给各个公司有机会了解有
关其他公司需求的有价值的信息，
还能有利于拓
展所有公司都关
心的用户交易。
17
/
91
这类戏剧性的技术革新给商人带来数量越来越多
（种类也越来越多）
的通信机会的同时，
也同样
会提高风险。
因为热情的用户会更快、更形象、更有破坏力地表达自己的反对，这种被绑
架的媒介，与上述的免费利用的媒介
背道而驰（不是商人所希望出现的）
。此时，媒介就像人质一样，成为敌人可用的财产或者发起的一次行动（敌
人有
用户、其他竞争对手、对某商标或产品向来没有好话的社会活动家）
。例如，社会网络中
的成员正在意识到
他们可以绑架媒介，来对建立媒介的那些商人施加压力。
如果这种事情发生了，热情的用户就会努力劝说其他人抵制产品，使得目标
公司声名处于危险之中。此时，
公司的反应往往不会足够快，
也
不会足够理性，
学习曲线将会变得很陡
（学习曲线是表示单位产
品生产时间与所
生产的产品总数量之间的关系的一条曲线。一般情况下，产品总量越大，
单个产品生产时间越短。也可以表示工
人一定时间所犯错误数量与练习时间的关系，
一般练习时间越长，
单位时间内错误越少。
这里的曲线陡时大约表
示相同产量规模下，
现在比原来单个产品
所消耗的资源更多，
或者说相同练习程度下，
一定时间错误更多
。
总之，
是比原来更糟糕了）
。例如丰
田汽车，今年早些时候通过相对来说较快和精心策划的行动从车辆召回危机中把损
尽量降
下来，丰田的行动包括努力请用户进土威特这样的地方，挖掘社会新闻的利用等等。
译文
4
毫
无疑问，作为有煸动性的杂志封面故事，詹尼弗西尼尔的深刻见解——“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我目前
的生活状况”——可以唤起人们的谈兴。可是，人们不会想到，养孩子可不是一件完全令人愉悦、
生活充实的事
情。西尼尔并没有简单地说，孩子使得父母既快乐又痛苦。她建议，我们需
要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该像过去
那样被定义为由一个个瞬间的快乐组合而成的东西；
我们应该把幸福视为一种过去的状态。
尽管抚养孩子的日子
漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是西尼尔认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却给我们带来由
衷的欣喜。
杂志封面上一位有魅力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿
，
这种圣母与圣子的图画这周在报摊上可不止西尼尔这一
起。<
/p>
例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲——有时是刚变成单身母亲的人——桑德拉布鲁克，
以及那种很常见
的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了”的新闻。实际上，
每周都有至少一位名流母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者。
在一个坚持不懈地倡导生育的社会中，
承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己赞同谋杀
宠物猫，
这难道不
值得反思吗？把父母亲的后悔与孩子的后悔相
提并论
（可能指把作为孩子家长的那种辛苦产生的悔恨理解为根源
出在孩子身上，从而产生关于生下孩子的后悔）
，这显然并不合理。
< br>（因此）不情愿养孩子的父母很少会反思自己
是否应该养育孩子。
但是那不幸福的无孩子的人却为类似
“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”
这样的信息所烦恼。
显然，他们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除
。
当然，在美国周刊与人这样的杂志上所提供的“社会名流父
母亲”现象是不切实际的。特别是当“父母亲”
是布鲁克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。<
/p>
多项研究表明，
有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，
而单亲家庭
中的家长烦愁尤甚。这并不奇怪，因为一个人养一个孩子
实在太麻烦了。然而，你看看桑德拉和布列尼说的话：
自己“一个人”养孩子，其实非常
简单。
（她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围人全天候的帮助下养着孩子
的。
）
当然，
要说很多人傻头傻脑地生育孩子，
只是因为里斯和安格丽娜这种名流使这
种行为看上去显得诱人，
这
也是不可能的——多数成年人其实理
解：
养孩子可不是像做个发型那么简单。
但是这确实是一件很有
趣的值得反
思的事情：我们每周看的“轻松快乐做父母”的杂志封面，并不是通过潜意识
的方式里让我们对（没有孩子的）
现实经历不满，
而是这些图片
在潜意识中让我们有那种想成为雷切尔的心理，
但实际上却使得我们看上去有点像
詹尼弗亚尼斯顿。
（大约指雷切尔养孩子显得潇洒，而詹尼弗生养孩子
显得狼狈。
）
2010
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I
Use of
English
Directions:
In 1924
America's National Research Council sent two
engineers to supervise a series of industrial
experiments at a large telephone-parts
factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.
It hoped they
would
learn
how
stop-floor
lighting
1
workers'
productivity.
Instead,
the
studies
ended
2
giving
their
name
to
the
effect
the
extremely
influential
idea
that
the
very
3
to
being
experimented upon changed subjects'
behavior.
18
/
91
The idea arose because of the
4
behavior of the
women in the Hawthorne plant. According to
5
of
the
experiments,
their
hourly
output
rose
when
lighting
was
increased,
but
also
when
it
was
dimmed. It did not
6
what was done
in the experiment;
7
something was changed,
productivity rose.
A(n)
8
that
they
were
being
experimented
upon
seemed
to
be
9
to
alter
workers'
behavior
10
itself.
After
several
decades,
the
same
data
were
11
to
econometric
the
analysis.
Hawthorne
experiments has
another surprise store
12
the
descriptions on record, no systematic
13
was found
that levels of productivity were
related to changes in lighting.
It
turns out that peculiar way of conducting the
experiments may be have let to
14
interpretation
of what happed.
15
, lighting was always
changed on a Sunday. When work started again on
Monday,
output
16
rose compared with the
previous Saturday and
17
to rise for the
next couple of days.
18
, a
comparison with data for weeks when there was no
experimentation showed that output always
went up on Monday, workers
19
to be diligent
for the first few days of the week in any case,
before
20
a
plateau and then slackening off. This suggests
that the alleged
down.
1.
[A] affected
[B] achieved
[C] extracted
[
D] restored
2.
[A] at
[B] up
[C] with [D] off
[C]
mischievous
[D] ambiguous
3.
[A] truth
[
B]
sight [C] act
[D] proof
4.
[A] controversial [B] perplexing
5.
[A] requirements
[
B] explanations
[C] accounts [D] assessments
6.
[A] conclude [B] matter
[C] indicate
[D] work
7.
[A] as far as
[B] for fear that
[C] in
case that
[D] so long as
8.
[A] awareness
10. [A] about
[B] expectation
[C]
sentiment
[D] illusion
9.
[A] suitable
[B] excessive
[C] enough
[D] abundant
[B]
for
[C] on
[D] by
[B] shown
[C] subjected
[D] conveyed
11. [A]
compared
12. [A] contrary to
[B] consistent with
[C]
parallel with
[D] peculiar to
13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C]
implication
[D] source
14.
[A] disputable
15. [A] In contrast
[B] enlightening
[C]
reliable
[D] misleading
[B]
For example
[C] In consequence
[D] As usual
19
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91
16. [A] duly
[B] accidentally
[C]
unpredictably
[
D] suddenly
17. [A] failed
[B] ceased
[C] started
[D] continued
[D] hitting
20. [A] breaking
[B] climbing
[C] surpassing
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer
the questions below each text by choosing [A],
[B], [C] or [D].
Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of
all
the
changes
that
have
taken
place
in
English-language
newspapers
during
the
past
quarter-century,
perhaps
the
most
far-
reaching
has
been
the
inexorable
decline
in
the
scope
and
seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the
point of impossibility for the average reader
under the age of forty to imagine a
time
when
high-
quality
arts
criticism
could
be
found
in
most
big-city
newspapers.
Yet
a
considerable
number of the
most significant collections of criticism
published in the 20th century consisted in large
part of newspaper reviews. To read such
books today is to marvel at the fact that their
learned contents
were once deemed
suitable for publication in general-circulation
dailies.
We
are
even
farther
removed
from
the
unfocused
newspaper
reviews
published
in
England
between
the
turn
of
the
20th
century
and
the
eve
of
World
War
II,
at
a
time
when
newsprint
was
dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism
was considered an ornament to the publications in
which it appeared.
In those far-off
days, it was taken for granted that the critics of
major papers would write in detail and at
length
about
the
events
they
covered.
Theirs
was
a
serious
business,
and
even
those
reviewers
who
wore
their
learning
lightly,
like
George
Bernard
Shaw
and
Ernest
Newman,
could
be
trusted
to
know
what they
were about. These men believed in journalism as a
calling, and were proud to be published in
the
daily press. “So few
authors have brains enough or literary gift enough
to keep their own end up in
journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am
tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of
contempt applied by
writers who are not
read to writers who are.’”
Unfortunately, these
critics
are
virtually
forgotten. Neville
Cardus,
who wrote
for
the
Manchester
Guardian from
1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is
now known solely as a writer of essays on
the game of cricket. During his
lifetime, though, he was a
lso one of
England’s foremost classical
-music
critics, a stylist so widely admired
that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-
seller. He was knighted in
1967, the
first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one
of his books is now in print, and his vast body
of writings on music is unknown save to
specialists.
Is
there
any
chance
that
Cardus’s
criticism
will
enjoy
a
revival?
The
prospect
seems
remote.
Journalistic tastes
had
changed
long
before
his death,
and
postmodern readers
have
little use for
the
richly upholstered
Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.
Moreover, the amateur tradition in music
criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and
2 that
[A] arts criticism has
disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to
carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-
quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability
of criticism on dailies.
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22.
Newspaper reviews in England before World War II
were characterized by
[A] free themes.
[B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout.
[D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw
and Newman most probably agree on?
[A]
It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic
goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be
journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to
be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all
writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus
according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal
to readers today.
[B] His reputation as
a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern
specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the
amateur tradition.
25. What would be
the best title for the text?
[A]
Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D]
Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over
the
past
decade,
thousands
of
patents
have
been
granted
for
what
are
called
business
methods.
received
one
for
its
online
payment
system. Merrill
Lynch
got
legal
protection for an asset allocation
strategy. One inventor patented a technique for
lifting a box.
Now
the
nation's
top
patent
court
appears
completely
ready
to
scale
back
on
business-
method
patents, which have been
controversial ever since they were first
authorized 10 years ago. In a move that
has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz
the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit
said it would use
a
particular
case
to
conduct
a
broad
review
of
business-method
patents.
In
re
Bilski,
as
the
case
is
known , is
potential to eliminate an entire class
of patents.
Curbs on business-method
claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it
was the federal circuit
itself
that
introduced
such
patents
with
is
1998
decision
in
the
so-called
state
Street
Bank
case,
approving
a
patent
on
a
way
of
pooling
mutual-fund
assets.
That
ruling
produced
an
explosion
in
business-method
patent
filings,
initially
by
emerging
internet
companies
trying
to
stake
out
exclusive
rights
to
specific
types
of
online
transactions.
Later,
move
established
companies
raced
to
add
such
patents to their files,
if only as a defensive move against rivals that
might beat them to the punch. In
2005,
IBM noted in a court filing that it had been
issued more than 300 business-method patents
despite
the fact that it questioned the
legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some
Wall Street investment films
armed
themselves
with
patents
for
financial
products,
even
as
they
took
positions
in
court
cases
opposing the practice.
The
Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method
for hedging risk in the energy market. The
Federal
circuit
issued
an
unusual
order
stating
that
the
case
would
be
heard
by
all
12
of
the
court's
judges, rather than a typical panel of
three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is
whether it should
The
Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a
series of recent decisions by the supreme Court
that
has
narrowed
the
scope
of
protections
for
patent
holders.
Last
April,
for
example
the
justices
signaled that too
many patents were being upheld for
Federal circuit are
patent
attorney and professor at George Washington
University Law School.
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91
26. Business-method
patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to business
[B]
their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their
granting
[D] the controversy over
authorization
27. Which of the
following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court
decisions
[B] It involves a
very big business transaction
[C] It
has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
[D] It may change the legal
practices in the U.S.
28. The word
[A] loss of good will
[B] increase of
hostility
[C] change of attitude
[D]
enhancement of dignity
29. We learn
from the last two paragraphs that business-method
patents
[A] are immune to legal
challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily
issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent
holders
[D] increase
the incidence of risks
30. Which of the
following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method
patents[B] Protection for business-method patent
holders
[C] A legal case regarding
business-method patents
[D] A
prevailing trend against business-method patents
Text 3
In
his
book
The
Tipping
Point, Malcolm
Gladwell
argues that
social
epidemics
are driven
in
large
part by
the acting of a tiny minority of special
individuals, often called influentials, who are
unusually
informed, persuasive,
or
well-connected.
The
idea
is
intuitively
compelling, but
it doesn't
explain how
ideas actually spread.
The
supposed
importance
of
influentials
derives
from
a
plausible
sounding
but
largely
untested
theory
called
the
step
flow
of
communication
Information
flows
from
the
media
to
the
influentials
and
from
them
to
everyone
else.
Marketers
have
embraced
the
two-
step
flow
because
it
suggests that if they can
just find and influence the influentials, those
selected people will do most of the
work for them. The theory also seems to
explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of
certain looks,
brands, or
neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory
search for causes finds that some small group
of
people
was
wearing,
promoting,
or
developing
whatever
it
is
before
anyone
else
paid
attention.
Anecdotal
evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea
that only certain special people can drive trends
In
their
recent
work,
however,
some
researchers
have
come
up
with
the
finding
that
influentials
have
far
less
impact
on
social
epidemics
than
is
generally
supposed.
In
fact,
they
don't
seem
to
be
required of all.
The
researchers'
argument
stems
from
a
simple
observing
about
social
influence,
with
the
exception
of
a
few
celebrities
like
Oprah
Winfrey
—
whose
outsize
presence
is
primarily
a
function
of
media,
not
interpersonal,
influence
—
even
the
most
influential
members
of
a
population
simply
don't
interact with that many others. Yet it
is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who,
according to the
two-step-flow theory,
are supposed to drive social epidemics by
influencing their friends and colleagues
directly. For a social epidemic to
occur, however, each person so affected, must then
influence his or her
own
acquaintances,
who
must
in
turn
influence
theirs,
and
so
on;
and
just
how
many
others
pay
attention to each of these people has
little to do with the initial influential. If
people in the network just
two degrees
removed from the initial influential prove
resistant, for example from the initial
influential
prove resistant, for
example the cascade of change won't propagate very
far or affect many people.
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91
Building on
the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the
researchers studied the dynamics of
populations
manipulating
a
number
of
variables
relating
of
populations,
manipulating
a
number
of
variables relating to people's ability
to influence others and their tendency to be
influenced. Our work
shows that the
principal requirement for what we call
–
the widespread propagation
of
influence through networks
–
is the presence not of a
few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass
of
easily influenced people, each of
whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being
exposed to a single
adopting
neighbor.
Regardless
of
how
influential
an
individual
is
locally,
he
or
she
can
exert
global
influence only if
this critical mass is available to propagate a
chain reaction.
31. By citing the book
The Tipping Point, the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social
epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in
spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people's
intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential
characteristics of influentials.
32.
The author suggests that the
[A] serves
as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped
explain certain prevalent trends
[C]
has won support from influentials[D] requires
solid evidence for its validity
33.
What the researchers have observed recently shows
that
[A] the power of influence goes
with social interactions
[B]
interpersonal links can be enhanced through the
media
[C] influentials have more
channels to reach the public
[D] most
celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34. The underlined phrase
[A] stay outside the network of social
influence[B] have little contact with the source
of influence
[C] are influenced and
then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial
influential
35. what is the essential
element in the dynamics of social influence?
[A] The eagerness to be accepted
[B] The impulse to influence others
[C] The readiness to be influenced
[D] The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been
blaming themselves for their troubles in
public. Behind the scenes, they have
been taking
aim
at
someone
else:
the
accounting
standard-
setters.
Their
rules,
moan the banks,
have
forced them to report enormous losses,
and it's just not fair. These rules say they must
value some assets
at the price a third
party would pay, not the price managers and
regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now
seems to be working. The details may be
unknowable, but the
independence
of
standard-setters,
essential
to
the
proper
functioning
of
capital
markets,
is
being
compromised.
And,
unless
banks
carry
toxic
assets
at
prices
that
attract
buyers,
reviving
the
banking
system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with
Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB)
rushed through rule
changes. These gave banks more freedom to use
models to value illiquid assets and
more flexibility in recognizing losses
on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob
Herz, the FASB's
chairman,
cried
out against those
who
our
motives.
Yet
bank
shares
rose
and
the
changes
enhance what one
lobby group politely calls
European
ministers instantly demanded that the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
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91
do likewise. The IASB says it does not
want to act without overall planning, but the
pressure to fold when
it
completes
it
reconstruction
of
rules
later
this
year
is
strong.
Charlie
McCreevy,
a
European
commissioner, warned the IASB that it
did
Europe could yet develop different
rules.
It was banks that were on the
wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued
assets. Today they
argue
that
market
prices
overstate
losses,
because
they
largely
reflect
the
temporary
illiquidity
of
markets, not the likely
extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known
for years. But bank's shares trade
below
their
book
value,
suggesting
that
investors
are
skeptical.
And
dead
markets
partly
reflect
the
paralysis of banks which
will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,
yet are reluctant to buy all those
supposed bargains.
To get
the system working again, losses must be
recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to
buy
up
toxic
assets
will
not
work
unless
banks
mark
assets
to
levels
which
buyers
find
attractive.
Successful
markets require independent and even combative
standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have
been exactly that, cleaning up rules on
stock options and pensions, for example, against
hostility from
special interests. But
by giving in to critics now they are inviting
pressure to make more concessions.
36.
Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation
rules
[B] collect payments from
third parties
[C] cooperate with the
price managers
[D]
reevaluate some of their assets.
37.
According to the author , the rule changes of the
FASB may result in
[A] the diminishing
role of management
[B] the revival of the banking system
[C] the banks' long-term asset losses
[D] the weakening of its
independence
38. According to Paragraph
4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to
[A] keep away from political
influences.
[B] evade the
pressure from their peers.
[C] act on
their own in rule-setting.
[D]
take gradual measures in reform.
39.
The author thinks the banks were
[A]
misinterpreted market price indicators
[B] exaggerated
the real value of their assets
[C]
neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D] denied booking losses
in their sale of assets.
40. The
author's attitude towards standard-setters is one
of
[A] satisfaction.
[B] skepticism.
[C] objectiveness
[D] sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions
41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from
the list A-G and fill them into the
numbered boxes to form a coherent text.
Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is
one paragraph
which does not fit in
with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.
(10 points)
[A]
The
first
and
more
important
is
the
consumer's
growing
preference
for
eating
out;
the
consumption
of
food
and
drink
in
places
other
than
homes
has
risen
from
about
32
percent
of
total
consumption
in
1995
to
35
percent
in
2000
and
is
expected
to
approach
38
percent
by
2005.
This
development
is
boosting
wholesale
demand
from
the
food
service
segment
by
4
to
5
percent
a
year
across Europe, compared
with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.
Meanwhile, as the recession is
looming
large, people are getting anxious. They tend to
keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider
eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in
Europe's largest markets are at a standstill,
leaving European
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91
grocery retailers hungry
for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers
have already tried e-commerce,
with
limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost
all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity
in their own backyard: the wholesale
food and drink trade, which appears to be just the
kind of market
retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a
change in the overall structure of the food and
drink market?
Definitely not. The
functioning of the market is based on flexible
trends dominated by potential buyers.
In
other
words,
it
is
up
to
the
buyer,
rather
than
the
seller,
to
decide
what
to
buy .At
any
rate,
this
change
will
ultimately
be
acclaimed
by
an
ever-growing
number
of
both
domestic
and
international
consumers, regardless of how long the
current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to
be a market in which big retailers could
profitably apply their scale,
existing
infrastructure and proven skills in the management
of product ranges, logistics, and marketing
intelligence.
Retailers
that
master
the
intricacies
of
wholesaling
in
Europe
may
well
expect
to
rake
in
substantial profits
thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a
whole. Closer inspection reveals important
differences
among the
biggest
national
markets,
especially
in their
customer
segments
and
wholesale
structures, as
well as the competitive dynamics of individual
food and drink categories. Big retailers must
understand these differences before
they can identify the segments of European
wholesaling in which
their
particular
abilities
might
unseat
smaller
but
entrenched
competitors.
New
skills
and
unfamiliar
business models
are needed too.
[E]
Despite
variations
in
detail,
wholesale
markets
in
the
countries
that
have
been
closely
examined
—
France,
Germany,
Italy,
and
Spain
—
are
made
out
of
the
same
building
blocks.
Demand
comes
mainly
from
two
sources:
independent
mom-and-pop
grocery
stores
which,
unlike
large
retail
chains, are two small to buy straight
from producers, and food service operators that
cater to consumers
when
they
don't
eat
at
home.
Such
food
service
operators
range
from
snack
machines
to
large
institutional catering ventures, but
most of these businesses are known in the trade as
restaurants,
and
cafes.
Overall,
Europe's
wholesale
market
for
food
and
drink
is
growing
at
the
same
sluggish pace as the
retail market, but the figures, when added
together, mask two opposing trends.
[F]
For
example,
wholesale
food
and
drink
sales
come
to
$$268
billion
in
France,
Germany,
Italy,
Spain, and the United
Kingdom in 2000
—
more than 40
percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall
margins are higher in wholesale than in
retail; wholesale demand from the food service
sector is growing
quickly
as
more
Europeans
eat
out
more
often;
and
changes
in
the
competitive
dynamics
of
this
fragmented industry are at last making
it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements
should deter large retailers (and even some large
good
producers
and
existing
wholesalers)
from
trying
their
hand,
for
those
that
master
the
intricacies
of
wholesaling in Europe stand to reap
considerable gains.
41
→
42
→
43
→
44
→
E
→
45
Part C
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation should be
written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
One
basic
weakness
in
a
conservation
system
based
wholly
on
economic
motives
is
that
most
members of the land community have no
economic value. Yet these creatures are members of
the biotic
community and, if its
stability depends on its integrity, they are
entitled to continuance.
When one of
these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if
we happen to love it .We invert
excuses
to
give
it
economic
importance.
At
the
beginning
of
century
songbirds
were
supposed
to
be
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91
disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to
the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to
the effect that
insects would eat us up
if birds failed to control them. the evidence had
to be economic in order to be
valid.
It is painful to read these round about
accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47)
but we have
at
least
drawn
near
the
point
of
admitting
that
birds
should
continue
as
a
matter
of
intrinsic
right,
regardless of the presence or absence
of economic advantage to us.
A
parallel
situation
exists
in
respect
of
predatory
mammals
and
fish-
eating
birds.
(48)
Time
was
when
biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that
these creatures preserve the health of game
by killing the physically weak, or that
they prey only on
Some species of tree
have been read out of the party by economics-
minded foresters because they
grow too
slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as
timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is
ecologically
more
advanced,
the
non-commercial
tree
species
are
recognized
as
members
of
native
forest community, to be preserved as
such, within reason.
To sum up: a
system of conservation based solely on economic
self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.
(50) It tends to ignore, and thus
eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land
community that lack
commercial value,
but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
It assumes, falsely, I think, that the
economic parts of the biotic clock will
function without the uneconomic parts.
Section
Ⅲ
Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You
are
supposed
to
write
for
the
postgraduate
association
a
notice
to
recruit
volunteers
for
an
international conference on
globalization, you should conclude the basic
qualification of applicant and
the
other information you think relative.
You
should
write
about
100
words.
Do
not
sign
your
own
name
at
the
end
of
the
letter.
Use
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an
essay of 160-200 words based on the following
drawing. In your essay, you should
1)
describe the drawing briefly,
2)
explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You
should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20
points)
2010
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
试题答案
Section I: Use of
English (10 points)
1.
A
6.
B
11. C
16. A
2.
B
7.
D
12. A
17. D
3.
C
8.
A
13. A
18. C
4.
B
9.
C
14. D
19. B
5.
C
10. D
15. B
20. D
Section II: Reading
Comprehension (60 points)
Part A (40
points)
26
/
91
21. B
26. D
31. B
36. A
22. C
27. D
32. D
37. D
23. D
28. C
33. A
38. C
24. A
29. B
34. C
39. B
25. A
30. A
35. C
40. A
Part B (10 points)
41. B
42. F
43. D
44. G
45. A
Part
C (10 points)
46.
科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大
意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，
那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
47.
但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给
我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生
物其固有的权利应该继续存在。
< br>
48.
曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据
，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物
的正常繁衍或
者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。
49.
在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种
被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，
而得到合理的保护。
50.
这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素
(
< br>成员
)
，虽然这些要
素
(
成员
)
缺乏商业价值
，但这些要素
(
成员
)
对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。
Section III: Writing (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
51.
参考范文
Volunteers Wanted/Needed
An international conference
on globalization will be held in the coming winter
vacation. This
conference will be
organized by the
Postgraduates
’
Association
。
At
present
we
will
recruit
10
volunteers
to
work
as
assistants
for
this
conference.
The
applicants are required
to speak English fluently. Those who can speak
another foreign language such as
French
or Japanese are preferable. In addition to the
language skills, those volunteers are expected to
be
patient, helpful, open-minded with a
loving heart. The volunteers will be provided free
three meals a day
as well as
transportation from and back to the conference
site
。
Those who are interested in
working as volunteers, please send your resume and
application
letter to the e-mail
address
’
Association will contact those chosen
candidates for
an interview before
Febulary, 1th
。
We are sincerely waiting
for you to join us!
Postgraduates
’
Association
Part B (20
points)
52.
参考范文
As is vividly
depicted in the drawing, in the middle of the
cartoon stands a hot pot, containing
many Chinese cultural symbols, such as
Beijing operas, Daoism, and some foreigh cultural
symbols, etc.
How impressive the
drawing is in describing the common phenomenon
that Chinese culture is becoming
increasingly integrated into the world.
The drawer
’
s intention seems
to be highly self-evident and the
meaning causes us to be thought-
provoking
。
27
/
91
It holds to be apparent that the
cartoon is indicative of a pervasive phenomenon
with regard
to culture. When it comes
to(
一谈到
)
culture
，
its great impacts
and benefits can
’
t be too
estimated. As
China opens to the
outside world, our traditional culture is
embracing the foreign culture, thus making
our
Chinese
culture
more
diversified,
colorful
and
internationalized
just
like
a
melting
pot.
What
the
picture conveys goes far
beyond this. The fact that people from different
countries are attracted to each
other,
indicating that to some extent different cultures
can be accepted
，
respected
，
appreciated and
shared
internationally.
Or
put
it
in
another
way,
Chinese
unique
culture
can
become
international
through
worldwide
cultural
exchanges.
Since
the
trend
of
globalization
become
irresistible,
cultural
integration can
effectively improve mutual understanding and
friendship among different countries.
In
my
personal
sense,
Chinese
national
culture
as
priceless
spiritual
treasure
should
be
preserved and cherished.
Meanwhile
，
there are good
reasons to embrace foreign cultures on the ground
that those ideas from other cultures
can provide different perspectives for us to
observe the world in the
long run.
However
，
confronted with a
different culture
，
we should
be sensible enough to absorb its
essence and to resist its dark side.
Only in this way can we promote cultural
integration positively, thus
making our
motherland dimensional, colorful and vigorous.
(298 words)
2009
年全国硕士研究生入学统一
考试
英语试题
Section I
Use of English
Directions:
Research
on
animal
intelligence
always
makes
me
wonder
just
how
smart
humans
are.
1
the
fruit-
fly experiments
described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the
Science
Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies
who
were
taught
to
be
smarter
than
the
average
fruit
fly
2
to
live
shorter
lives.
This
suggests
that
3
bulbs burn
longer, that there is an
4
in
not being too terrifically bright.
Intelligence,
it
5
out, is a high-priced
option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and
is slow
6
the starting line because
it depends on learning
—
a
gradual
7
—
instead of
instinct. Plenty of other
species are
able to learn, and one of the things they’ve
apparently learned is
when
to
8
.
Is there an adaptive value
to
9
intelligence? That’s the
question behind this new research. I like it.
Instead of casting a wistful
glance
10
at all the species we’ve
left in the dust I.Q.
-wise, it
implicitly
asks what the
real
11
of our own intelligence
might be. This is
12
the mind of every animal
I’ve
ever met.
Research
on
animal intelligence also
makes me wonder what experiments animals would
13
on
humans if they had the
chance. Every cat with an owner,
14
, is running a
small-scale study in operant
conditioning.
we
believe
that
15
animals
ran
the
labs,
they
would
test
us
to
16
the
limits
of
our
patience,
our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They
would try to decide what intelligence in humans
is really
17
, not merely how much of it there is.
18
, they would hope to study a
19
question:
Are humans
actually aware of the world they live
in?
20
the results are inconclusive.
1. [A] Suppose
2. [A] tended
[B]
Consider
[C]
Observe
[B]
feared
[D]
Imagine
[C] happened
[D] threatened
3. [A] thinner
[B] stabler
5. [A] insists on
6. [A] off
[C] lighter
[D] dimmer
[D] puts forward
4. [A]
tendency
[
B]
advantage
[C]
inclination
[D] priority
[B]
sums up
[C] turns out
[C] over
[B] behind
[D] along
7. [A]
incredible
[B]
spontaneous [C]inevitable
[D] gradual
28
/
91
8. [A] fight
10.[A] upward
11. [A] features
12. [A] outside
13. [A] deliver
15.
[A] if
[B] doubt
[C] stop
[D] think
9. [A] invisible
[
B] limited
[C]
indefinite
[D] different
[C] results
[D]
costs
[B] forward
[C] afterward
[D] backward
[B] influences
[B] on
[C] by
[D] across
[D] for instance
[B] carry
[C] perform
[D] apply
[C] as usual
[C]
as
[D]
lest
[D] with
14. [A] by
chance
[
B] in contrast
[B] unless
[B] for
16. [A]
moderate
17. [A] at
18. [A] Above all
20.
[A] By accident
Part A
Directions:
[B] overcome
[C] determine
[D] reach
[C] after
[B] After all
[C] However
[D] Otherwise
[B] In time
[C] So far
[D] Better still
19. [A] fundamental
[B] comprehensive
[C] equivalent
[D] hostile
Section II
Reading Comprehension
Read
the following four texts. Answer the questions
below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40
points)
Text1
Habits are a
funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting
our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing
into
the
u
nconscious
comfort
of
familiar
routine.
“Not
choice,
but
habit
rules
the
unreflecting
herd,”
William Wordsworth said in the 19th
century. In the ever-
changing 21st
century, even the word “habit”
carries
a negative connotation.
So it seems
antithetical to talk about habits in the same
context as creativity and innovation. But
brain
researchers
have
discovered
that
when
we
consciously
develop
new
habits,
we
create
parallel
synaptic
paths,
and
even
entirely
new
brain
cells,
that
can
jump
our
trains
of
thought
onto
new,
innovative tracks.
But
don’t
bother
trying
to
kill
off
old
habits;
once
those
ruts
of
procedure
are
worn
into
the
hippocampus, they’re
there to stay. Instead, the new habits we
deliberately ingrain into ourselves create
parallel pathways that can bypass those
old roads.
“The first thing needed for
innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says
Dawna Markova, author of
“The Open
Mind” and an executive change consultant for
Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are
taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our
president calls himself ‘the Decider.’
” She adds, however, that “to
decide
is
to
kill
off
all
possibilities
but
one.
A
good
innovational
thinker
is
always
exploring
the
many
other
possibilities.”
All of us
work through problems in ways of which
w
e’re unaware, she says. Researchers in
the late
1960
covered
that
humans
are
born
with
the
capacity
to
approach
challenges
in
four
primary
ways:
analytically,
procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively)
and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain
shuts
down
half
of
that
capacity,
preserving
only
those
modes
of
thought
that
have
seemed
most
valuable during the first decade or so
of life.
The current emphasis on
standardized testing highlights analysis and
procedure, meaning that few
29
/
91
of us
inherently
use our innovative and
collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the
major rule in
the American belief
system
—
that
anyone
can
do
anything,”
explains M.
J.
Ryan,
author
of
the
2006
book “This Year I Will...” and Ms.
Markova’s business partner. “That’s
a
lie that we have perpetuated, and
it
fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at
and doing even more of it creates
excellence.”
This
is where
developing new habits comes in.
21. The
view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being
A. casual
B. familiar
C.
mechanical
D. changeable.
22. The researchers have discovered
that the formation of habit can be
A.
predicted
B. regulated
C. traced
D. guided
23.
“
r
uts
”
(in line one, paragraph
3) has closest meaning to
A. tracks
B. series
C. characteristics
D. connections
24.
Ms. Markova’s
comments suggest that the practice of standard
testing
?
A, prevents new habits
form being formed
B, no longer emphasizes commonness
C, maintains the inherent American
thinking model
D, complies with the American belief
system
25. Ryan most probably agree
that
A. ideas are born of a
relaxing mind
B.
innovativeness could be taught
C. decisiveness derives from fantastic
ideas
D. curiosity activates creative minds
Text 2
It
is
a
wise
father
that
knows
his
own
child,
but
today
a
man
can
boost
his
paternal
(fatherly)
wisdom
–
or
at
least
confirm
that he
’
s the
kid
’
s
dad.
All he
needs
to
do
is
shell
our
$$30 for
paternity
testing kit (PTK)
at his local drugstore
–
and
another $$120 to get the results.
More
than
60,000
people
have
purchased
the
PTKs
since
they
first
become
available
without
prescriptions last years, according to
Doug Fog, chief operating
officer of
Identigene, which makes the
over-the-
counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell
DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in
price from a few hundred dollars to
more than $$2500.
Among the most popular
: paternity and kinship testing , which adopted
children can use to find
their
biological
relatives
and
latest
rage
a
many
passionate
genealogists-and
supports
businesses
that
offer to search for a
family
’
s geographic roots .
Most tests require collecting cells by
webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the
company for
testing.
All tests require a potential candidate
with whom to compare DNA.
But
some
observers
are
skeptical,
“
There
is
a
kind of
false
precision
being
hawked by people
claiming they are doing ancestry
testing,
”
says Trey Duster,
a New York University sociologist. He notes
that each individual has many
ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few
centuries back. Yet most
ancestry
testing
only
considers
a
single
lineage,
either
the Y
chromosome
inherited through
men
in
a
father
’
s line or
mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from
mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic
information
about
only
one
or
two
ancestors,
even
though,
for
example,
just
three
generations
back
people
also
have
six
other
great-grandparents
or,
four
generations
back,
14
other
great-great-grandparents.
Critics also argue that commercial
genetic testing is only as good as the reference
collections to
which
a
sample
is
compared.
Databases
used
by
some
companies
don
’
t
rely
on
data
collected
systematically but
rather lump together information from different
research projects. This means that a
DNA
database
may
differ
depending
on
the
company
that
processes
the
results.
In
addition,
the
30
/
91
computer
programs a company uses to estimate relationships
may be patented and not subject to peer
review or outside evaluation.
paragraphs 1 and 2 , the
text shows PTK
’
s
___________.
[A]easy availability
[B]flexibility in pricing [C] successful
promotion[D] popularity with households
27. PTK is used to __________.
[A] locate one
’
s
birth place
[B]
promote genetic research
[C] identify
parent-child kinship
[D] choose children for adoption
28. Skeptical observers
believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.
[A]trace distant ancestors
[B]rebuild
reliable bloodlines
[D]achieve the
claimed accuracy
[C]fully
use genetic information
29. In the last paragraph ,a problem
commercial genetic testing faces is __________.
[A]disorganized data collection
[B]overlapping database
building
30. An appropriate
title for the text is most likely to be__________.
[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing
[C] DNA testing
outside the lab
Text 3
The
relationship
between
formal
education
and
economic
growth
in
poor
countries
is
widely
misunderstood by
economists and politicians
alike
progress
in
both
area
is
undoubtedly
necessary
for
the
social,
political
and
intellectual
development
of
these
and
all
other
societies;
however,
the
conventional
view
that
education
should
be
one
of
the
very
highest
priorities
for
promoting
rapid
economic development in poor countries
is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new
educational
systems
there
and
putting
enough
people
through
them
to
improve
economic
performance
would
require
two
or
three
generations.
The
findings
of
a
research
institution
have
consistently
shown
that
workers in all
countries can be trained on the job to achieve
radical higher productivity and, as a result,
radically higher standards of living.
Ironically, the
first evidence for this idea appeared in the
United States. Not long ago, with the
country entering a recessing and Japan
at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was
derided as poorly
educated and one of
primary cause of the poor U.S. economic
performance. Japan was, and remains, the
global leader
in
automotive-assembly
productivity.
Yet
the research revealed
that
the
U.S. factories
of
Honda
Nissan,
and
Toyota
achieved
about
95
percent
of
the
productivity
of
their
Japanese
countere
pants a result of
the training that U.S. workers received on the
job.
More
recently,
while
examing
housing
construction,
the
researchers
discovered
that
illiterate,
non-English-
speaking
Mexican
workers
in
Houston,
Texas,
consistently
met
best-practice
labor
productivity standards despite the
complexity of the building
industry’
s work.
What is the real relationship between
education and economic development? We have to
suspect
that
continuing
economic
growth
promotes
the
development
of
education
even
when
governments
don’t
force
it.
After
all,
that’s
how
education
got
started.
When
our
ancestors
were
hunters
and
gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t
have time to wonder much about anything besides
finding food.
Only when humanity began
to get its food in a more productive way was there
time for other things.
As education
improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they
could in turn afford more education.
This increasingly high level of
education is probably a necessary, but not a
sufficient, condition for the
complex
political systems required by advanced economic
performance. Thus poor countries might not
31
/
91
[B]
DNA testing and It
’
s
problems
[D] lies behind DNA testing
be able to escape their
poverty traps without political changes that may
be possible only with broader
formal
education. A lack of formal education, however,
doesn’t const
rain the ability of the
developing
world’s
workforce
to
substantially
improve
productivity
for
the
forested
future.
On
the
contrary,
constraints on
improving productivity explain why education isn’t
developing more quickly there than it
is.
31. The author holds in
paragraph 1 that the important of education in
poor countries
___________.
[A] is subject groundless doubts
[B] has fallen victim of
bias
[C] is conventional
downgraded
[D] has been
overestimated
32. It is
stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new
education system
__________.
[A]challenges
economists and politicians
[B]takes
efforts of generations
[C]
demands priority from the government
[D] requires
sufficient labor force
33.A
major difference between the Japanese and U.S
workforces is that __________.
[A] the
Japanese workforce is better disciplined
[C]the U.S workforce has a better
education
[B]
the Japanese workforce is more productive
[D] ]the U.S workforce is
more organize
34. The
author quotes the example of our ancestors to show
that education emerged __________.
[A]
when people had enough time
[B]
prior to better ways of finding food
[C] when people on longer went hung
[D] as a result of pressure
on government
35. According
to the last paragraph , development of education
__________.
[A] results directly from
competitive environments [B] does not depend on
economic performance
[C]
follows improved productivity
Text 4
The most thoroughly
studied in the history of the new world are the
ministers and political leaders
of
seventeenth-century
New
England.
According
to
the
standard
history
of
American
philosophy,
nowhere else in colonial America was
“
So much important attached
to intellectual pursuits
”
According
to many books and articles,
New England
’
s leaders
established the basic themes and preoccupations of
an unfolding, dominant Puritan
tradition in American intellectual life.
To take this approach to
the New Englanders normally mean to start with the
Puritan
s’
theological
innovations and their distinctive ideas
about the church-important subjects that we may
not neglect. But
in keeping with our
examination of southern intellectual life, we may
consider the original Puritans as
carriers of European culture adjusting
to New world circumstances. The New England
colonies were the
scenes of important
episodes in the pursuit of widely understood
ideals of civility and virtuosity.
The
early
settlers
of
Massachusetts
Bay
included
men
of
impressive
education
and
influence
in
England. `Besides the ninety or so
learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church
in the decade
after 1629,There were
political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated
gentleman, lawyer, and official
of the
Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men
wrote and published extensively, reaching both
New
World
and
Old
World
audiences,
and
giving
New
England
an
atmosphere
of
intellectual
earnestness.
We
should
not
forget
,
however,
that
most
New
Englanders
were
less
well
educated.
While
few
crafts men or farmers,
let alone dependents and servants, left literary
compositions to be analyzed, The
in
thinking often had a traditional superstitions
quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated
in the
late 1630s, left an account of
his reasons for leaving England that is filled
with signs. sexual confusion,
economic
frustrations , and religious hope-all name
together in a decisive moment when he opened the
32
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91
[D]
cannot afford political changes
Bible, told his father the first line
he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical
words:
“
come out
from among them, touch no unclean thing
, and I will be your God and you shall be my
people.
”
One
wonders
what
Dane
thought
of
the
careful
sermons
explaining
the
Bible
that
he
heard
in
puritan
churched.
Mean
while
,
many
settles
had
slighter
religious
commitments
than
Dane
’
s,
as
one
clergyman
learned in confronting folk along the
coast who mocked that they had not come to the New
world for
religion .
“
Our main end was to catch
fish.
”
36. The
author notes that in the seventeenth-century New
England___________.
[A] Puritan
tradition dominated political life. [B]
intellectual interests were encouraged.
[C] Politics benefited much from
intellectual endeavors.
[D]
intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal
environment.
37. It is suggested in
paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.
[A] experienced a comparatively
peaceful early history.
[B] brought
with them the culture of the Old World
[C] paid little attention to southern
intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious
innovations
38. The early ministers and
political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.
[A] were famous in the New World for
their writings
[B] gained increasing
importance in religious affairs
[C]
abandoned high positions before coming to the New
World
[D] created a new intellectual
atmosphere in New England
39. The story
of John Dane shows that less well-educated New
Englanders were often __________.
[A]
influenced by superstitions
[B] troubled with religious
beliefs
[C] puzzled by church sermons
[D] frustrated
with family earnings
40. The text
suggests that early settlers in New
England__________.
[A] were mostly
engaged in political activities[B] were motivated
by an illusory prospect
[C] came from
different backgrounds.
[D] left few formal records for later
reference
Part B
Directions:
Directions:
In
the
following
text,
some
sentences
have
been
removed.
For
Questions
(41-45),
choose the most suitable one from the
list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.
There are two
extra choices, which do
not fit in any of the gaps.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(10 points)
Coinciding
with
the
groundbreaking
theory
of
biological
evolution
proposed
by
British
naturalist
Charles Darwin in
the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert
Spencer put forward his own theory of
biological and cultural evolution.
Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena,
including human societies,
changed over
time, advancing toward perfection.
41.____________.
American
social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced
another theory of cultural evolution in the
late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor,
was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In
his work, he
attempted
to
show
how
all
aspects
of
culture
changed
together
in
the
evolution
of
societies.42._____________.
In the early 1900s in North America,
German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas
developed a
33
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91
new
theory of culture known as
historical
particularism.
Historical
particularism, which emphasized the
uniqueness of all cultures, gave new
direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .
Boas felt that the culture
of any society must be understood as the result of
a unique history and
not
as
one
of
many
cultures
belonging
to
a
broader
evolutionary
stage
or
type
of
culture.
44._______________.
Historical
particularism
became
a
dominant
approach
to
the
study
of
culture
in
American
anthropology, largely through the
influence of many students of Boas. But a number
of anthropologists
in
the
early
1900s
also
rejected
the
particularist
theory
of
culture
in
favor
of
diffusionism.
Some
attributed
virtually every
important
cultural
achievement
to the
inventions
of
a
few,
especially
gifted
peoples that,
according to diffusionists, then spread to other
cultures. 45.________________.
Also
in
the
early
1900s,
French
sociologist
?mile
Durkheim
developed
a
theory
of
culture
that
would greatly influence
anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious
beliefs functioned to reinforce
social
solidarity. An interest in the relationship
between the function of society and
culture
—
known as
functionalism
—
became a major
theme in European, and especially British,
anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists
believed that cultural innovations, such as
inventions, had a single origin
and
passed from society to society. This theory was
known as
diffusionism.
[B] In order to study
particular cultures as completely as possible,
Boas became skilled in linguistics,
the
study of languages, and in physical anthropology,
the study of human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was
characterized by a struggle he called the
“survival of the
fittest,” in which
weaker races and societies must eventually be
replaced by stronger, more advanced
races and societies.
[D]
They also focused on important rituals that
appeared to preserve a people’s social structure,
such as initiation ceremonies that
formally signify children’s entrance into
adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his
view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the
structure of families, forms of marriage,
categories
of
kinship,
ownership
of
property,
forms
of
government,
technology,
and
systems
of
food
production, all changed
as societies evolved.
[F]Supporters of
the theory viewed as a collection of integrated
parts that work together to keep a
society functioning.
[G] For
example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot
Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested,
on the basis of inadequate information,
that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all
originated in
ancient Egypt and
diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of
these cultural developments occurred
separately at different times in many
parts of the world.
Part C
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation should be
written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is a marked difference between
the education which every one gets from living
with others,
and the deliberate
educating of the young. In the former case the
education is incidental; it is natural
and important, but it is not the
express reason of the association.46
It may be said that the measure of
the worth of any social institution is
its effect in enlarging and improving experience;
but this effect is
not a part of its
original motive. Religious associations began, for
example, in the desire to secure the
favor of overruling powers and to ward
off evil influences; family life in the desire to
gratify appetites and
secure
family
perpetuity;
systematic
labor,
for
the
most
part,
because
of
enslavement
to
others,
etc.
34
/
91
47Only
gradually was the by-product of the institution
noted, and only more gradually still was this
effect
considered as a directive factor
in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in
our industrial life, apart
from certain
values of industriousness and thrift, the
intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms
of
human association under which the
world's work is carried on receives little
attention as compared with
physical
output.
But in dealing with
the young, the fact of association itself as an
immediate human fact, gains in
importance.48
While
it
is
easy
to
ignore
in
our
contact
with
them
the
effect
of
our
acts
upon
their
disposition, it is not so easy as in
dealing with adults. The need of training is too
evident; the pressure to
accomplish a
change in their attitude and habits is too urgent
to leave these consequences wholly out of
account. 49Since our chief business
with them is to enable them to share in a common
life we cannot
help considering whether
or no we are forming the powers which will secure
this ability.
If humanity
has
made
some
headway in
realizing
that
the
ultimate
value
of every institution
is
its
distinctively human
effect
we may well believe that this lesson has been
learned largely through dealings with the young.
50 We are thus led to
distinguish, within the broad educational process
which we have been so far
considering,
a more formal kind of education -- that of direct
tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social
groups, we find very little formal
teaching and training. These groups mainly rely
for instilling needed
dispositions
into
the
young
upon
the
same
sort
of
association
which
keeps
the
adults
loyal
to
their
group.
Section
Ⅲ
Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not
been so successful in some regions.
“
White pollution
”
is still going on. Write a
letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to
give your opinions briefly
and
make two or three
suggestions
You
should
write
about
100
words.
Do
not
sign
your
own
name
at
the
end
of
the
letter.
Use
Ming
Part B
52. Directions:
In your essay, you should
1)
describe the drawing briefly,
2)
explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You
should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20
points)
51
：在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很
成功，因此白色污染仍然继续
给当地报纸的编辑写一封信，信内包括
1
给出自己简短的看法和观点
2
给出
2
-3
条建议
【范文】
Dear Editors,
I, as your faithful reader,
am writing this letter to suggest that plastic
bags should be restricted in
our daily
life.
However, to
my
surprise
and
sadness,
I have
found
that
disposable
plastic
bags
are
still
35
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91
widely
used
in
some
areas
just
because
people
are
unwilling
to
change
their
old
habits,
thus
causing
their surroundings
to be even worse.
To solve this serious problem, I would
like to put forward a couple of practical
suggestions. Above all,
our country
should establish a strong agency to limit the
production of those bags and monitor the use
of them.
Furthermore,
some
other
choices
should be
adovcated to
replace
plastic bags
with
paper
or
bamboo
ones.
Finally,
consumers
should
pay
for
the
use
of
plastic
bags
so
as
to
enhance
their
consciousness of environmental
protection.
I
really hope my suggestions would attract your due
attention and receive an early reply.
Yours Sincerely,
Li Ming
52
：用
网络使我们看不见的东西能听见，远隔千山万水但能联系，意思就是网络的远与近
大作文是：网络的近与远
一
客观描述图
二
说明意思
三
给出观点
【范文】
As is vividly
depicted in the drawing, in front of computers and
in narrow spaces are sitting many
people, exchanging their views with
each other by surfing the Internet. How impressive
the drawing is in
describing the
people’s addiction to the Internet. The drawer’s
intention seems to be highly
self
-evident
and the meaning
causes us to be thought-provoking.
It
holds
apparent
that
the
cartoon
is
indicative
of
a
pervasive
problem
with
regard
to
Internet.
When
it
comes
to(
一谈到
)
Internet
，
its
great
impacts
and
benefits
can’t
be
too
estimated.
It
is
the
Internet
that makes our big world become a global village.
However, as a growing number of individuals
are addicted to
(
沉溺于
) the Internet, they
forget doing other important work and are
gradually indulged
in(
沉溺在
) the
virtual world, unwilling to go into the real
society. As a
consequence(
因此
), they close
their doors and never go out as soon as
they return home from work, reluctant to have any
face-to-face
connection even with other
folks except on line. What’s worse, they become
indifferent
（漠不关心）
to
their friends, neighbours, as well as
relatives.
This
phenomenon
is
harmful
to
us
and
our
community
too.
As
the
pressure
in
life
and
work
increases,
we
should
learn
to
use
proper
ways
to
relieve
it.
It’s
time
that
we
took
some
measures
to
improve the situation. People can be
organized to hold some activities together to
develop some good
hobbies.
Consequently, we must make full use of Internet to
do everything beneficial to make our daily
life both joyful and meaningful.
（
272 words
）
2008
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
< br>
Section I
Directions:
The
idea
that
some
groups
of
people
may
be
more
intelligent
than
others
is
one
of
those
hypotheses that dare not speak its
name. But Gregory Cochran is
1
to say it
anyway. He is that
2
bird, a scientist who works
independently
3
any institution. He helped popularize
the idea that some
36
/
91
Use of English
diseases
not
4
thought
to
have
a
bacterial
cause
were
actually
infections,
which
aroused
much
controversy when it was first
suggested.
5
he,
however, might tremble at the
6
of what he is
about to do. Together with another two
scientists, he is publishing a paper
which not only
7
that one group of humanity is more
intelligent
than the others, but
explains the process that has brought this about.
The group in
8
are a particular
people
originated from central Europe. The process is
natural selection.
This
group
generally
do well
in
IQ
test,
9
12-15 points
above
the
10
value
of
100,
and
have
contributed
11
to the intellectual and cultural life
of the West, as the
12
of their elites, including
several world-renowned scientists,
13
. They also suffer more
often than most people from a number
of
nasty
genetic
diseases,
such
as
breast
cancer.
These
facts,
14
,
have
previously
been
thought
unrelated. The
former has been
15
to social effects, such as a strong
tradition of
16
education. The
latter
was
seen
as
a
(an)
17
of
genetic
isolation.
Dr.
Cochran
suggests
that
the
intelligence
and
diseases are intimately
18
. His argument is that the
unusual history of these people has
19
them to
unique evolutionary pressures that have
resulted in this
20
state of affairs.
1.
[A] selected
[B] prepared
[C] obliged
[D] pleased
2.
[A] unique
[B] particular
3.
[A] of
[B]
with
[C] special
[D]
rare
[D] lately
[C] in
[D] against
[D] Hence
4.
[A] subsequently[B]
presently [C] previously
5.
[A] Only
[B] So
[C]
Even
6.
[A] thought
[B] sight
[C] cost
[D]
risk
[D] question
[D]
total
7.
[A] advises
[B] suggests [C] protests
[D] objects
8.
[A] progress
[B] fact
[C] need
9.
[A]
attaining [B] scoring
[C] reaching
[D] calculating
10. [A] normal
[B] common
[C] mean
11. [A] unconsciously
[B]
disproportionately
[C] interests
[D] careers
[C] indefinitely
[D] unaccountably
12. [A]
missions
[B] fortunes
13. [A] affirm
14. [A]
moreover
[B] witness
[C]
observe
[D] approve
[B]
therefore
[
C] however [D]
meanwhile
[D] put down
37
/
91
15. [A]
given up
[B] got over
[C]
carried on
16. [A] assessing
[
B] supervising
[C] administering
[
D] valuing
17.
[A] development [B] origin
18. [A]
linked
[B] integrated
19.
[A] limited
[B] subjected
Section II
Part A
Directions:
Read the
following four texts. Answer the questions below
each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark
your answers on
ANSWER SHEET
1
. (40 points)
Text 1
While still catching-up to men in some
spheres of modern life, women appear to be way
ahead in at
least
one
undesirable
category.
“
Women
are
particularly
susceptible
to
developing
depression
and
anxiety disorders in response to stress
compared to men,
”
according
to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at
New York
’
s
Veteran
’
s Administration
Hospital.
Studies
of
both
animals
and
humans
have
shown
that
sex
hormones
somehow
affect
the
stress
response, causing females under stress
to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do
males under
the
same
conditions.
In
several
of
the
studies,
when
stressed-out
female
rats
had
their
ovaries
(the
female reproductive organs) removed,
their chemical responses became equal to those of
the males.
Adding to a
woman
’
s increased dose of
stress chemicals, are her increased
“
opportunities
”
for
stress.
“
It
’
s
not necessarily that women
don
’
t cope as well.
It
’
s just that they have so
much more to cope with,
”
says Dr. Yehuda.
“
Their capacity for
tolerating stress may even be greater than men
’
s,
”
she
observes,
“
it
’
s
just that they
’
re
dealing with so many more things that they become
worn out from it more visibly and
sooner.
”
Dr.
Yehuda
notes
another
difference
between
the
sexes.
“
I
think
that
the
kinds
of
things
that
women
are
exposed
to
tend
to
be
in
more
of
a
chronic
or
repeated
nature.
Men
go
to
war
and
are
exposed
to
combat
stress.
Men
are
exposed
to
more
acts
of
random
physical
violence.
The
kinds
of
interpersonal violence that women are
exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by,
unfortunately,
parents or other family
members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.
The wear-and-tear that comes
from these
longer relationships can be quite
devastating.
”
Adeline
Alvarez
married
at
18
and
gave
birth
to
a
son,
but
was
determined
to
finish
college.
“
I
struggled a
lot to get the college degree. I was living in so
much frustration that that was my escape, to
go to school, and get ahead and do
better.
”
Later, her marriage
ended and she became a single mother.
“
It
’
s
the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have
a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay
the debt. I lived from paycheck to
paycheck.
”
Not
everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic
stresses Alvarez describes. But most women
today are coping with a lot of
obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the
strain. Alvarez
’
s experience
demonstrates the importance of finding
ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your
health and your
ability to function.
21. Which of the following is true
according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more
vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are
still suffering much stress caused by men.
38
/
91
[C] consequence [D] instrument
[C] woven
[D] combined
[C] converted
[D] directed
[D] continuous
20. [A]
paradoxical
[B] incompatible [C]
inevitable
Reading Comprehension
[C] Women are more experienced than men
in coping with stress.
[D] Men and
women show different inclinations when faced with
stress.
22. Dr.
Yehuda
’
s research suggests
that women
[A] need extra doses of
chemicals to handle stress.
[B] have
limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C] are more capable of avoiding
stress.
[D] are exposed
to more stress.
23. According to
Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary.
[B] irregular and violent.
[C] durable and frequent.
[D] trivial and
random.
24. The sentence
“
I lived from paycheck to
paycheck.
”
(Line 6, Para. 5)
shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about
nothing but making money.
[B]
Alvarez
’
s salary barely
covered her household expenses.
[C]
Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything
by check.
25. Which of the following
would be the best title for the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B] Responses to Stress: Gender
Difference
[C] Stress Analysis: What
Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under
Stress
Text 2
It used to be
so straightforward. A team of researchers working
together in the laboratory would
submit
the results of their research to a journal. A
journal editor would then remove the
authors
’
names
and
affiliations
from
the
paper
and
send
it
to
their
peers
for
review.
Depending
on
the
comments
received,
the
editor
would
accept
the
paper
for
publication
or
decline
it.
Copyright
rested
with
the
journal
publisher,
and
researchers
seeking
knowledge
of
the
results
would
have
to
subscribe
to
the
journal.
No longer. The Internet
–
and pressure from funding
agencies, who are questioning why commercial
publishers are making money from
government-funded research by restricting access
to it
–
is making
access to scientific results a reality.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD)
has just issued a
report describing the far-reaching consequences of
this. The report, by John Houghton
of
Victoria University in Australia and Graham
Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for
publishers
who have, so far, made
handsome profits. But it goes further than that.
It signals a change in what has,
until
now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return
on the public investment in research depends, in
part, upon
wide distribution and ready
access. It is big business. In America, the core
scientific publishing market is
estimated at between $$7 billion and $$11
billion. The International Association of
Scientific, Technical and
Medical
Publishers
says
that
there
are
more
than
2,000
publishers
worldwide
specializing
in
these
subjects. They publish
more than 1.2 million articles each year in some
16,000 journals.
This is now changing.
According to the OECD report, some 75% of
scholarly journals are now online.
Entirely
new
business
models
are
emerging;
three
main
ones
were
identified
by
the
report
’
s
authors.
There
is
the
so-called
big
deal,
where
institutional
subscribers
pay for access
to
a
collection
of
online
journal titles
through site-licensing agreements. There is open-
access publishing, typically supported by
asking the author (or his employer) to
pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there
are open-access
archives,
where
organizations
such
as
universities
or
international
laboratories
support
institutional
39
/
91
repositories.
Other
models
exist
that
are
hybrids
of
these
three,
such
as
delayed
open-
access,
where
journals allow
only subscribers to read a paper for the first six
months, before making it freely available
to everyone who wishes to see it. All
this could change the traditional form of the
peer-review process,
at least for the
publication of papers.
26. In the first
paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the
background information of journal editing.[B] the
publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with
journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of
journal publication.
27. Which of the
following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government-funded
research.[B] It introduces an effective means of
publication.
[C] It upsets profit-
making journal publishers.[D] It benefits
scientific research considerably.
28.
According to the text, online publication is
significant in that
[A] it provides an
easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings
huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of
scientific knowledge.
[D] it
facilitates public investment in scientific
research.
29. With the open-access
publishing model, the author of a paper is
required to
[A] cover the cost of its
publication.[B] subscribe to the journal
publishing it.
[C] allow other online
journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-
review before submission.
30. Which of
the following best summarizes the main idea of the
text?
[A] The Internet is posing a
threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication
is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the
new channel for publication.
[D]
Publication is rendered easier by online service.
Text 3
In
the
early
1960s
Wilt
Chamberlain
was
one
of
only
three
players
in
the
National
Basketball
Association (NBA)
listed at over seven feet. If he had played last
season, however, he would have been
one
of 42. The bodies playing major professional
sports have changed dramatically over the years,
and
managers have been more than
willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing
numbers of bigger,
longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be
obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have
generally
stopped
growing.
Though
typically
about
two
inches
taller
now
than
140
years
ago,
today
’
s
people
–
especially those born to families who
have lived in the U.S. for many generations
–
apparently reached
their limit in the early 1960s. And
they aren
’
t likely to get
any taller.
“
In the general
population today, at
this
genetic,
environmental
level,
we
’
ve
pretty
much
gone
as
far
as
we
can
go,
”
says
anthropologist
William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State
University. In the case of NBA players, their
increase in height
appears to result
from the increasingly common practice of
recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth,
which
rarely
continues
beyond the
age of 20,
demands
calories
and nutrients
–
notably,
protein
–
to
feed
expanding
tissues.
At
the
start
of
the
20th
century,
under-nutrition
and
childhood
infections got in
the way. But as diet and health improved, children
and adolescents have, on average,
increased in height by about an inch
and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the
secular trend in
height. Yet according
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
average height
–
5
′
9
″
for men,
5
′
4
″
for women
–
hasn
’
t really changed since
1960.
Genetically speaking, there are
advantages to avoiding substantial height. During
childbirth, larger
40
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91
babies have more
difficulty passing through the birth canal.
Moreover, even though humans have been
upright
for
millions
of
years,
our
feet
and
back
continue
to
struggle
with
bipedal
posture
and
cannot
easily
withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize
limbs.
“
There are some real
constraints that are set
by
the
genetic
architecture
of
the
individual
organism,
”
says
anthropologist
William
Leonard
of
Northwestern University.
Genetic
maximums
can
change,
but
don
’
t
expect
this
to
happen
soon.
Claire
C.
Gordon,
senior
anthropologist at the
Army Research Center
in Natick, Mass.,
ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms
and workstations fit recruits without
alteration. She says that, unlike those for
basketball, the length of
military
uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you
need to predict human height in the near
future to design a piece of equipment,
Gordon says that by and large,
“
you could use
today
’
s data and
feel fairly
confident.
”
31.
Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A] illustrate the change of height of
NBA players.
[B] show the popularity of
NBA players in the U.S..
[C] compare
different generations of NBA players.
[D] assess the achievements of famous
NBA players.
32. Which of the following
plays a key role in body growth according to the
text?
[A] Genetic modification.
[B] Natural environment.
[C]
Living standards.
[D] Daily exercise.
33. On which of the following
statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Non-Americans add to the average
height of the nation.
[B] Human height
is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on
average in the world.
[D] Larger babies
tend to become taller in adulthood.
34.
We learn from the last paragraph that in the near
future
[A] the garment industry will
reconsider the uniform size.
[B] the
design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C] genetic testing will be employed in
selecting sportsmen.
[D] the existing
data of human height will still be applicable.
35. The text intends to tell us that
[A] the change of human height follows
a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is
becoming even more predictable.
[C]
Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D] the genetic pattern of Americans
has altered.
Text 4
In 1784,
five years before he became president of the
United States, George Washington, 52, was
nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist
to transplant nine teeth into his jaw
–
having extracted them from
the mouths of his slaves.
That
’
s
a
far
different
image
from
the
cherry-tree-chopping
George
most
people
remember
from
their history books. But recently, many
historians have begun to focus on the roles
slavery played in the
41
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91
lives
of
the
founding
generation.
They
have
been
spurred
in
part
by DNA
evidence
made
available
in
1998, which almost certainly proved
Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child
with his slave Sally
Hemings. And only
over the past 30 years have scholars examined
history from the bottom up. Works of
several
historians
reveal
the
moral
compromises
made
by
the
nation
’
s
early
leaders
and
the
fragile
nature of the
country
’
s infancy. More
significantly, they argue that many of the
Founding Fathers knew
slavery was wrong
–
and yet most did little to
fight it.
More than anything, the
historians say, the founders were hampered by the
culture of their time.
While Washington
and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for
slavery, they also understood that it was
part of the political and economic
bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not
afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was
“like having a
large bank
account,”
says Wiencek, author of
An Imperfect God: George Washington,
His Slaves, and the
Creation of
America
. The southern states would not
have signed the Constitution without protections
for
the
“peculiar
institution,
”
including a
clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a
man for purposes of
congressional
representation.
And the
statesmen
’
s political lives
depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula
handed Jefferson
his narrow victory in
the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the
votes of the southern states in the
Electoral
College.
Once
in
office,
Jefferson
extended
slavery
with
the
Louisiana
Purchase
in
1803;
the
new land was carved into 13 states,
including three slave states.
Still,
Jefferson
freed
Hemings
’
s
children
–
though
not
Hemings
herself
or
his
approximately
150
other slaves. Washington, who had begun
to believe that
all
men were
created equal after observing the
bravery
of
the
black
soldiers
during
the
Revolutionary
War,
overcame
the
strong
opposition
of
his
relatives
to
grant
his
slaves
their
freedom
in
his
will.
Only
a
decade
earlier,
such
an
act
would
have
required legislative approval in
Virginia.
36. George
Washington
’
s dental surgery
is mentioned to
[A] show the primitive
medical practice in the past.
[B]
demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C] stress the role of slaves in the
U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his
life.
37. We may infer from the second
paragraph that
[A] DNA technology has
been widely applied to history research.
[B] in its early days the U.S. was
confronted with delicate situations.
[C] historians deliberately made up
some stories of Jefferson
’
s
life.
[D] political compromises are
easily found throughout the U.S. history.
38. What do we learn about Thomas
Jefferson?
[A] His political view
changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B] His status as a father made him
free the child slaves.
[C] His attitude
towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a
slave stained his prestige.
39. Which
of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit
politically from slavery.
[B] Slaves in
the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C] Slave owners usually had large
savings accounts.
[D] Slavery was
regarded as a peculiar institution.
42
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91
40.
Washington
’
s decision to
free slaves originated from his
[A]
moral considerations. [B] military experience.[C]
financial conditions.
[D] political stand.
Part B
Directions:
In
the
following
article,
some
sentences
have
been
removed.
For
Questions
41
—
45,
choose
the
most
suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of
the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,
which do not fit in any of the blanks.
Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET
1
. (10 points)
The
time
for
sharpening
pencils,
arranging
your
desk,
and
doing
almost
anything
else
instead
of
writing has ended. The first draft will
appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the
inevitable and sit,
stand up, or lie
down to write. (41)
Be flexible. Your
outline should smoothly conduct you from one point
to the next, but do not permit
it
to
railroad
you.
If
a
relevant
and
important
idea
occurs
to
you
now,
work
it
into
the
draft.
(42)
Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can
wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are
saying. Good
writing
most
often
occurs
when
you
are
in
hot pursuit
of
an
idea
rather
than
in
a nervous
search
for
errors.
(43) Your pages will
be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you
have to clip a paragraph to place
it
elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the
other side.
If you are working on a
word processor, you can take advantage of its
capacity to make additions
and
deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by
making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some
software programs can also check
spelling and certain grammatical elements in your
writing. (44) These
printouts are also
easier to read than the screen when you work on
revisions.
Once you have a first draft
on paper, you can delete material that is
unrelated to your thesis and
add
material necessary to illustrate your points and
make your paper convincing. The student who wrote
“
The A & P as a State of
Mind
”
wisely dropped a
paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays
chauvinistic attitudes toward women.
(45)
Remember that your initial draft
is only that. You should go through the paper many
times
–
and
then
again
–
working to
substantiate
and
clarify
your
ideas.
You
may
even
end
up
with
several entire
versions of
the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each
paragraph should be related to a single topic.
Transitions should connect one
paragraph to the next so that
there are
no abrupt or confusing shifts.
Awkward
or
wordy
phrasing
or
unclear
sentences
and
paragraphs
should
be
mercilessly
poked
and
prodded
into shape.
[A] To make revising
easier, leave wide margins and extra space between
lines so that you can easily
add words,
sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side
of the paper.
[B] After
you
have
clearly
and
adequately
developed
the
body
of
your
paper,
pay
particular
attention to the
introductory and concluding paragraphs.
It
’
s probably best to write
the introduction last,
after
you
know
precisely
what
you
are
introducing.
Concluding
paragraphs
demand
equal
attention
because they leave the reader with a
final impression.
[C]
It
’
s worth
remembering, however, that though a clean copy
fresh off a printer may look terrific,
it will read only as well as the
thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many
writers prudently store
their
data
on
disks
and
print
their
pages
each
time
they
finish
a
draft
to
avoid
losing
any
material
because of power
failures or other problems.
[D] It
makes no difference how you write, just so you do.
Now that you have developed a topic into
a tentative thesis, you can assemble
your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline
you have made.
43
/
91
[E]
Although
this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do
with the thesis, which explains how the
setting influences
Sammy
’
s decision to quit his
job. Instead of including that paragraph, she
added one
that described
Lengel
’
s crabbed response to
the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P <
/p>
“
policy
”
he
enforces.
[F]
In
the
final
paragraph
about
the
significance
of
the
setting
in
“
A
&
P,
”
the
student
brings
together the reasons
Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to
accept Lengel
’
s store
policies.
[G] By using the first draft
as a means of thinking about what you want to say,
you will very likely
discover more than
your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good
writers don
’
t use outlines
at all but
discover ordering principles
as they write. Do not attempt to compose a
perfectly correct draft the first
time
around.
Part C
Directions:
Read
the
following
text
carefully
and
then
translate
the
underlined
segments
into
Chinese.
Your
translation should be written clearly
on
ANSWER SHEET 2
. (10
points)
In his autobiography, Darwin
himself speaks of his intellectual powers with
extraordinary modesty.
He points out
that he always experienced much difficulty in
expressing himself clearly and concisely, but
(46)
he
believes
that
this
very
difficulty
may
have
had
the
compensating
advantage
of
forcing
him
to
think long and intently
about every sentence, and thus enabling him to
detect errors in reasoning and in
his
own observations. He disclaimed the possession of
any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such
as distinguished Huxley. (47) He
asserted, also, that his power to follow a long
and purely abstract train
of thought
was very limited, for which reason he felt certain
that he never could have succeeded with
mathematics. His memory, too, he
described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one
sense was it that he
never could
remember for more than a few days a single date or
a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand,
he
did
not
accept
as
well
founded
the
charge
made
by
some
of
his
critics
that,
while
he
was
a
good
observer,
he
had
no
power
of
reasoning.
This,
he
thought,
could
not
be
true,
because
the
“
Origin
of
Species
”
is one
long argument from the beginning to the end, and
has convinced many able men. No one,
he
submits, could have written it without possessing
some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert
that
“
I have a
fair share of invention, and of common sense or
judgment, such as every fairly successful
lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I
believe, in any higher
degree.
”
(49) He adds humbly
that perhaps
he
was
“
superior
to
the
common
run
of
men
in
noticing
things
which
easily
escape
attention,
and
in
observing
them carefully.
”
Writing in the last year of his life,
he expressed the opinion that in two or three
respects his mind
had changed during
the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the
age of thirty or beyond it poetry of
many kinds gave him great pleasure.
Formerly, too, pictures had given him
considerable, and music very
great,
delight. In 1881, however, he said:
“
Now for many years I cannot
endure to read a line of poetry. I
have
also almost lost my taste for pictures or
music.
”
(50) Darwin was
convinced that the loss of these
tastes
was
not
only
a
loss
of
happiness,
but
might
possibly
be
injurious
to
the
intellect,
and
more
probably to the moral
character.
Section III
Writing
Part A
51.
Directions:
You
have
just
come
back
from
Canada
and
found
a
music
CD
in
your
luggage
that
you
forgot
to
return to Bob, your
landlord there. Write him a letter to
1) make an apology, and
44
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91
2) suggest a
solution.
You should write about 100
words on
ANSWER SHEET 2
.
Do not
sign your own name at
the end of the letter. Use
“
Li
Ming
”
instead.
Do
not
write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52.
Directions:
Write an essay
of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.
In your essay, you should
1) describe
the drawing briefly,
2) explain its
intended meaning, and then
3) give your
comments.
You should write neatly on
ANSWER SHEET 2
. (20 points)
应用文范文
Dear Bob,
I am writing to express my apology to
you.
Several days ago, I borrowed your
music CD when I lived in your house.
Unfortunately, after I came
back from
Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a
hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will
send it to you by post or express as
soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate
for any troubles it
may cause.
Once again, I feel so sorry for any
inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
大作文范文
As is
illustrated in the picture, the two disabled
persons whose crippled legs are bound together do
a lot of traveling. Accordingly, this
far-
reaching picture reflects a common
phenomenon in today’s society:
the
people who are in the dark want to turn the corner
but they can not make it respectively and in turn
they have to choose to pull together in
times of trouble.
There are several
reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live
in an on-the-move lifestyle, we
may
encounter various plights, where we would be at a
loss rather than to seek for others’ assistance.
Further more, if we do not offer help
to each other when we confront dilemma, we would
not realize
our
dream.
And
no
issue
in
China
is
as
basic
to
build
up
the
society
in
harmony
as
to
conduct
coordination in face
of disasters.
Judging from what have
been argued above, people have come to realize the
value of mutual aid. It
is, therefore,
necessary that some effective steps be made to
advocate spirit of supporting each other. To
begin with, the government should make
laws to encourage people to unite. In addition,
people should
enhance the awareness of
caring each other especially when they are in
trouble. Only in those ways, can
we
make people, even not being acquaintance, help
each other.
2007
年全国硕士研究生入学统一
考试英语试题
Section I
Directions:
Read the
following text. Choose the best word(s) for each
numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or
[D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
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Use of English
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