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2
011
年研究生入学考试英语二真题
Section I
Use of English
Directions
:
Read
the following text. Choose the best word(s) for
each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on
ANSWER
SHEET 1. (10 points)
—
a boon to
privacy and freedom of speech. But that very
anonymity is also
behind the explosion
of cybercrime that has
1
across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved
2
bringing a
semblance of safety and security to a world that
seems increasingly
3
?
Last
month,
Howard
Schmidt,
the
n
ation’s
cyberczar,
offered
the
Obama
government
a
4
to
make
the
Web
a
safer
place
—
a “voluntary
identify” system that would be the
high
-tech
5
of a physical
key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all
rolled
6
one. The
system might use a smart identity card, or a
digital credential
7
to a specific
computer, and would
authenticate users
at a range of online services.
The
idea
is
to
8
a
federation
of
private
online
identify
systems.
Users
could
9
which
system
to
join,
and
only
registered users whose identities have
been authenticated could navigate those systems.
The approach contrasts with one that
would require an Internet driver’s
license
10
by the
government.
Google
and
Microsoft
are
among
companies
that
already
have
sign-
on”
systems
that
mak
e
it
possible
for
users
to
11
just once but
use many different services.
12
,
the approach would create a “walled garden” in
safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to
establish a sense
of
13
community.
Mr.
Schmidt
described
it
as
a
“voluntary
ecosystem”
in
which
individuals
and
organizations
can
complete
online
transactions with
14
,trusting the
identities of the infrastructure that the
transaction runs
15
.'
Still, the administration’s plan
has
16
privacy
rights activists. Some applaud the approach;
others are concerned. It seems
clear
that such an initiative push toward what would
17
be a license” mentality.
The plan has
also been greeted with
18
by
some experts, who worry that the “voluntary
ecosystem” would still leave
much of
the Internet
19
.They argue that should be
20
to register
and identify themselves, in drivers must be
licensed
to drive on public roads.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
.
9
.
10
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11
.
12
.
13
.
ss
ation
s
ed
on
vain
d
d
s
er
erence
ed
er
t
on
effect
ized
ess
mise
ainment
d
buted
in
return
ng
ss
al
lent
ed
e
e
red
in
contrast
ing
14
.
15
.
16
.
17
.
18
.
19
.
20
.
n
d
stly
cism
able
d
t
ointed
ntally
nce
able
ted
ence
ted
onally
erence
able
d
ce
ally
iasm
ble
Section II
Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read
the following four texts. Answer the questions
after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark
your answers on ANSWER
SHEET 1.
(40points)
Text
1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s
board as an outside director in January 2000: a
year later she became president of
Brown University. For the rest of the
decade she apparently managed both roles without
attracting much eroticism. But by the
end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire
for having sat on Goldman’s compensation
committee; how could she have let those
enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?
By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the
board. The position was just
taking up
too much time, she said.
Outside
directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet
less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having
made their wealth
and their reputations
elsewhere, they presumably have enough
independence to disagree with the chie
f
executive’s proposals. If
the sky, and
the share price is falling, outside directors
should be able to give advice based on having
weathered their own
crises.
The researchers from Ohio University
used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms
and more than 64,000 different
directors between 1989 and 2004. Then
they simply checked which directors stayed from
one proxy statement to the next. The
most
likely
reason
for
departing
a
board
was
age,
so
the
researchers
concentrated
on
those
“surprise”
disapp
earances
by
directors under the age of 70. They
fount that after a surprise departure, the
probability that the company will subsequently
have
to restate earnings increased by
nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a
federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and
the stock is likely to perform worse.
The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.
Although a correlation between them leaving
and subsequent bad performance at the
firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such
directors are always jumping off a sinking
ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving
riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable
firms.
But the researchers
believe that outside directors have an easier time
of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they
leave a
firm before bad news breaks,
even if a review of history shows they were on the
board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.
Firms who want to keep their outside
directors through tough times may have to create
incentives. Otherwise outside directors
will follow the example of Ms. Simmons,
once again very popular on campus.
21.
According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was
criticized for
.
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that
outside directors are supposed to be
.
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23.
According to the researchers from Ohio University
after an outside director’s
surprise
departure, the firm is likely to
.
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last
paragraph that outside directors
.
[A]may stay for the
attractive offers from the firm
[B]have
often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free work
in the firm
[D]will decline incentives
from the firm
25. The author’s attitude
toward the role of outside directors is
.
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text
2
Whatever happened to the
death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed
near. The recession threatened to remove the
advertising and readers that had not
already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the
San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling
their own doom. America’s Federal Trade
commission launched a round of talks about how to
save newspapers. Should they
become
charitable corporations? Should the state
subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting
soon. But the discussions now
seem out
of date.
In
much
of
the
world
there
is
the
sign
of
crisis.
German
and
Brazilian
papers
have
shrugged
off
the
recession.
Even
American newspapers,
which inhabit the most troubled come of the global
industry, have not only survived but often
returned
to profit. Not the 20% profit
margins that were routine a few years ago, but
profit all the same.
It has not been
much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing
journalists overboard. The American Society of
News
Editors reckons that 13,500
newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are
paying more for slimmer products. Some papers
even had the nerve to refuse delivery
to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures
have proved the right ones and, sadly for
many journalists, they can be pushed
further.
Newspapers
are
becoming
more
balanced
businesses,
with
a
healthier
mix
of
revenues
from
readers
and
advertisers.
American papers
have long been highly unusual in their reliance on
ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from
advertising in
2008, according to the
Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is
35%. Not
surprisingly, Japanese
newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through
newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage
has been concentrated in areas
where
newspaper
are
least
distinctive.
Car
and
film
reviewers
have
gone.
So
have
science
and
general
business
reporters.
Foreign bureaus
have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less
complete as a result. But completeness is no
longer a virtue in
the newspaper
business.
26. By saying “Newspapers
like … their own doom” (Lines 3
-4,
Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper
.
[A]neglected the sign of
crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to
distant suburbs probably because
.
[A]readers threatened to
pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce
costs
[C]journalists reported little
about these areas
[D]subscribers
complained about slimmer products
28.
Compared with their American counterparts,
Japanese newspapers are much more stable because
they
.
[A]have more
sources of revenue
[B]have
more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less
dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last
paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential
feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness
is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role
in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers
have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this
text would be
.
[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for
Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone
with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A
Thriving Business
[D]American
Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
Text
3
We tend to think of the
decades immediately following World War II as a
time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers
returning home by the millions, going
off to college on the G
. I. Bill and
lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it
was a time of common sense and a belief that less
could truly be more. During the
Depression and the war, Americans had
learned to live with less, and that restraint, in
combination with the postwar confidence
in the future, made small, efficient
housing positively stylish.
Economic
condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward
efficient living. The phrase “less is more”
was
actually first
popularized by a German, the architect
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people
associated with the Bauhaus, a school
of design, emigrated to the United
States before World War II
and took up
posts at American architecture schools. These
designers came to exert enormous influence on the
course of
American architecture, but
none more so that Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less
decoration, properly organized, has more impact
that a lot. Elegance, he believed,
did
not derive from abundance. Like other modern
architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated
wood-materials that we
take for granted
today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future.
Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact
that th
e
spaces he designed
were small and efficient, rather than big and
often empty.
The apartments
in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake
Shore Drive, for example, were
smaller
-two-bedroom
units
under 1,000 square feet-
than those in
their older neighbors along the city’s
Gold Coast. But they were popular because of
their
airy
glass
walls,
the
views
they
afforded
and
the
elegance
of
the
buildings’
details
and
proportions,
the
architectural
equivalent of the abstract art so
popular at the time.
The
trend
toward
“less”
was
not
entirely
foreign.
In
the
1930s
Frank
Lloyd
Wright
started
building
more
modest
and
efficient houses-usually around 1,200
square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he
had designed in the 1890s and the early
20th century.
The
“Case
Study
Houses”
comm
issioned
from
talented
modern
architects
by
California
Arts
&
Architecture
magazine
between 1945 and 1962 were
yet another homegrown influence on the
“less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from
the
landscape,
new
materials
and
forthright
detailing.
In
his
Case
Study
House,
Ralph
everyday
life
-
few
American
families
acquired
helicopters,
though
most
eventually
got
clothes
dryers
-
but
his
belief
that
self-sufficiency
was
both
desirable
and
inevitable was widely shared.
31. The postwar American
housing
style largely reflected the
Americans’
.
[A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be
inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was
affected by World War II.
[C]Most
American architects used to be associated with it.
[D]It had a great influence upon
American architecture.
33. Mies held
that elegance of architectural design
.
[A]was related to large
space
[B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant
decoration
[D]was not associated with
efficiency
34. What is true about the
apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore
Drive?
[A]They ignored
details and proportions.
[B]They were
built with materials popular at that time.
[C]They were more spacious than
neighboring buildings.
[D]They shared some characteristics of
abstract art.
35. What can we learn
about the design of the “Case Study
House”?
[A]Mechanical
devices were widely used.
[B]Natural
scenes were taken into consideration
[C]Details were sacrificed for the
overall effect.
[D]Eco-friendly
materials were employed.
Text
4
Will the European Union
make it? The question would have sounded strange
not long
ago. Now even the project’s
greatest
cheerleaders talk of a
continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt,
population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the
EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the
16 countries that use the single
currency.
Markets
have
lost
faith
that
the
euro
zone’s
economies,
weaker
or
stronger,
will
one
day
converge
thanks
to
the
discipline of sharing a single
currency, which denies uncompetitive members the
quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the
debate ab
out how to save Europe’s
single currency from disintegration is stuck. It
is stuck because the euro zone’s
dominant powers, France and Germany,
agree on the need for greater harmonization within
the euro zone, but disagree about
what
to harmonies.
Germany
thinks
the
euro
must
be
saved
by
stricter
rules
on
borrow
spending
and
competitiveness,
barked
by
quasi-
automatic sanctions for governments that do not
obey. These might include threats to freeze EU
funds for poorer regions
and EU mega-
projects and even th
e suspension of a
country’s voting rights in EU ministerial
councils. It insists that economic
co-
ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU
club, among whom there is a small majority for
free-market liberalism
and economic
rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a
small majority favour French interference.
A “southern” camp headed by French
wants something different: ”European economic
government” within an inner core
of
euro-zone members. Translated, that means
politicians intervening in monetary policy and a
system of redistribution from
richer to
poorer members,
via cheaper borrowing
for governments through common Eurobonds or
complete fiscal transfers.
Finally,
figures
close
to
the
France
government
have
murmured,
curo-zone
members
should
agree
to
some
fiscal
and
social
harmonization: e.g., curbing
competition in corporate-tax rates or labour
costs.
It
is
too
soon
to
write
off
the
EU.
It
remains
the
world’s
largest
trading
block.
At
its
best,
the
European
project
is
remarkably liberal: built
around a single market of 27 rich and poor
countries, its internal borders are far more open
to goods,
capital and labour than any
comparable trading area. It is an ambitious
attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of
globalization, and
make capitalism
benign.
36. The EU is faced with so
many problems that
.
[A] it has more or less lost faith in
markets
[B] even its
supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan
to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny
the possibility of devaluation
37. The
debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck
because the dominant powers
.
[A] are competing for the
leading position
[B] are
busy handling their own crises
[C] fail
to reach an agreement on harmonization
[D] disagree on the steps towards
disintegration
38. To solve the euro
problem ,Germany proposed that
.
[A] EU funds for poor regions be
increased
[B] stricter regulations be
imposed
[C] only core members be
involved in economic co-ordination
[D] voting rights of the EU members be
guaranteed
39. The French proposal of
handling the crisis implies that __
__.
[
A
]
poor countries are more likely to get
funds
[
B
]
< br>strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
[
C
]
loans will be readily available to rich
countries
[
D
]
rich countries will basically control
Eurobonds
40. Regarding the future of
the EU, the author seems to feel __
__.
[
A
]
pessimistic
[
B
p>
]
desperate
[
C
]
conceited
[
D
]
hopeful
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the
questions by finding information from the right
column that corresponds to each of the
marked
details
given
in
the
left
column.
There
are
two
extra
choices
in
the
right
column.
Mark
your
answer
on
ANSWER
SHEET
1. (10 points)
Such
a
move
could
affect
firms
such
as
McDonald’s,
which
sp
onsors
the
youth
coaching
scheme
run
by
the
Football
Association. Fast-
food
chains should also stop offering “inducements”
such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit
to
lure young customers, Stephenson
said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra,
president of th
e Royal College of
Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about
the impact
that food has on their
growth, and that some things can harm, at least
information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose
“fast
-food-
free zones”
around schoo
l and hospitals-areas
within which takeaways cannot
open.
A Department of Health spokesperson
said: “We need to create a new vision for public
health where all of society works
together
to
get
healthy
and
live
longer.
This
includes
creating
a
new
‘responsibility
deal’
with
business,
built
on
social
responsibility, not state regulation.
Later this year, we will publish a white paper
setting out exactly how we will achieve
this.”
The food
industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors
back such radical moves, especially the call to
use some of the
tough tactics that have
been deployed against smoking over the last
decade.
Lansley held that
e Stephenson agreed that
Oliver seemed to believe that
[A] “fat
taxes” should be imposed on fast
-food
producers such as
McDonald’s.
[B] the
government should ban fast-food outlets
in the neighborhood of schools
[C]
“lecturing”
was
an
effective
way
to
improve
school lunches in England.
[D]
cigarette-style
warnings
should
be
introduced
to
children
about
the
dangers
of
a
poor diet.
Bhugra suggested
that
45.A
Department of Health
Spokesperson
propsed that
46
.
Direction
:
In this section there is a text
in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your
translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)
Who
would
have
thought
that,
globally,
the
IT
industry
produces
about
the
same
volumes
of
greenhouse
gases
as
the
world’s
airlines do
-rough 2 percent of all CO2
emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a
surprising toll on the environment. A Google
search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of
CO2 depending on how many attempts are
needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver
results to its users quickly, then,
Googl
e
has to maintain vast
data centres round the world, packed with powerful
computers. While producing large quantities of
CO2,
these computers emit a great deal
of heat, so the centres need to be well air-
conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech
providers monitor their efficiency closely and
make improvements. Monitoring is the
first step on the road to reduction,
but there is much to be done, and not just by big
companies.
[E]
the
producers
of
crisps
and
candies
could
contribute
significantly
to
the
Change4Life
campaign.
[F]
parents
should
set
good
examples
for
their
children by keeping a
healthy diet at home.
[G] the
government should strengthen the sense
of responsibility among businesses.
Section IV
Writing
Part A
47
Directions:
Suppose your
cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a
university. Write him/her a letter to
1) congratulate him/her, and
2) give him/her suggestions on how to
get prepared for university life.
You
should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of
the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
48Directions:
Write a short essay baesd on the
following your writing,you should:
1)interpret the chart and
2)give your comments
you should write at least
150 wrods
write
your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)
2011
英语二参考答案
1
.
A
2
.
C
3
.
B
4
.
D
5
.
D
6
.
B
7
.
A
8
.
C
9
.
C
10
.
B
11
.
D
12
.
B
13
.
A
14
.
C
15
.
A
16
.
A
17
.
D
18
.
A
19
.
C
20
.
D
21-25 BDCAD
26-30 DBCAA
31-35 CDCDB
36-40 BCBAD
41.E
42.D
43.C
44.B
45.G
参考答案
从全球范围来看,有谁会想到
IT
行
业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢?它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的
2%<
/p>
。
许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊
的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数,谷歌会排放
0.2
至
7
克的二氧化碳。为了迅速
将结果传递给用户,
谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。
这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时,
也产生大量的能量。
因此,这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温,这又会同时产生大量的能量。
<
/p>
然而,谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步,
但这仍任重道远,且不仅只由大公司来承担。
小作文参考答案
Dear
friend,
I am
writing to congratulate you on your being
successfully admitted to Harvard University, which
enjoys an international
reputation for
its academic excellence and give you some
suggestions as to how to make preparation for the
coming college life.
In order for you to adapt yourself to
the university life, you are advised to get
prepared physically and intellectually. First
and foremost, you need to build a
strong body for the future academic pursuit, so
you can take some exercises during the breaks.
Secondly, since the study in university
is more demanding than in your secondary school,
you are highly suggested to find some
introductory books from the library so
as to have a good idea of the specialty you are
going to take in your college life. Given
your sound ability, you are sure to
have a successful college life.
Congratulate you again and
wish you a fruitful college life.
Sincerely yours,
Zhang Wei
【马鹏老师版】
Dear
Ming,
Congratulations! I am glad to
hear that you have been admitted by MIT. Your
efforts and commitment have been paid off.
You are the honor of our family.
Here
come
some
my
own
advices
of
being
a
pre
college
student.
First
and
foremost,
you
need
to
improve
your
communication
because
you
will
meet
different
people
with
different
personalities
in
campus.
Moreover,
reading
some
reference books will
help you to accumulate more knowledge and terms,
which boost your competitiveness in campus.
Once again congratulate for your
achievement!
Yours sincerely,
Zhang Wei
大作文参考答案
As is
shown in the bar chart above, dramatic changes
have taken place in the autos market shares within
two years (from
2008 to 2009). The most
obvious change was the market share of national
brand, which had increased nearly by 10%, while
Japan’s autos market share decreased
roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US autos
remained stable between 2008 and 2009.
There are numerous reasons accounting
for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a
few of the most important ones
here.
Above all, as the development of technique and
knowledge in native companies, a growing number of
autos corporation
developed many
quality autos. Therefore, the national people
changed the attitude to the native brands and
acknowledge them.
What’ more, an
overwh
elming majority of people have
been affected by the country patriotism ideology,
partly owing to some
actions
of Japan
triggering
the
emotion
of
people.
Finally,
Toyota
brake error
accidents
significantly
affects
Japanese autos
’
reputations
and
images.
Safety
concerns
drove
customers
away
from
Japanese
products.
Additionally,
Fuel
price
drove
consumers away from those American
petrol digging and luxury autos. So it is not
difficult to observe their steady performance.
Based
on
what
has
been
discussed
above,
we
may
reasonably
conclude
that
the
tendency
described
in
graphic
will
continue
for
quite
a
long
time.
Hopefully,
government
could
offer
more
friendly
policies
to
China
autos
manufacturers
to
encourage quality improvement and
technology innovation.
今年考研
英语二的作文不是很难。小作文是常见的书信体,要求写一封祝贺信。祝贺信的写法比较简单,题目也给出了写作
的思路,按照
题目的要求来写就可以。首先祝贺对方被大学录取,然后给出一些建议,做
好准备,迎接大学的生活。最后再次祝贺对方,表达良好的愿
望。
大作文是考纲规定的图画作文。图片描述的内容是国产、日系、美系品牌汽车在
p>
2008
年和
2009
年销售情况的变化。美系品牌汽车两年间
基本没有变化,但国
产汽车与日系汽车相反,前者所占的份额上升,后者所占的份额是下降的。写作的时
候需要首先描述一下图片的内
容,然后主要分析一下造成这种现象的原因,需要
引起注意的事情等。
2012
年研究生入学考试真题及解析
Section 1
Use of Eninglish
Directions :
Millions of Americans and foreigners
see as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American
military adventurism, but
that’s not
how it used to be .To the men and women
who
1 )in World War II and the people
they liberated ,the the 2)
man grown
into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his
home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle
,who slept in cold
foxholes,who went
without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it
out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this
was not a
volunteer soldier ,not
someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the
best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal
enemies
seen in centuries.
His
name
is
not
.
is
just
a
military
abbreviation
7)
Government
Issue
,and
it
was
on
all
of
the
article
8)
to
soldiers
.And
Joe?
A
common
name
for
a
guy
who
never
9)
it
to
the
top
.Joe
Blow
,Joe
Magrac
…a
working
class
United States has 10) had
a president or vicepresident or secretary of state
Joe.
GI .joe
had
a
(11)career
fighting
German
,Japanese
,
and
Korean
troops .
He
appers
as
a
character
,or
a
(12
)
of
american
personalities, in the 1945 movie The
Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war
correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some
of the
soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film.
Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the
warl, writing about
the dirt-snow
–
and-mud soldiers, not how
many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or
liberated, His reports(16)the
“willie”
cartoons
of
famed
Stars
and
Stripes
artist
Bill
Maulden.
Both
men(17)the
dirt
and
exhaustion
of
war,
the
(18)of
civilization that the soldiers shared
with each other and the civilians: coffee,
tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt,
France,
and a dozen more countries,
G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most
important person in their lives.
1.[A]
performed
2.[A] actual
3.[A]bore
5.[A]and
6.[A]for
4.[A]necessities
[B]served
[B]cased
[B]nor
[C]rebelled
[D]betrayed
[D]normal
[D]loaded
[D]propertoes
[D]hence
[D]against
[D]claiming
[D]passed down
[D]managed
[D]neither
[D]distinguished
[D]colony
[D]questioned
[D]human
[D]gained
[D]contradicted
[D]admired
[D]advancea
[D]Beyond
[B]common
[C]special
[C]removed
[C]but
[B]facilitice
[C]commodities
[B]into
[C] form
7.[A]meaning
8.[A]handed out
9.[A]pushed
10.[A]ever
11.[A]disguised
12.[A]company
13.[A]employed
14.[A]ethical
15.[A]ruined
16.[A]paralleled
17.[A]neglected
18.[A]stages
19.[A]With
[B]implying
[C]symbolizing
[B]turn over
[C]brought back
[B]got
[C]made
[C]either
[B]never
[B]disturbed
[C]disputed
[B]collection
[C]community
[B]appointed
[C]interviewed
[B]military
[C]political
[B]commuted
[C]patrolled
[B]counteracted
[B]avoided
[B]illusions
[B]To
[C]duplicated
[C]emphasized
[C]fragments
[C]Among
20.[A]on the contrary
[B] by
this means
[C]from the outset
[D]at that point
Section II
Resdiong Comprehension
Part
A
Directions:
Read the
following four texts. answer the question after
each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your
answers on ANSWER
SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
Homework
has
never
been
terribly
popular
with
students
and
even
many
parents,
but
in
recent
years
it
has
been
particularly scorned. School districts
across the country, most recently Los Angeles
Unified, are revising their thinking on his
educational ritual. Unfortunately,
L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible
policy
which mandates that with the
exception of
some advanced courses,
homework may no longer count for more than 10% of
a studen
t’s academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the
difficulty that students from impoverished or
chaotic homes might have in completing
their homework. But the policy is
unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework
should be assigned that students cannot do
without expensive equipment. But if the
district is essentially giving a pass to students
who do not do their homework because
of
complicated family lives, it is going riskily
close to the implication that standards need to be
lowered for poor children.
District
administrators say that homework will still be a
pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign
as much of it as
they want. But with
homework counting for no more than 10% of their
grades, students can easily skip half their
homework and
see vey little difference
on their report cards. Some students might do well
on state tests without completing their homework,
but what about the students who
performed well on the tests and did their
homework? It is quite possible that the homework
helped.
Yet
rather
than
empowering
teachers
to
find
what
works
best
for
their
students,
the
policy
imposes
a
flat,
across-the-board rule.
At
the same time, the policy addresses none of the
truly thorny questions about homework. If the
district finds homework
to
be unimportant to its students’
academic achievement, it should move to reduce or
eliminate the assignments, not make them
count for almost nothing. Conversely,
if homework does nothing to ensure that the
homework students are not assigning more
than they are willing to review and
correct.
The homework rules should be
put on hold while the school board, which is
responsible for setting educational policy,
looks into the matter and conducts
public hearings. It is not too late for L.A.
Unified to do homework right.
is
implied in paragraph 1 that
nowadays
homework_____.
[A] is receiving more
criticism
[B]is no longer an
educational ritual
[C]is not required
for advanced courses
[D]is gaining more
preferences
d has made the rule about
homework mainly because poor students_____.
[A]tend to have moderate expectations
for their education
[B]have asked for a
different educational standard
[C]may
have problems finishing their homework
[D]have voiced their complaints about
homework
ing to Paragraph 3,one problem
with the policy is that it may____.
[A]discourage students from doing
homework
[B]result in students'
indifference to their report cards
[C]undermine the authority of state
tests
[D]restrict teachers' power in
education
24. As mentioned in Paragraph
4, a key question unanswered about homework is
whether______. [A] it should be eliminated
[B]it counts much in schooling
[C]it places extra burdens on teachers
[D]it is important for grades
25.A suitable title for this text could
be______.
[A]Wrong Interpretation of an
Educational Policy
[B]A Welcomed Policy
for Poor Students
[C]Thorny Questions
about Homework
[D]A Faulty Approach to
Homework
Text2
Pretty in
pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed
with the colour, yet it is perv
asive in
our young girls’ lives.
Tt is not that
pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny
slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate
girlhood in one way,
it also repeatedly
and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance.
Then it presents that
connection, even
among two-year-olds,
between girls as
not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.
Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack
of imagination
about girls’ lives and
interests.
Girls’ attraction
to pink may seem unavoidable, someho
w
encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo
Paoletti, an associate
professor of
American Studies, it is not. Children were not
colour-coded at all until the early 20th century:
in the era before
domestic washing
machines all babies wore white as a practical
matter, since the only way of getting clothes
clean was to boil
them.
What’s
more,
both
boys
and
girls
wore
what
were
thought
of
as
gender
-neutral
nursery
colours
were
introduced, pink was
actually considered the more masculine colour, a
pastel version of red, which was associated with
strength.
Blue, with its intimations of
the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness,
symbolised femininity. It was not until the
mid-1980s,
when amplifying age and sex
differences became a dominant children’s
m
arketing strategy, that pink fully
came into its own,
when it began to
seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what
defined them as female, at least for the first few
critical years.
I had not realised how
profoundly marketing trends dictated our
perception of what is natural to kins, including
our core
beliefs about their
psychological development. Take the toddler. I
assumed that phase was something experts developed
after
years of research into children’s
behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to
Da
niel Cook, a historian of childhood
consumerism,
it was popularised as a
marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the
1930s.
Trade publications counselled
department stores that, in order to increase
sales, they should create a “third stepping
stone”
b
etween
infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only
after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that
it evolved into a
broadly accepted
developmental stage. Splitting kids, or
adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a
sure-fire way to boost
profits. And one
of the easiest ways to segment a market is to
magnify gender differences
–
or invent them where they did not
previously exist.
saying
[A]should not be the sole
representation of girlhood
[B]should
not be associated with girls' innocence
[C]cannot explain girls' lack of
imagination
[D]cannot influence girls'
lives and interests
ing to Paragraph 2,
which of the following is true of
colours
?
[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.
[B]Blue used to be regarded as the
colour for girls.
[C]Pink used to be a
neutral colour in symbolising genders.
[D]White is prefered by babies.
author suggests that our perception of
children's psychological development was much
influenced by_____.
[A]the marketing of
products for children
[B]the
observation of children's nature
[C]researches into children's behavior
[D]studies of childhood consumption
may learn from Paragraph 4 that
department stores were advised to_____.
[A]focus on infant wear and older kids'
clothes
[B]attach equal importance to
different genders
[C]classify consumers
into smaller groups
[D]create some
common shoppers' terms
can be
concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to
be____.
[A] clearly explained by their
inborn tendency
[B]fully understood by
clothing manufacturers
[C] mainly
imposed by profit-driven businessmen
[D]well interpreted by psychological
experts
Text 3
In
2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech
industry to its core. Companies had won patents
for isolated DNA for
decades-by 2005
some 20% of human genes were parented. But in
March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were
unpatentable.
Executives were violently
agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation
(BIO)
,
a trade
group
,
assured
members that this
was just a
“preliminary step” in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were
relieved
,
at
least temporarily. A federal appeals court
overturned the prior
decision
,
ruling
that
Myriad Genetics could indeed holb
patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's
risk of breast cancer. The chief executive
of Myriad
,
a company in
Utah
,
said the ruling was a
blessing to firms and patients alike.
But as companies continue their
attempts at personalised
medicine
,
the
courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case
itself is probably not over Critics
make three main arguments against gene
patents
:
a gene
is a product of nature
,
so it may
not be
patented
;
gene
patents suppress innovation rather than reward
it
;
and patents'
monopolies restrict access to genetic
tests
such
as
Myriad's.
A
growing
number
seem
to
year
a
federal
task-force
urged
reform
for
patents
related
to
genetic tests. In October
the Department of Justice filed a brief in the
Myriad case
,
arguing that an isolated DNA
molecu
le “is
no less a
product of nature... than are cotton fibres that
have been separated from cotton seeds.
”
Despite
the
appeals
court's
decision
,
big
questions
remain
unanswered.
For
example
,
it
is
unclear
whether
the
sequencing of a whole genome violates
the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The
case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
AS the industry advances ,however,other
suits may have an even greater ies are unlikely to
file many more
patents
for
human
DNA
molecules-most
are
already
patented
or
in
the
public
domain .firms
are
now
studying
how
genes
intcract,looking for correlations that
might be used to determine the causes of disease
or predict a drug’s efficacy,companie
s
are
eager to win patents for
‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans
sauer,alawyer for the BIO.
Their
success may be determined by a suit related to
this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the
Supreme Court will
hear in its next
term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which
included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting
landscape
for patents. Each meeting was
packed.
canbe learned from paragraph I
that the biotech companies would like-----
executives to be active
to
rule out gene patenting
to be
patcntablc
BIO to issue a warning
who are against gene patents believe
that----
c tests are not reliable
man-made products are patentable
s on
genes depend much on
innovatiaon
should restrict access to
gene tic tests
ing to hans sauer
,companies are eager to win patents for----
ishing disease comelations
ering gene interactions
g
pictures of genes
fying human DNA
34
.
By saying
“each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author
means that
-----
supreme
court was authoritative
BIO was a
powerful organization
patenting was a
great concern
s were keen to attend
conventiongs
lly speaking ,the author’s
attitude toward gene patenting is
----
al
tive
ul
ive
Text 4
The
great recession may be over, but this era of high
joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,
it will likely change the life course
and character of a generation of young adults. And
ultimately, it is likely to reshape our
politics,our culture, and the character
of our society for years.
No one tries
harder than the jobless to find silver linings in
this national economic disaster. Many said that
unemployment,
while extremely painful,
had improved them in some ways; they had become
less materialistic and more financially prudent;
they were more aware of the struggles
of others. In limited respects, perhaps the
recession will leave society better off. At the
very least, it has awoken us from our
national fever dream of easy riches and bigger
houses, and put a necessary end to an era of
reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits
seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral
Consequences of Economic Growth,
the
economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that
both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods
of economic stagnation
or
decline
have
almost
always
left
society
more
mean-spirited
and
less
inclusive,
and
have
usually
stopped
or
reversed
the
advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-
immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does
conflict between races and classes.
Income
inequality
usually
falls
during
a
recession,
but
it
has
not
shrunk
in
this
one,.
Indeed,
this
period
of
economic
weakness may
reinforce class divides, and decrease
opportunities to cross them--- especially for
young people. The research of
Till
V
on Wachter, the economist in Columbia
University, suggests that not all people
graduating into a recession see their life
chances dimmed: those with degrees from
elite universities catch up fairly quickly to
where they otherwise would have been if
they had graduated in better times; it
is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
In
the
internet
age,
it
is
particularly
easy
to
see
the
resentment
that
has
always
been
hidden
winthin
American
society.
More difficult, in the moment , is
discerning precisely how these lean times are
affecting society’s character. In many
respe
cts,
the U.S. was more
socially tolerant entering this resession than at
any time in its history, and a variety of national
polls on social
conflict since then
have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and
see exactly how these hard times will reshape our
social
fabric. But they certainly it,
and all the more so the longer they extend.
saying “to find silver
linings”
(
Line
1,Para.2
)
the author suggest
that the jobless try to___.
[A]seek
subsidies from the govemment
[B]explore
reasons for the unermployment
[C]make
profits from the troubled economy
[D]look on the bright side of the
recession
ing to Paragraph 2,the
recession has made people_____.
[A]realize the national dream
[B]struggle against each other
[C]challenge their lifestyle
[D]reconsider their lifestyle
in Friedman believe that economic
recessions may_____.
[A]impose a
heavier burden on immigrants
[B]bring
out more evils of human nature
[C]Promote the advance of rights and
freedoms
[D]ease conflicts between
races and classes
research of Till Von
Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from
elite universities tend to _____.
[A]lag behind the others due to
decreased opportunities
[B]catch up
quickly with experienced employees
[C]see their life chances as dimmed as
the others’
[D]recover more
quickly than the others
author thinks
that the influence of hard times on society
is____.
[A]certain
[B]positive
[C]trivial
[D]destructive
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the
questions by finding information from the left
column that corresponds to each of the
marked details given in the right
column. There are two extra choices in the right
column. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEERT 1.(10 points)
“Universal history, the history of what
man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom
the History of the Great
Men who have
worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas
Carlyl
e. Well, not any more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen
out with its favourite historical form. This could
be no more than a passing literary
craze, but it also points to a broader
truth about how we now approach the past: less
concerned with learning from forefathers
and more interested in feeling their
pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.
From the earliest days of the
Renaissance, the writing of history meant
recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In
1337, Petrarch began work on his
rambling writing De Viris Illustribus
–
On Famous Men,
highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of
classical
heroes.
Petrarch
celebrated
their
greatness
in
conquering
fortune
and
rising
to
the
top.
This
was
the
biographical
tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli
turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed
cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness,
rather than virtue, mercy and justice,
as the skills of successful leaders.
Over time, the attributes of greatness
shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading
painters and authors of their day,
stressing the uniqueness of the
artist's personal experience rather than public
glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual
Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue
of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists
and explores .
which
they
furnish
of
the
power
of
self-
help,
if
patient
purpose,
resolute
working
and
steadfast
integrity,
issuing
in
the
formulation
of
truly
noble
and
many
character,
exhibit,
Smiles.
it
is
in
the
power
of
each
to
accomplish
for
himself
biographies
of
James
Walt,
Richard
Arkwright
and
Josiah
Wedgwood
were
held
up
as
beacons
to
guide
the
working man through his
difficult life.
This was all a bit
bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his
biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin
Luther,
Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon
Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives
hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as
possessing higher authority than mere
mortals.
Communist Manifesto. For them,
history did n
othing, it possessed no
immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real,
living man who does all that.” And
history should be the story of the masses and
their record of struggle. As such, it
needed
to
appreciate the
economic realities, the social contex
ts
and power relations in which each epoch stood.
For:“Men make their own
history, but
they do not make it just as they please; they do
not make it under circumstances chosen by
themselves, but under
circumstances
directly found, given and transmitted from
the past.”
This
was
the
tradition
which
revolutionized
our
appreciation
of
the
past.
In
place
of
Thomas
Carlyle,
Britain
nurtured
Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric
Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside
biographies of great men. Whole new
realms of understanding
—
from gender to race to
cultural studies
—
were
opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of
lost societies. And it transformed
public history too: downstairs became just as
fascinating as upstairs.
41. Petrarch
42. Niccolo
Machiavellli
43. Samuel Smiles
44. Thomas Carlyle
45. Marx
and Engels
[A] emphasized
the virtue of classical heroes.
[B]
highlighted the public glory of the leading
artists.
[C]
focused
on
epochal
figures
whose
lives
were
hard to imitate
[D] opened up new
realms of understanding the
great men
in history.
[E] held that history
should be the story of the
masses and
their record of struggle.
[F]
dismissed
virtue
as
unnecessary
for
successful leaders.
[G]
depicted
the
worthy
lives
of
engineer
industrialists and
explorers.
Section III
Translation
46.
Directions:
Translate the following text from
English into your
translation on
ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)
When people in developing countries
worry about migration,they are usually
concerned at the prospect of ther best
and
brightest
departure
to
Silicon
V
alley
or
to
hospitals
and
universities
in
the
developed
world
,These
are
the
kind
of
workers
that countries like
Britian ,Canada
and
Australia try to attract by using
immigration
rules that privilege
college
graduates .
Lots
of
studies
have
found
that
well-
educated
people
from
developing
countries
are
particularly
likely
to
emigrate
.A
big
survey
of
Indian
households
in
2004
found
that
nearly
40%of
emigrants
had
more
than
a
high-school
education,compared
with
around
3.3%of
all
Indians
over
the
age
of
drain
long
bothered
policymakers in poor countries ,They
fear that it hurts
their economies
,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who
could have
taught at their
universities ,worked in their hospitals and come
up with clever new
products for their
factories to
make .
Section
IV
Writing
Part A
ions
Suppose you have found
something wrong with the electronic dictionary
that you
bought
from an
onlin store the other
day ,Write an
email to the customer service
center
to
1)make a complaint and
2)demand a prompt
solution
You should write about 100words on
ANSERE SHEET 2
Do not sign your own
name at the end of the letter ,Use
Part
B
ions
write an essay based
on the following table .In your writing you should
1)describe the table ,and
2)give your comments
You
should write at least 150 words(15points)
某公司员工工作满意度调查
年龄
-------
满意度
小于等于
40
岁
41-50
岁
大于
50
岁
满意
16.7%
0.0%
40.0
不清楚
50.0%
36.0%
50.0%
不满意
33
.
3%
64.0%
10.0%
2012
考研英语二参考答案
1.B
2.B
3.A
4.A
5.C
6.B
7.C
8.A
9.D
10.B
11.D
12.B
13.C
14.D
15.B
16.A
17.C
18.B
19.B
20.D
21. A
22.C
23.A
24.B
25.D
26.A
27.B
28.A
29.C
30.C
31.C
32.B
33.A
34.D
35.D
36.D
37.D
38.B
39.D
40.A
41-45
:
AFGCE
小作文范文:
Dear Sir
or Madame,
As one of the
regular customers of your online store, I am
writing this letter to express my complaint
against the flaws in
your
product
—
an electronic
dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.
The dictionary is supposed
to be a favorable tool for my study.
Unfortunately, I found that there are several
problems. To
begin
with,
when
I
opened
it,
I
detected
that
the
appearance
of
it
had
been
scratched.
Secondly,
I
did
not
find
the
battery
promised in the advertisement posted on
the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel
that you have not kept your promise.
What is worse, some of the keys on the
keyboard do not work.
I strongly
request that a satisfactory explanation be given
and effective measures should be taken to improve
your service
and the quality of your
products. You can either send a new one to me or
refund me my money in full.
I am
looking forward to your reply at your earliest
convenience.
Sincerely
yours,
Zhang Wei
大作文范文:
The
table
above
revealed
an
overall
picture
of
employment
satisfaction.
Based
upon
the data
of
the
table,
most
people
under 40 are unclear
or dissatisfied with their job, and 64% of those
between 40 to 50, are not satisfied and no one
feel satisfied
at all. For people over
50, the degree of satisfaction largely exceeds the
other groups, amounting to 40%.
Such
difference may be rooted in the following reasons.
First, middle-aged people face more pressure to
support the family,
both
the
children
and
the
senior,
so
that
they
neglect
to
enjoy
in
work.
Second,
the
senior
citizens
has
developed
a
lot
in
personality,
so
they
are
more
prone
to
see
the
optimistic
aspects
of
the
work.
Last,
the
conclusion
that
the
current
society
patterns pose more
challenges to the middle aged group under 50.
To sum up, the senior citizens enjoys
more content than the young and middle-aged people
under 50.