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2021-02-28 18:14
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2021年2月28日发(作者:offer什么意思)


2


011


年研究生入学考试英语二真题


Section I


Use of English



Directions



Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER


SHEET 1. (10 points)




a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also


behind the explosion of cybercrime that has



1



across the Web.


Can privacy be preserved



2



bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly



3



?




Last


month,


Howard


Schmidt,


the


n


ation’s


cyberczar,


offered


the


Obama


government


a



4



to


make


the


Web


a


safer


place




a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high


-tech



5



of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all


rolled



6



one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential



7



to a specific computer, and would


authenticate users at a range of online services.


The


idea


is


to



8



a


federation


of


private


online


identify


systems.


Users


could



9



which


system


to


join,


and


only


registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that


would require an Internet driver’s license




10



by the government.




Google


and


Microsoft


are


among


companies


that


already


have


sign-


on”


systems


that


mak


e


it


possible


for


users


to



11



just once but use many different services.



12




, the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense


of



13



community.




Mr.


Schmidt


described


it


as


a


“voluntary


ecosystem”


in


which


individuals


and


organizations


can


complete


online


transactions with



14



,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs



15



.'


Still, the administration’s plan has




16



privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems


clear that such an initiative push toward what would



17




be a license” mentality.





The plan has also been greeted with



18




by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave


much of the Internet



19



.They argue that should be



20



to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed


to drive on public roads.



1




2




3




4




5




6




7




8




9




10




11




12




13






ss



ation




s



ed


on



vain


d


d



s


er


erence



ed


er


t



on


effect


ized




ess


mise


ainment



d




buted


in



return



ng




ss


al


lent



ed


e


e


red


in


contrast


ing


14




15




16




17




18




19




20





n



d


stly


cism


able


d


t



ointed


ntally


nce


able


ted


ence



ted


onally


erence


able


d


ce




ally


iasm


ble



Section II


Reading Comprehension


Part A



Directions:


Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER


SHEET 1. (40points)


Text


1


Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of


Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the


end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those


enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just


taking up too much time, she said.


Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth


and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chie


f executive’s proposals. If


the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own


crises.



The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different


directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The


most


likely


reason


for


departing


a


board


was


age,


so


the


researchers


concentrated


on


those


“surprise”


disapp


earances


by


directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have


to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and


the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving


and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking


ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.



But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a


firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.


Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors


will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.


21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for


.



[A]gaining excessive profits


[B]failing to fulfill her duty


[C]refusing to make compromises


[D]leaving the board in tough times


22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be


.


[A]generous investors


[B]unbiased executives


[C]share price forecasters


[D]independent advisers


23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s


surprise departure, the firm is likely to


.


[A]become more stable


[B]report increased earnings


[C]do less well in the stock market


[D]perform worse in lawsuits


24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors


.


[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm


[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm


[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm


[D]will decline incentives from the firm


25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is



.


[A]permissive


[B]positive


[C]scornful


[D]critical


Text


2


Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the


advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling


their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they


become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now


seem out of date.



In


much


of


the


world


there


is


the


sign


of


crisis.


German


and


Brazilian


papers


have


shrugged


off


the


recession.


Even


American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned


to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.


It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News


Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers


even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for


many journalists, they can be pushed further.



Newspapers


are


becoming


more


balanced


businesses,


with


a


healthier


mix


of


revenues


from


readers


and


advertisers.


American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in


2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not


surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.



The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas


where


newspaper


are


least


distinctive.


Car


and


film


reviewers


have


gone.


So


have


science


and


general


business


reporters.


Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in


the newspaper business.


26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3


-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper


.


[A]neglected the sign of crisis


[B]failed to get state subsidies


[C]were not charitable corporations


[D]were in a desperate situation


27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because


.


[A]readers threatened to pay less


[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs


[C]journalists reported little about these areas


[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products


28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they


.


[A]have more sources of revenue



[B]have more balanced newsrooms


[C]are less dependent on advertising



[D]are less affected by readership


29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?


[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.


[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.


[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.


[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.


30. The most appropriate title for this text would be


.


[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival


[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind


[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business


[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story


Text


3


We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers


returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G


. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.



But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the


Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence


in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.


Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was


actually first


popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school


of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II


and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of


American architecture, but none more so that Mies.



Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed,


did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we


take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that th


e


spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.



The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller


-two-bedroom


units under 1,000 square feet-


than those in their older neighbors along the city’s


Gold Coast. But they were popular because of


their


airy


glass


walls,


the


views


they


afforded


and


the


elegance


of


the


buildings’


details


and


proportions,


the


architectural



equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.



The


trend


toward


“less”


was


not


entirely


foreign.


In


the


1930s


Frank


Lloyd


Wright


started


building


more


modest


and


efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early


20th century.


The


“Case


Study


Houses”


comm


issioned


from


talented


modern


architects


by


California


Arts


&


Architecture


magazine


between 1945 and 1962 were


yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the


landscape,


new


materials


and


forthright


detailing.


In


his


Case


Study


House,


Ralph


everyday


life


-


few


American


families


acquired


helicopters,


though


most


eventually


got


clothes


dryers


-


but


his


belief


that


self-sufficiency


was


both


desirable


and


inevitable was widely shared.



31. The postwar American housing


style largely reflected the Americans’



.


[A]prosperity and growth


[B]efficiency and practicality



[C]restraint and confidence


[D]pride and faithfulness


32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?


[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.


[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.


[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.


[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.


33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design


.


[A]was related to large space


[B]was identified with emptiness


[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration


[D]was not associated with efficiency


34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?



[A]They ignored details and proportions.


[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.


[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.



[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.


35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?



[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.


[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration



[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.


[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.


Text


4


Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long


ago. Now even the project’s greatest


cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.



As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single


currency.


Markets


have


lost


faith


that


the


euro


zone’s


economies,


weaker


or


stronger,


will


one


day


converge


thanks


to


the


discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.


Yet the debate ab


out how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s


dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about


what to harmonies.


Germany


thinks


the


euro


must


be


saved


by


stricter


rules


on


borrow


spending


and


competitiveness,


barked


by


quasi- automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions


and EU mega- projects and even th


e suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic


co- ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism


and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.


A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core


of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from


richer to poorer members,


via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.


Finally,


figures


close


to


the


France


government


have


murmured,


curo-zone


members


should


agree


to


some


fiscal


and


social


harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.


It


is


too


soon


to


write


off


the


EU.


It


remains


the


world’s


largest


trading


block.


At


its


best,


the


European


project


is


remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods,


capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and


make capitalism benign.


36. The EU is faced with so many problems that


.


[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets



[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned



[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro


[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation


37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers



.


[A] are competing for the leading position



[B] are busy handling their own crises


[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization



[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration


38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that


.


[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased


[B] stricter regulations be imposed


[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination



[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed


39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __


__.



A



poor countries are more likely to get funds



B


< br>strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries



C



loans will be readily available to rich countries



D



rich countries will basically control Eurobonds


40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __


__.



A



pessimistic



B



desperate



C



conceited



D



hopeful


Part B


Directions:


Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the


marked


details


given


in


the


left


column.


There


are


two


extra


choices


in


the


right


column.


Mark


your


answer


on


ANSWER


SHEET 1. (10 points)




Such


a


move


could


affect


firms


such


as


McDonald’s,


which


sp


onsors


the


youth


coaching


scheme


run


by


the


Football


Association. Fast-


food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to


lure young customers, Stephenson said.


Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of th


e Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact


that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”



He also urged councils to impose “fast


-food-


free zones” around schoo


l and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot


open.


A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works


together


to


get


healthy


and


live


longer.


This


includes


creating


a


new


‘responsibility


deal’


with


business,


built


on


social


responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve


this.”



The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the


tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.



Lansley held that


e Stephenson agreed that


Oliver seemed to believe that


[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast


-food


producers such as McDonald’s.



[B] the government should ban fast-food outlets


in the neighborhood of schools


[C]


“lecturing”


was


an


effective


way


to


improve school lunches in England.


[D]


cigarette-style


warnings


should


be


introduced


to


children


about


the


dangers


of


a


poor diet.


Bhugra suggested


that


45.A Department of Health


Spokesperson propsed that




46



Direction




In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)


Who


would


have


thought


that,


globally,


the


IT


industry


produces


about


the


same


volumes


of


greenhouse


gases


as


the


world’s airlines do


-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?


Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of


CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Googl


e


has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2,


these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air- conditioned, which uses even more energy.


However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the


first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.


[E]


the


producers


of


crisps


and


candies


could


contribute


significantly


to


the


Change4Life


campaign.


[F]


parents


should


set


good


examples


for


their


children by keeping a healthy diet at home.


[G] the government should strengthen the sense


of responsibility among businesses.


Section IV



Writing


Part A


47 Directions:



Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to


1) congratulate him/her, and


2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.


You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.


Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.



Do not write the address. (10 points)


Part B


48Directions:


Write a short essay baesd on the following your writing,you should:




1)interpret the chart and





2)give your comments




you should write at least 150 wrods




write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)




2011


英语二参考答案



1



A


2



C


3



B


4



D


5



D


6



B


7



A


8



C


9



C


10



B


11



D 12



B 13



A 14



C 15



A 16



A 17



D 18



A 19



C 20



D


21-25 BDCAD





26-30 DBCAA


31-35 CDCDB





36-40 BCBAD


41.E


42.D


43.C


44.B


45.G


参考答案



从全球范围来看,有谁会想到


IT


行 业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢?它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的


2%< /p>




许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊 的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数,谷歌会排放


0.2



7


克的二氧化碳。为了迅速


将结果传递给用户,


谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。


这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时,


也产生大量的能量。


因此,这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温,这又会同时产生大量的能量。


< /p>


然而,谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步, 但这仍任重道远,且不仅只由大公司来承担。




小作文参考答案



Dear friend,




I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international


reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life.




In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically and intellectually. First


and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks.


Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your secondary school, you are highly suggested to find some


introductory books from the library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your college life. Given


your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college life.




Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.


Sincerely yours,


Zhang Wei


【马鹏老师版】



Dear Ming,


Congratulations! I am glad to hear that you have been admitted by MIT. Your efforts and commitment have been paid off.


You are the honor of our family.


Here


come


some


my


own


advices


of


being


a


pre


college


student.


First


and


foremost,


you


need


to


improve


your


communication


because


you


will


meet


different


people


with


different


personalities


in


campus.


Moreover,


reading


some


reference books will help you to accumulate more knowledge and terms, which boost your competitiveness in campus.


Once again congratulate for your achievement!


Yours sincerely,


Zhang Wei



大作文参考答案



As is shown in the bar chart above, dramatic changes have taken place in the autos market shares within two years (from


2008 to 2009). The most obvious change was the market share of national brand, which had increased nearly by 10%, while


Japan’s autos market share decreased roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US autos remained stable between 2008 and 2009.



There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones


here. Above all, as the development of technique and knowledge in native companies, a growing number of autos corporation


developed many quality autos. Therefore, the national people changed the attitude to the native brands and acknowledge them.


What’ more, an overwh


elming majority of people have been affected by the country patriotism ideology, partly owing to some


actions


of Japan


triggering


the


emotion


of people.


Finally,


Toyota


brake error


accidents


significantly


affects


Japanese autos



reputations


and


images.


Safety


concerns


drove


customers


away


from


Japanese


products.


Additionally,


Fuel


price


drove


consumers away from those American petrol digging and luxury autos. So it is not difficult to observe their steady performance.


Based


on


what


has


been


discussed


above,


we


may


reasonably


conclude


that


the


tendency


described


in


graphic


will


continue


for


quite


a


long


time.


Hopefully,


government


could


offer


more


friendly


policies


to


China


autos


manufacturers


to


encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.



今年考研 英语二的作文不是很难。小作文是常见的书信体,要求写一封祝贺信。祝贺信的写法比较简单,题目也给出了写作 的思路,按照


题目的要求来写就可以。首先祝贺对方被大学录取,然后给出一些建议,做 好准备,迎接大学的生活。最后再次祝贺对方,表达良好的愿


望。



大作文是考纲规定的图画作文。图片描述的内容是国产、日系、美系品牌汽车在


2008


年和


2009

年销售情况的变化。美系品牌汽车两年间


基本没有变化,但国



产汽车与日系汽车相反,前者所占的份额上升,后者所占的份额是下降的。写作的时 候需要首先描述一下图片的内


容,然后主要分析一下造成这种现象的原因,需要



引起注意的事情等。






2012


年研究生入学考试真题及解析



Section 1


Use of Eninglish



Directions :


Millions of Americans and foreigners see as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but


that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who


1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the the 2)


man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold


foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a


volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies


seen in centuries.


His


name


is


not


.


is


just


a


military


abbreviation


7)


Government


Issue


,and


it


was


on


all


of


the


article


8)


to


soldiers


.And


Joe?


A


common


name


for


a


guy


who


never


9)


it


to


the


top


.Joe


Blow


,Joe


Magrac


…a


working


class



United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.


GI .joe


had


a


(11)career


fighting


German


,Japanese


,


and


Korean


troops .


He


appers


as


a


character


,or


a


(12


)


of


american


personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some


of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about


the dirt-snow



and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the


“willie”


cartoons


of


famed


Stars


and


Stripes


artist


Bill


Maulden.


Both


men(17)the


dirt


and


exhaustion


of


war,


the


(18)of


civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France,


and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.


1.[A] performed


2.[A] actual



3.[A]bore



5.[A]and



6.[A]for






4.[A]necessities


[B]served



[B]cased



[B]nor



[C]rebelled




[D]betrayed


[D]normal


[D]loaded


[D]propertoes


[D]hence


[D]against


[D]claiming


[D]passed down


[D]managed


[D]neither


[D]distinguished


[D]colony


[D]questioned


[D]human


[D]gained


[D]contradicted


[D]admired


[D]advancea


[D]Beyond


[B]common


[C]special


[C]removed



[C]but





[B]facilitice


[C]commodities


[B]into



[C] form



7.[A]meaning



8.[A]handed out


9.[A]pushed



10.[A]ever



11.[A]disguised


12.[A]company


13.[A]employed


14.[A]ethical



15.[A]ruined



16.[A]paralleled


17.[A]neglected


18.[A]stages



19.[A]With




[B]implying


[C]symbolizing


[B]turn over


[C]brought back


[B]got



[C]made



[C]either






[B]never


[B]disturbed


[C]disputed


[B]collection


[C]community



[B]appointed


[C]interviewed


[B]military


[C]political



[B]commuted


[C]patrolled



[B]counteracted


[B]avoided


[B]illusions


[B]To






[C]duplicated



[C]emphasized


[C]fragments



[C]Among



20.[A]on the contrary


[B] by this means


[C]from the outset


[D]at that point


Section II Resdiong Comprehension



Part A


Directions:


Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER


SHEET 1.(40 points)


Text 1


Homework


has


never


been


terribly


popular


with


students


and


even


many


parents,


but


in


recent


years


it


has


been


particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his


educational ritual. Unfortunately,


L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy


which mandates that with the exception of


some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a studen


t’s academic grade.



This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing


their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do


without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because


of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.


District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as


they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and


see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework,


but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework


helped.


Yet


rather


than


empowering


teachers


to


find


what


works


best


for


their


students,


the


policy


imposes


a


flat,


across-the-board rule.


At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework


to


be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them


count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more


than they are willing to review and correct.


The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy,


looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.


is implied in paragraph 1 that


nowadays homework_____.


[A] is receiving more criticism


[B]is no longer an educational ritual


[C]is not required for advanced courses


[D]is gaining more preferences


d has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.


[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education


[B]have asked for a different educational standard


[C]may have problems finishing their homework


[D]have voiced their complaints about homework


ing to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.


[A]discourage students from doing homework


[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards


[C]undermine the authority of state tests


[D]restrict teachers' power in education


24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminated


[B]it counts much in schooling


[C]it places extra burdens on teachers


[D]it is important for grades


25.A suitable title for this text could be______.


[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy


[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students


[C]Thorny Questions about Homework


[D]A Faulty Approach to Homework


Text2


Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is perv


asive in our young girls’ lives.


Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way,


it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that


connection, even among two-year-olds,


between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination


about girls’ lives and interests.



Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, someho


w encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate


professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before


domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil


them.


What’s


more,


both


boys


and


girls


wore


what


were


thought


of


as


gender


-neutral



nursery


colours


were


introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength.


Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s,


when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s m


arketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own,


when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.


I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core


beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after


years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Da


niel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism,


it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.


Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone”



b


etween infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a


broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost


profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences



or invent them where they did not


previously exist.


saying


[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood


[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence


[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination


[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests


ing to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours




[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.


[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.


[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.


[D]White is prefered by babies.


author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.


[A]the marketing of products for children


[B]the observation of children's nature


[C]researches into children's behavior


[D]studies of childhood consumption


may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.


[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes


[B]attach equal importance to different genders


[C]classify consumers into smaller groups


[D]create some common shoppers' terms


can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.


[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency


[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers


[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen


[D]well interpreted by psychological experts


Text 3



In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for


decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable.


Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO)




a trade group




assured members that this


was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.



On July 29th they were relieved




at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision




ruling that


Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive


of Myriad




a company in Utah



said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.


But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine




the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case


itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents




a gene is a product of nature




so it may


not be patented




gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it




and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic


tests


such


as


Myriad's.


A


growing


number


seem


to



year


a


federal


task-force


urged


reform


for


patents


related


to


genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case




arguing that an isolated DNA molecu


le “is


no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”



Despite


the


appeals


court's


decision




big


questions


remain


unanswered.


For


example




it


is


unclear


whether


the


sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.


AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater ies are unlikely to file many more


patents


for


human


DNA


molecules-most


are


already


patented


or


in


the


public


domain .firms


are


now


studying


how


genes


intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companie


s are


eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans


sauer,alawyer for the BIO.


Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will


hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape


for patents. Each meeting was packed.


canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----


executives to be active


to rule out gene patenting


to be patcntablc


BIO to issue a warning


who are against gene patents believe that----


c tests are not reliable


man-made products are patentable


s on


genes depend much on innovatiaon


should restrict access to gene tic tests


ing to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----


ishing disease comelations


ering gene interactions


g pictures of genes


fying human DNA


34



By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that


-----


supreme court was authoritative


BIO was a powerful organization


patenting was a great concern


s were keen to attend conventiongs


lly speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is


----


al


tive


ul


ive


Text 4


The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,


it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our


politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.


No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment,


while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent;


they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the


very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of


reckless personal spending.


But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth,


the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation


or


decline


have


almost


always


left


society


more


mean-spirited


and


less


inclusive,


and


have


usually


stopped


or


reversed


the


advance of rights and freedoms. Anti- immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.


Income


inequality


usually


falls


during


a


recession,


but


it


has


not


shrunk


in


this


one,.


Indeed,


this


period


of


economic


weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of


Till V


on Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life


chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if


they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.


In


the


internet


age,


it


is


particularly


easy


to


see


the


resentment


that


has


always


been


hidden


winthin


American


society.


More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respe


cts,


the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social


conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social


fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.


saying “to find silver linings”



Line 1,Para.2



the author suggest that the jobless try to___.


[A]seek subsidies from the govemment


[B]explore reasons for the unermployment


[C]make profits from the troubled economy


[D]look on the bright side of the recession


ing to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.


[A]realize the national dream


[B]struggle against each other


[C]challenge their lifestyle


[D]reconsider their lifestyle


in Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.


[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants


[B]bring out more evils of human nature


[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms


[D]ease conflicts between races and classes


research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.


[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities


[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees


[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’



[D]recover more quickly than the others


author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.


[A]certain


[B]positive


[C]trivial


[D]destructive



Part B


Directions:


Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the


marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER


SHEERT 1.(10 points)







“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great


Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyl


e. Well, not any more it is not.


Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary


craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers


and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.


From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In


1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus



On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of


classical


heroes.


Petrarch


celebrated


their


greatness


in


conquering


fortune


and


rising


to


the


top.


This


was


the


biographical


tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness,


rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.


Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day,


stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual


Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores .


which


they


furnish


of


the


power


of


self- help,


if


patient


purpose,


resolute


working


and


steadfast


integrity,


issuing


in


the


formulation


of


truly


noble


and


many


character,


exhibit,


Smiles.


it


is


in


the


power


of


each


to


accomplish


for


himself


biographies


of


James


Walt,


Richard


Arkwright


and


Josiah


Wedgwood


were


held


up


as


beacons


to


guide


the


working man through his difficult life.


This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther,


Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as


possessing higher authority than mere mortals.


Communist Manifesto. For them, history did n


othing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real,


living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed


to


appreciate the economic realities, the social contex


ts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own


history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under


circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from


the past.”



This


was


the


tradition


which


revolutionized


our


appreciation


of


the


past.


In


place


of


Thomas


Carlyle,


Britain


nurtured


Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new


realms of understanding



from gender to race to cultural studies



were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of


lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.



41. Petrarch


42. Niccolo Machiavellli


43. Samuel Smiles


44. Thomas Carlyle


45. Marx and Engels



[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.


[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading


artists.


[C]


focused


on


epochal


figures


whose


lives


were hard to imitate


[D] opened up new realms of understanding the


great men in history.


[E] held that history should be the story of the


masses and their record of struggle.


[F]


dismissed


virtue


as


unnecessary


for


successful leaders.


[G]


depicted


the


worthy


lives


of


engineer


industrialists and explorers.


Section III


Translation


46.


Directions:


Translate the following text from English into your


translation on


ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)


When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually


concerned at the prospect of ther best and


brightest


departure


to


Silicon


V


alley


or


to


hospitals


and


universities


in


the


developed


world


,These


are


the


kind


of


workers


that countries like Britian ,Canada


and


Australia try to attract by using immigration


rules that privilege college


graduates .


Lots


of


studies


have


found


that


well- educated


people


from


developing


countries


are


particularly


likely


to


emigrate


.A


big


survey


of


Indian


households


in


2004


found


that


nearly


40%of


emigrants


had


more


than


a


high-school


education,compared


with


around


3.3%of


all


Indians


over


the


age


of




drain



long


bothered


policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts


their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who


could have


taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new


products for their factories to


make .


Section IV


Writing


Part A


ions


Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you


bought


from an onlin store the other


day ,Write an email to the customer service


center to


1)make a complaint and


2)demand a prompt


solution


You should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2


Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use


Part B


ions


write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should


1)describe the table ,and


2)give your comments


You should write at least 150 words(15points)


某公司员工工作满意度调查



年龄




-------


满意度



小于等于


40




41-50




大于


50




满意



16.7%


0.0%


40.0


不清楚



50.0%


36.0%


50.0%


不满意



33



3%


64.0%


10.0%


















2012


考研英语二参考答案



1.B


2.B


3.A


4.A


5.C


6.B


7.C


8.A


9.D


10.B


11.D


12.B


13.C


14.D


15.B


16.A


17.C


18.B


19.B


20.D


21. A


22.C


23.A


24.B


25.D


26.A


27.B


28.A


29.C


30.C


31.C


32.B


33.A


34.D


35.D


36.D


37.D


38.B


39.D


40.A


41-45



AFGCE


小作文范文:



Dear Sir or Madame,



As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in


your product



an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.



The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To


begin


with,


when


I


opened


it,


I


detected


that


the


appearance


of


it


had


been


scratched.


Secondly,


I


did


not


find


the


battery


promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise.


What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.


I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service


and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.


I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.



Sincerely yours,


Zhang Wei


大作文范文:



The


table


above


revealed


an


overall


picture


of


employment


satisfaction.


Based


upon


the data


of


the


table,


most


people


under 40 are unclear or dissatisfied with their job, and 64% of those between 40 to 50, are not satisfied and no one feel satisfied


at all. For people over 50, the degree of satisfaction largely exceeds the other groups, amounting to 40%.


Such difference may be rooted in the following reasons. First, middle-aged people face more pressure to support the family,


both


the


children


and


the


senior,


so


that


they


neglect


to


enjoy


in


work.


Second,


the


senior


citizens


has


developed


a


lot


in


personality,


so


they


are


more


prone


to


see


the


optimistic


aspects


of


the


work.


Last,


the


conclusion


that


the


current


society


patterns pose more challenges to the middle aged group under 50.


To sum up, the senior citizens enjoys more content than the young and middle-aged people under 50.

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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