跨文化完整版

1 Basic functions of culture

(1)

same reasons

It

is

believed

that

culture evolved

:

for

the

laying

of us is firmly grounded and thus enables us

out

a

predictable

：

it

serves the

world

in

basic

which

need

each

of

to make sense of our surrounding .

makes all things easy

Culture

(2)

perplexing

In

addition

to

making

the

world

a

less

to the point where they are. People’s primary

place,

cultures

have

now

evolved

means of satisfying 3 types of needs

2

important

culture

makes

facilitate

reason

all

：

things

first,

easy:

for

two

new

the

transition

from

culture

womb

to

helps

this

object, and people. Second, culture makes life

life

by

providing

meaning

to

event,

less

most

confusing

because,

subconscious.

of

culture

is

as we

automatic

shall

see

later,

and

3

Basic needs: food, shelter, physical protection

three types of culture

Derived

work,

nee ds:

派

生

需

control

distribution

of

food,

求

organization

defense,

social

of

Integrative

security , social harmony, purpose in life

needs

综合需求

:

psychological

4

material culture

梁漱溟文化理

5

Pyramid:

Abraham Maslow

：

论

social culture

：

ideological

求，

“

self

—< /p>

actualization

:

自< /p>

我

实

现

need s

：

esteem

physiological needs

社交需求：

needs

safety

尊重需求；

needs

：

belongings

需

安全需求

9

interaction 2 observation 3 imitation

enculturation usually take place through:

生理需求

1

10

culture

sources of learning culture:

legends

through

proverbs

2

from

1 we learn our

folk

mass media

and

myths.

3

through

art

4

through

tales,

11 symbols

①

spoken

word

三

类

分法

.writt en

word

.nonverbal

actions(

automobiles or jewelry)

非

语

言

为

)object

(i.e.:

flags

②

language

communicative

symbols

:spoken

words ,written words

behavior.

Nonverbal

communicative

symbols

expressions. touch. objects.)

body

movement.

gestures.

(body

facial

③

2the

Perice

皮

< br>尔

斯

(

人

类

学家

)j

表格

pretty

physical

organs such as the eyes ,ears and nose permit

much

the

mechanism

same

in

all

of

people

perception

:sensory

is

us

sensation

to

sense

our

environment

through

where

our

received

by

them

are

,and

routed

the

meaning

they

nervous

are

interpreted

system

to

and

the

brains,

recognition or identification .the second is the

in

a

two

stage

sequence

accorded

:the

first

interpretation and evaluation (

stage

2

(e

Culture and perception .(relationship)< /p>

生理

阶

段。

2 the responsive stage)

1 the biological

meanings

habits.

and

generates/produces

similar

behaviors.

Eg:

similar

eating

(2.

perceptual trait that is touched by culture

Personal

（

Sports. Marriage. Eating habits,

credibility

is

yet

anther

）

(3.

simple as the blinding of one’s eye is affected

Even

the

perception

of

something

as

by culture.

(4.

tempered by culture

How

we

perceive

the

elderly

is

also

3

(1. Belief systems are significant to the study

．

Beliefs

重要性

of

of our thoughts or actions.

intercultural

because

they

are

at

the

core

(2. Beliefs systems are important to

of

are

intercultural

students

interpretation.

learned

or

communication

hence

subject

because

to

cultural

they

(3.

intercultural

Beliefs

are

such

an

influential

factor

in

affect

manner.

our

conscious

communication

or

unconscious

because

minds,

they

communicate

as

well

as

the

manner

in

which

we

2.

required

Values

teach

us:

1

)

what

behavior

is

what

or

forbidden

by

the

society

2)

useful, good, right and wrong?

we

should

love

or

hate.

3)

What

is

3. Classification of values in American:

Values

secondary, tertiary values.

can

be

classified

as

primary,

1)

they

Primary

human

specify

values

what

are

is

worth

the

most

important:

and

life .in

the

united

states,

the

sacrifice

democracy

of

family are primary values.

the

protection

of

one’s

self

and

close

2)

important .in

Secondary

suffering

securing

of

others

USA

valves

the

is

a

relief

are

secondary

of

the

also

quite

value.

pain

and

The

secondary value for most Americans,

of

material

possessions

is

also

a

3)

hierarchy .examples

Tertiary

values

are

United

of

at

the

bottom

of

our

cleanliness.

States

are

hospitality

tertiary

to

values

guests

in

the

cleanliness

Hospitality

to

quests

and

and

.

1).the

cautionary remarks

value of all individuals within the culture.

value

of

the

culture

may

not

be

the

2) Try to visualize each culture’s response to a

specific

rather

pattern

as

a

point

on

a

continuum

responses.

than

one

of

only

two

possible

3) The patterns are interrelated with a host of

other values and do not operate in isolation.

4)

said

Common

limited

to

hold

culture

for

patterns

that

could

be

country.

to

the

the

dominant

whole

country

culture

must

in

each

be

5)

patterns found in every culture.

There

are

literally

hundreds

of

cultural

6)

values of the culture

Cultures

charge

and

therefore

so

do

the

7)

values in a particular culture.

In

many

instances,

we

find

contradictory

4

individualism;

dominant

American

cultural

patterns:

and

and leisure; competition.

technology;

equality;

progress

materialism;

and

change;

science

work

5 Hofstede’s value dimensions:

1) individualism- collectivism.

2) Uncertainty avoidance

3) Power distance

4) Masculinity an femininity

Characteristics

consciousness

Britain Australia

prevails

of

-----i.e.

individualism:

America

Great

I

1

）

competition

rather

than

cooperation

is

2

）

encouraged

personal

goals

take

precedence

3

）

group goals

over

people

dependent

tend

on

not

to

organizations

be

emotionally

and

4

）

institutions

every individual has the right to his or her

Characteristics

private property thoughts and opinions

consciousness

of

collectivism

:

we

Colombia Pakistan)

prevails

(i.e.

Japanese,

1)

2)

identity is based on the social system

the

individual

is

emotionally

dependent

3)

on organizations and institutions

the

culture

emphasizes

belonging

to

4)

organizations.

Organizations

invade

private

life

and

the

5)

clans to which individuals belong

uncertainty avoidance

Individuals trust the group decisions

.1)high

seeking

例如：

Portugal Greece Peru Japan

of

uncertainty

分

类

stability

不舒服程度高非常焦

avoidance

求

稳

the

虑

.

2)low

seeking

uncertainty

Singapore Hong Kong

of

change.

avoidance

如

：

USA

求

变

Sweden

the

D

High

power distance

:

分< /p>

类

hierarchical

power

distance

:

people

accept

a

平

Singapore Greece

等

性

的

程

order

度

高