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The essential elements of communication
1. there should be at least
two part
s. 2. there should be
a
message
3. there should be
a
contact
between
the two parts
4. there
should be
a
language
that both sides share. 5. there should
a
place
6.
time
for the communication to take place.
Message (
信息)
Source of message
encode
code
channel/medium
decoder retriever of message
(信息源)
编码)
(密码)
(渠道
/
媒介)
(解码)
(信息接受者)
Attributes of communication
1. It is a born need
2. It is interactive
3. it can be either
constructive or destructive to a relation
4. It cannot be white
washed in case it is performed.
?
I. What is
culture?
The definition can be in
three-step hierarchy/ the structure of culture
Spiritual: beliefs, core of value,
ethnics, etc.;
Custom/social: manners,
organizations, techniques, etc,.
Material: food, tools, clothing, etc.
Ideological culture/ social culture/
material culture
Four Aspects of
Culture
1. It
’
s
learnt, not obtained from genes.
Social, family, and regional factors as
input.
2.
It
’
s shared by a group of
people. Local language and culture to be shared by
people in a certain
group.
3. It
’
s symbolic.
Many can be of symbols of a culture --- language
(verbal or non-verbal one),
architects,
arts, and so on.
4.
It
’
s adaptive. No culture is
fixed except the dead.
What may effect
cross-cultural communication
Way of observing
verbal language
non-verbal
language
?
Kickbacks
回扣
(而不是:踢回)
?
Honey
cooler
讨好女人的男子(而不是:甜饮料)
?
Dog-
eared
书页的折角(而不是:狗耳朵)
?
Sea-elephant
海豹(而不是:海象
walrus)
?
Street walker
妓女(而不是:行人)
?
Hospital trust
银行
(而不是:
友好的信任)
?
Lover
情人(而不是:爱人)
?
Rest room
厕所(而不是:休息室)
?
Dollar sale
全部商品一美圆贱卖(而不是:美圆贱卖)
?
Green wash
塑造环保形象(而不是:刷绿色)
?
busboy
饭店里的洗碗檫桌子的杂工(而不是:公共汽车上的售票员
?
busybody
≠大忙人,它相当于汉语中的
“
爱管闲事的人
”
。
?
从跨文化角度提出了出口商标翻译
的三种方法,即直译法、音译法和音意合璧法
?
Who to whom?
?
Introduce the
host to the visitor/ first(groups)
?
First introduce
your side to the visiting side
?
Then the
visiting side will make an introduction of
themselves
?
Younger to the senior first
?
Low rank to
high rank first
?
Lady first
?
If on
the same
position, the senior aged first
?
下面介绍一下西方的名片一些小知
识,这个也许对我们将来会有帮助的。
P.P
:即介绍,意思是当你的合作伙伴刘总送给一张名片上左下角写着这个字样
的时候,你不用着急,这意思是让你去认识一个人。你要打电话到你要认识的那个
人那边去,说:
你好我是某某公司的谁谁,是刘总让我打电
话给你的。
。
。
。
P
.F
:如果名字左下角写着这样的字样是表示当有什么节日或有什么事时,你的
朋友为了敬祝或答谢你,送你的礼物。他在礼物上留了一张名片,并在名片左下角
写上
P.F
。表示敬贺的意思。
P
.R
:表达谨谢。这时当你收到地方的礼物时,想回敬时,也可以在礼物上放上
一个名片左下角写上
P.R
。当对方收到礼物时
,看看名片就知道是你的回敬了。
N.B
意为请注意。当接到这样的名片时,意为请你注意的意思。
Individualism vs
Collectivism
?
Individualism
stands for a
preference for a loosely knit social framework in
society in
which individuals are
supposed to take care of themselves and their
immediate families
only.
?
Collectivism
stands
for
a
preference
for
a
tightly
knit
social
framework
in
which
individuals
can
expect
their
relatives,
clan,
or
other-in-group
to
look
after
them
in
exchange for unquestioning loyalty.
Social Interaction
When
two
or
more
than
two
persons
are
doing
something
together
in
order
to
fulfill
an
aim,
a
social situation exists.
Elements
of a social
situation
(at
least
two
participants;
an
aim;
a
setting;
schema
for
fulfilling
the
aim;
verbal
or
non-verbal
communication;
time and space)
It is heard but it
isn
’
t taken in the way it is
uttered. In a social situation, all participating
sides can
monitor the communication
process. The utterance
meaning/thespeaker
’
s
meaning/thehearer
’
s m.
How to give gifts:
–
–
–
–
–
Wrapped in a
paper, or in a box or container
With a
card on top or inside
With a receipt in
case it will be returned by receiver
Personal presenting or by delivery
company
Money in an envelope
Social distance
is a term referring to the similarity or
dissimilarity between the two cultures.
?
High context
cultures
emphasize the context in which
a communication takes place;
they pay a
great deal of attention to implicit, nonverbal
messages;
?
Low
context cultures
place less emphasis on
the context of communication (such as
implied meaning or nonverbal messages);
they rely on explicit verbal messages.
?
?
Power Distance
is the extent
to which the members of a society accept that
power in
institutions and organizations
is distributed unequally.
high-power-distance
(or
large/strong):
–
People in high power distance societies
accept a hierarchical order.
?
low-power-
distance
(or small/less power
distance):
–
People
in
low
power
distance
societies
strive
for
power
equalization
and
demand justification for power
inequalities
Attitudes and
behaviors
Large power distance
Small power distance
Hierarchy
Hierarchies
reflect
the basic
inequality of
people.
Hierarchies are only
convenient ways of
organizing activities.
Relationships
Power
Comfortable
with
hierarchical
Prefer equal relationships
relationships
Accept differences in power
Dislike and distrust authority
Use of power
Whoever holds power is right and
Whoever uses their power will be
good.
judged
as
to
whether
they
use
it
in the right way.
The
less
powerful
are
dependent
Interdependence
between
less
on the powerful.
and more powerful persons
Decision-making
tends
to
be
Decision-making
is
dispersed
centralized; the
leader decides.
throughout
organization.
People
at all levels make decisions.
Leaders
direct
the
activities
of
Leaders
motivate
their
subordinates
by
giving
specific
subordinates
to
work
toward
instructions.
goals. They do
not give as much
specific direction.
Only the leader initiates.
Everyone is expected to
initiate.
From
the
top
of
organization
to
From the top down and from the
the bottom
lower
levels to higher levels
High
status
privileges.
people
enjoy
People
disapprove
of
special
privileges and symbols of status.
Reform the organization.
Dependency
Decision making
Authority
Leadership
Initiative
Communication flow
Status
How
to
change
the
Replace people at the top.
organization
Elements
influencing refusals
?
Power distance (manager vs employee)
?
Uncertainty
(leave room for further thinking)
?
Face problem
(saving face)
?
Personal relationship (afraid of
refusing or being refused, relationship break-up)
?
Special time
and space situations
Language and culture. Close related, a
reflection of. Language communication is affected
by diff c
Gender communication
Sex --> physical /biological
descriptive term Gender = sex + culture + role in
society
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