英美两国福利制度比较研究

再到发展型社会福利的发展和改革的历程；

比较英美国家的

不同国情的保障制度改革，提出福利制度的改革方向：构建积极的发展性的社会保障制度。

政治文化以及民情习惯等 因素而形成的福

利制度及其模式的特点，

并探索他们在目前世界 性的福利制度改革大潮中的发展趋势。

还无

疑问，

这将有足浴我们在思考别国的经验教训，

推动目前我国正在进行的社会保障制 度的完

善与发展进程。

关键词：福利

福利制度

比较

ABSTRACT

Western modern social welfare system is a sign of civilization and progress of human society,

in

favor

of

strengthening

the

rule

of

the

bourgeoisie,

but

also

to

protect

the

lives

of

working

people played a significant role in security. As a large- scale socialized production and the product

of the industrial revolution, the Western welfare system for the orderly operation of the entire

social

economy

to

create

a good

environment.

States

to

legislate

through

the

redistribution

of

the national income to social security taxes and other forms of high-income tax share of income

transfer

payments

to

low-income

people,

the

pursuit

of

revenue

equalization,

ease

social

contradictions, and to maintain social stability; the same time also ensure that the reproduction

of

labor,

and

promote

economic

development;

besides,

it

can

be

maintain

and

extend

moral

valued. However, countries in the world have different national conditions, its welfare system in

the mode of coverage, capital expenditures and management, there are a huge differences.

In

this

paper,

the

evolution

of

British

and

American

welfare

system

history

to

start

comparison,

through

research

and

drawing

on Britain and

American

social

welfare

policy

from

the

remaining

type,

the

type

of

social

welfare

system,

to

the

developmental

social

welfare

development

and

reform

process;

more

Anglo-American

countries,

different

conditions

of

security

system

reform,

reform

the

welfare

system

put

forward:

building

positive

development-oriented social security system. As the United States and Britain intended to reveal

their

different

historical

traditions,

political

culture

and

public

sentiment

to

form

habits,

the

welfare

system

and

its

pattern

of

characteristics,

and

to

explore

their

current

welfare

system

reform

global

tide

of

trends.

Undoubtedly,

this

will

help

us

to

reflect

on

the

lessons

of

other

countries to promote our country was now the perfect social security system and development

process.

Key word: welfare

benefits system

compare

1

、引言

英美国家的福利制度理论渊源深厚，

福利制度理论的研究也比较完善。

英国较早建立了比

较完善的福 利制度，

为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境，

是整个 过程和社会得以

持续、稳定、均衡、协调地发展。并且，实现收入的均等化，缓解了社会 矛盾，同时保证了

劳动力的再生产，

出尽了经济发展。

随着福利国家带来的福利病，

英国进行了不断的改革和

< br>调整。

福利制度模式向积极性的福利制度模式转变。

和英 国相比，

美国的社会保障制度起步

较晚，

知道

20

世纪

30

< br>年代大萧条时期才基本建立起来；

迄今为止，

起社会保障 的覆盖面与

水平不仅低于英国，

和同在北美的加拿大不起来也有 不小的差距。

按照西欧国家的标准，

也

许美国甚至从来算不上“福利国家”

，但是从

20

世纪

80

年代，西欧许多福利国家陷入困境

之后，

很多人开始认为美国社会模式更有利于经济发展。

事实上，

西欧福利国家在变革过程

中已经从美国的制度 模式中洗去了很多东西，

从这种角度来说，

美国的福利国家制度 恰恰是

值得研究的。

因此，

作为西方两 个发达国家，

选取英美两国的福利制度进行比较研究具有重

要的 理论意义。

British

and

American

national

welfare

system

theoretical

roots,

welfare

system

theory

research is more perfect. Britain earlier established a relatively perfect welfare system, for

the whole of the orderly operation of social economy has created a good environment, is

the

whole

process

and

social

sustained,

stable

and

balanced

and

coordinated

development.

And

revenue

equalization,

alleviate

the

social

contradiction,

at

the

same

time to ensure the reproduction of labor force, make the economic development. As the

welfare

state

to

bring

the

benefits

of

disease,

Britain

has

carried

on

the

reform

and

adjustment.

Welfare

system

model

to

the

enthusiasm

of

the

welfare

system

model.

Compared with Britain, the United States social security system started late, know basic

established during the great depression in the 1930 s; So far, the social security coverage

and level lower than the UK, and Canada in North America do not rise to also have a big

gap.

In

accordance

with

the

standards

of

western

European

countries,

perhaps

even

never is not

after

many

welfare

state

is

in

trouble,

a

lot

of

people

are

beginning

to

believe

that

American

society

patterns

more

conducive

to

economic

development. Western

welfare

state in the process of change have, in fact, from the United States to wash the system

model of a lot of things, from this perspective, the American welfare state system is worth

studying. Therefore, as the two western developed countries, the selection of Britain and

the

United

States

a

comparative

study

of

the

welfare

system

has

important

theoretical

significance.

本文通过梳理福利制度的概念，

以及 福利制度模式的发展演进，

比较英美国家不同的历史

文化传统和 国庆社会保障制度的改革实践活动以及不同的政策在改革中所发挥的职能作用，

寻求由于 不同的政治文化和历史民情形成的不同的福利制度，

并将他们福利制度不同点及改

革发展方向相综合，

找出福利制度调整中存在的问题，

从而探索福利制度的发展医院及对策

建议。

In

this

paper,

by

analyzing

the

concept

of

the

welfare

system,

evolution

and

the

development

of

the

welfare

system

mode,

compare

British

and

American

countries

different

national

historical

and

cultural

traditions,

the

social

security

system

reform

practice and different policies in the reform of the play to the functions of the seek formed

due to different political, culture and history of different welfare system, and bring them the

welfare

system

differences

and

the

direction

of

reform

and

development

of

the

comprehensive, find out the problems existing in the welfare system to adjust, so as to

explore

the

development

of

the

welfare

state

hospitals

and

countermeasures

and

Suggestions.

2

福利制度及其模式的概念

2.1

福利制度的概念

社会保障

社会福利

从全球范围来看，

由于各国的特点和认识不同，

社会保障制度的概念在世界各国的政策、

文献以及有关论著中解析不同。

“社会保障”一词最早出现在《

1935

年社会保障法》中。国

际劳工组织给“ 社会保障”下的定义是：

“所谓社会保障，就是通过采取一系列综合型的政

策和措施而追求到的一种社会成果。

这些政策和措施是对因疾病、

年老以及死亡而中

断收入来源、

如对上述人员提供必要的医疗，

对有幼儿的家庭发

放补助金等。

”

（张彦，陈红霞，社会保障论

[M]

南京：南京大学出版社，

1999

）英国在《简