-
专题十
名词性从句
第一节
基本知识与基本概念
【什么是名词性从句？】
根据从句在句子中的功能分
定语从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
状语从句
副词性从句
【主语从句】
顾名思义，主语从句在
句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上，也有时出于句子结构的考
虑退到句子的尾
部，前面用形式主语
it
代替。从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为
单数形式。如
:
What I
saw was beyond any verbal description.
That his hair was turning grey worried
him a bit.
Why the company
denied the contract is still unknown.
When and where the government will
build a city square is under discussion.
It is pretty annoying that
a small part of the machine is missing.
It remains to be seen
whether the new novel will be well received.
【宾语从句】
在句子
中作宾语的从句就是宾语从句。
由于这是同学们接触比较早的一种从句，
应该问题不大。
所
以在近年的高考题中，
以宾语从句的知识作为考点的题目较少。
但是，
宾语
从句也有自己的特殊情况，
如介词的宾语，形容词的宾语，宾语从句提前和并列的宾语从
句等现象。如：
We assumed that there would
be more than 100 guests.
He told the
police in detail what he saw and heard.
Nobody is sure what humans will look
like in a million years.
That will
depend on whether they can get the chance.
Whether I will have the time I am not
sure at the moment.
The conductor
complained that we were not gifted in singing and
that he would never come again.
【表语从句】
表语从句的最重要脸谱就是它们应该出现在系动词的后面。如：
The
only question left is how often the workers are
paid.
His idea for the coming
weekend is that we go skating.
【同位语从句】
从脸谱上看，同位语从句最为麻烦
。因为它们也是出现在一个名词的后面，起着解释说明的作用。
1
根据从句的性质分
形容词性从句
名词性从句
有点像定语从句。这个点
是许多学生容易混淆的地方。但是，只有我们能把握住关键，即：定语从句
的先行词在从
句中必须作一个成分，
并且这个成分应该是个空白，
也就是说，
定语从句必须缺少成分。
这一点恰恰是同位语从句所不能做到的
。同位语从句前面的名词在从句中是没有位置的。况且，也不
是所有的名词后面都会跟同
位语从句，
只有那些
“有内容的名词”
才需要解释。
如
fact, news, idea,
truth,
hope, problem, information,
belief, thought,
doubt
等。
如：
That fact that the policeman
didn
’
t fire at the man at
all was ignored.
Do you have any
idea what is going on in the classroom.
The possibility that we can work at
home makes everybody excited.
【连接代词、连接副词和连接词】
通过以上介绍，
< br>我们可以看出，
四种名词性从句都需要有一个连接性词在从句的开头。
这个词是什
么性质，要看它在从句中作作的成分，
如果作的是主语、宾语、表语的话，这个词就是连接代词；如
果作的是各种状语，就叫连
接副词；如果不作任何成分，就叫连接词。
如下表：
连接词
that, if,
whether
引导名词性从句
的连接词
连接代词
who, whom, what, whose, which,
whichever, whatever, whoever
连接副词
when, where, how, why
第二节
考点分类解析
【考点一：语序问题】
名词性从句的
语序问题一直断断续续地在各地高考题目中出现，由此可见其重要性。其实说来非
常简单
易记：
永远陈述语气
。即名词性从句中不会出现助动词提前的现
象。如：
Who he is
doesn
’
t matter much.
When and where we shall have the sports
meet is a question.
I
don
’
t know what his name is.
I don
’
t know what
is wrong with him. = I don
’
t
know what is the matter with him.
You
can
’
t imagine how excited I
was at that time.
Can you tell me what
size shoes you wear?
No one
can be sure ______ in a million years.
A. what will man look like
B. what man will look like
C. man will look like what
D. what look will man like
答
案：
B
。这个题就是典型的考查宾语从句的语序问题。根据以上
所述，应该是陈述语序。所以
A
、
C<
/p>
两个选项就不可能了。而
D
选项明显不符
合我们的语言习惯。
【考点二：
th
at
和
what
的区别问题】
能引导名词性从句的关系代词有
who,
whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever,
whoever
八
2
个。为何单独讲
what
的用法呢？重要！在考试中
出现的频率高！在本书第一章《定语从句》中，我们
提到过，
w
hat
是不能引导定语从句的。定语从句中如果缺少的成分是主语、宾语、表语，我们选
择的
是关系代词
that
或其他。
现在山头换了，
到了名词性从句的知识范围了。
What
在名词性从句中
就很有
用
武之地了。还是分析成分，
what
在从句中作的主语、宾语
、表语。而
that
只是一个“连接词”
，既
不作什么成分，也没有什么意义。
如
:
What you did
doesn
’
t agree with what you
promised.
What he
couldn
’
t understand was why
his teacher was never satisfied with him.
The matter of salary is
what I care most if I decide to change my
profession.
What we
can
’
t get always seems
better than what we have already got.
I think that your composition is no
better than his.
That you
don
’
t love her is not my
business.
What we have seen
is different from _______.
A. we heard
B. we have heard
C. what we heard
D. what we have heard
I
couldn’t agree with ______ at the meeting.
A.
that you said
B. which you
said
C. all what you said
D. what you said
【考点三：
that
和
whethe
r
的区别问题】
有时候，它们两个比较难以区别，
因为，它们都是连接词，都在从句中不作成分。但是，它们
之间最大的区别在于
“
意义
”
。即
that
在从句中既不作成分，也没有自己的意义；而
< br>whether
就不同了。
它虽然不在从句中作什么成分
，但是它又意义，即
“
是否
”
。这就能够左右从句的意思，使从句所表达
的意思变成一个还没有确定的
因素。如：
I don’t know whether
he can join us or not.
I’
m sure that he can join
us.
It is none of your
business whether I love her.
It is none of your business that I
don’t love her.
综上所述，
区分
that
还是
whether
，<
/p>
重要一点就是看主句需要从句表达一个什么意思，是确定的，
还<
/p>
是不确定的；是事实还是疑问。前者选
that
< br>，后者选
whether
。如：
I have no doubt _____ Mr. Johnson will
make it here on time.
A.
that
B. whether
C. why
D. when
答案：Ａ。这个题之所以选择
tha
t
，就是因为前面的
I have no
doubt
（毫无疑问）
，这样
的主句已经不再需要从句表达什么“是否”了。
No one can be sure _____ the board will
accept our conditions.
A.
that
B. whether
C. why
D. what
答案：Ｂ。
这个题中的
No one can be
sure
（没有人能肯定）就要求从句表达一个“董
事会能否接受我们的条件”的意思，而不能是一个既定的事实。
【考点四：
if
和
whether
的区别问题】
二
者在引导宾语从句时都有“是否”之意。但并不是永远可以互换。一般认为，二者可
以互换的环境也只有在宾语从句中。如：
He didn
’
t give us
explicit reply whether/if he will attend our
wedding ceremony.
而在介词的宾语从句
中，在主语从句中，在表语从句中，在同位语从句中，在和不定式搭配的结构中
等等，习
惯上只能用
whether
。如：
3
1.
_______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the
weather.
A. If
B. Whether
C. That
D. Where
2. The
question of _______ they are old or young is not
important.
A. which
B. whether
C.
how
D. if
3. The question is ______ the film is
worth seeing.
A. if
B. what
C. whether
D. how
4. He doesn’t know ______
to stay or not.
A. if
B. when
C. whether
D.
how
5. The news
_____ our team has won the match is unknown.
A. which
B. if
C. whether
D. then
值得注意的是：有些资料依然强调
if
不能与
or not
搭配的问题。过去有过这样的规定，只是在现代
英语中，已经不再强调了而已。现在认为
if
…<
/p>
or not
也可以接受。
【考点五：
wh-
< br>词和
wh-
ever
的区别问题】
一般认为，<
/p>
wh-
词在引导从句时，依然保留了很大部分的疑问词的本色，所
以，它们引导的从句
在意思上应该表达的是一个
“
问题
”
，如：
“
谁？什么？何时？何地？为何？怎么？
”
等。而<
/p>
wh-ever
已
经没有这层色彩，不再
关心这样的
“
问题
”
< br>，而是充满了让步的意味，多有
“
无论．
．
．
”
之意。如：
The police wanted to
kn
ow who will benefit most from the old
man’s death.
警方想知道谁将从老人的去世中受益最多。
Whoever will benefit from the old man’s
death will be questioned by the police.
能从老人的去世之中受益的所有人都将受到警方的盘问。
Who will be sent to help the people in
the flooded areas hasn’t been
anno
unced.
谁将被派往洪灾区去救援还没有宣布。
Whoever will be sent to work in the
flooded areas will spare no effort to help
the people in need.
不管是谁被派往灾区救援都会全力以赴地帮助灾民。
【考点六：
no matter
wh-
和
wh-
ever
的区别问题】
二者都有
“无论．
．
．
”<
/p>
之意。
在引导让步状语从句时确实可以互换，
没有什么区别。
但是，
no matter
wh-
只能引导状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。
W
h-ever
则二者兼收，来去自由。由此包含与被包含的
关系
决定，二者同时出现而必选其一时，答案肯定是
wh-
ever
。如：
Whoever
breaks the rules will be punished.
(
主语从句
)
Whoever/
No matter who breaks the rules, he/she will be
punished. (
状语从句
)
Don
’
t believe
whatever he tells you.
(
宾语从句
)
Don
’
t believe
him, whatever/ no matter what he tells you.
(
状语从句
)
【考点七：名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题】
先看宾
语从句的虚拟语气。一般说来，如果从句作的是表示说话人某种观点、态度或要求等语气
的动词的宾语时，从句中要求用
should
＋动词原形的虚拟
语气（
should
经常可以省略）
。
这些动词常见
的有：
desire, demand,
require, request, order, propose, command, advise,
suggest
等。如：
例：
He insisted that she
（
should
）
spe
nd more time studying.
He demanded
that we
（
should
）<
/p>
be on time.
The boss required that all waiters
(should) keep standing all day long.
4
The publishing
house suggested that I (should) type my book out.
有两个特例是高中老师不愿意错过
的。那就是
suggest
和
insi
st
。它们俩后面的宾语从句是否用虚
拟语气还要看具体语境来
定。如：
The doctor
suggested that I had a cold
。
(
这个
suggest
的意思是“解释，说明”
。后面不用虚拟语气
)
The big smiles
on her face suggested that she had passed the
test.
(
这个
suggest
的意思是“表明”
。后面不用虚拟语气
)
The doctor suggested that I (should)
stay in bed for a few day.
(
这个
su
ggest
的意思是“建议”
。后面用虚拟语气
)
The young
man insisted that he was well enough to serve in
the army.
(
这个
insist
坚持的是一个事实不是一种观点。后面不用虚拟语气
)
That young man insisted that he should
be sent to the front.
(
这个
in
sist
坚持的是一种观点，即“他应该被派往前线”
。后面用
虚拟语气
)
以上是宾语从句中的虚拟语气现象。如果是其他三
种名词性从句，只要和上述动词有关，也享受同
样的待遇。如：
The
headquarter
s’
suggestion is
that we (should) wait for another few days.
(
表语从句
)
His order that all the
soldiers (should) swim across the river was
refused. (
同位语从句
)
It is strongly recommended
that you (should) take a taxi.
(
主语从句
)
另外，在下面这几个特殊的句型中，后面的主语从句也用虚拟
语气。
a. It is important/
necessary/ natural/ a wonder/
essential
（必要的）
/suggested
that…
should do
…
如：
It
is important that you
（
shoul
d
）
be on time.
It is necessary that you
(should) exercise regularly.
b. I wish that
…
did
…
.
如：
I wish I were a bird.
I wish one day I could live on the
moon.
c. I
’
d rather
that…
did
…
如：
I
’
d rather you
did it yourself.
I
’
d rather I
hadn
’
t lent you that bicycle
yesterday.
【考点八：宾语从句的反意疑问句的问题】
< br>众所周知，反意疑问句是由句子的谓语和主语的代词形式共同构成。如：
He is ignorant,
isn
’
t he?
He isn
’
t strong,
is he?
但是，如果前面的句子中含有宾语从句，怎么
办？答案是一定针对主句的主语、谓语。如：
You
know he is ignorant, don
’
t
you?
I told you he
isn
’
t strong,
didn
’
t I?
有一种例外，当主句的主语是
I,
且谓语动词是表示
观点的动词如
think, believe, suppose, expect,
am
afraid
等时，就只能针对从句反问了。因为没有人
会对自己的观点吗上进行反诘。如：
I think he
is ignorant, isn
’
t he?
I believe he
isn
’
t strong, is he?
5
【考
点九：
it
在名词性从句中的作用问题】
代
词
it
的用法有很多。但近几年的高考关注的却比较集中，即<
/p>
it
作为普通回指代词的用法和在名
词性
从句中作形式宾语和形式主语的用法。如：
作形式主语：
It worried me a bit that he
didn
’
t phone.
It
occurred to me that she might have forgotten the
date.
It doesn
’
t
matter when you arrive--- just come when you can.
It wasn
’
t clear
to anyone why he didn
’
t
come.
It was surprising how many
unhappy marriages there are.
作形式宾语：
I made it clear that I was determined
to carry out the plan.
I find it
necessary that we should spend more time
practising spoken English.
I think it
important that we should keep calm.
Don
’
t take it for
granted that your parents should do everything for
you.
He doesn
’
t
want it to be known that
he
’
s going away.
You may depend upon it that all the
goods will be delivered in time.
【考点十：主语从句和强调句型的混淆问题】
从表面
上看，
it
作形式主语的主语从句有时候和强调句型有些相似。
如：
It is impossible that we can persuade
him to join us. (
主语从句
)
It
is with Tom
’
s help that we
were able to persuade him to join us.
(
强调句型
)
其实，强调句型其实很简单，即在
It
is/was
与
that
之间放上我们想要强调的某个句子成分。大部
分考题都是考查
that
的选择问题。即考查考生判断某句是否是强调句型的问题。这个看似
容易的问题
在出题人的多种变化之下有时也会变得很令人头疼。下面是几种常见的出题形
式：
1
．基本式：
It was on the top of the mountain that
we met the foreign tourist.
2.
一般疑问句式：
Was it on
the top of the mountain that you met the foreign
tourist?
3.
特殊疑问句式：
Where was
it that you met the foreign tourist?
4
．复合句式：
Can you tell me where it was that you
met the foreign tourist?
5
．套定语从句式：
It was in the house which was built by
his father that he was born.
6.
套定语从句加省略式：
---
Where did you meet the foreign tourist?
--- It was in the hotel
where we lived (that we met the foreign tourist).
判断一个句子是否是强调句型是个关键。这里重要思路是当去
掉强调句型、各个成分各归其位以后，
该句子是否还成立。下面几个例子就不是强调句型
：
It was not yet seven
o
’
clock when he came back
last night.
因为，
*He came back last night
not yet seven o
’
clock.
就不是个正确的句子。
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：福建省人民政府机构英文译名
下一篇：北师大版英语必修二主要语法