-
Understanding public policy
《理解公共政策》
（朱青整理）
chapter
Ⅰ
Policy analysis
P1
Definition of policy
公共政策定义
i.
ii.
Public policy is whatever governments
choose to do or not to do.
公共政策就是政府选择做与选择不做的事情；
Public
policies may regulate
behavior, organize bureaucracies, distribute
benefits, or extract
taxes-or all
things at once.
公共政策涉及调节个体行为
、
构建官僚体系、
分配利益、
征税、<
/p>
或者同事完成这些事务。
P1-2
?
Policy expansion
→
政策扩张
?
Government
growth
→
政府扩大
?
The new deal
programs devised
→
罗斯福新政
?
The great
depression
→
大萧条
?
?
?
?
The national economy
→
国民经济
The great society programs
→
大社会计划
Economic downturn
→
经济滑坡
Regulatory activity
→
管制活动
P3
图示指标
What the Federal Government
Does
联邦政府职能
?
Defense
< br>——
国防
?
Social security
and Medicare
——
社会保障和医疗保险
?
Interest on the
national debt
——
国债的利息
?
Health
——
卫生保健
?
Welfare
——
社会福利
?
Transportation
——
交通运输
?
Education
——
教育
?
Natural resources and
environment
——
自然资源和环境
?
Law enforcement
——
执法
?
Veterans
——
退伍军人
?
All
other
——
其他
What state and local
government do
州和地方政府职能
?
Education
——
教育
?
Welfare
——
社会福利
?
Health and
hospitals
——
保健和医疗
?
Highways
——
高速公路
?
?
?
?
Police and fire
——
治安和消防
Sanitation
——
卫生
Prisons
——
监狱
Natural resources and
environment
——
自然资源和环境
?
All other
——
其他
P4
?
Dependent
variables
→
因变量
?
The independent variables
→
自变量
?
Determinants
→
决定性因素
?
Policy
evaluation
→
政策评估
P6
The
difference between policy analysis and policy
advocacy
政策分析与政策倡议的差别
i.
of
rhetoric, persuasion, organization, and
activism.
政策倡议需要修辞、说服、组织与实践的技巧；
ii.
Policy
analysis encourages
scholars and
students to attack critical policy issues with the
tools of systematic inquiry.
政策分析则鼓励学者运
用系统研究的工具来探讨重要的政策问题。
Translation
→
i.
policy analysis involves
政策分析内容
A primary
concern with
explanation rather than
prescription.
政策分析主要关注的是政策的解释说明而不是提出政策建议；
A rigorous search for the causes
and consequences of public policies.
政策分析探索公共政策的原因和结果；
iii.
An effort to
develop and test
general propositions
about the causes and consequences of public policy
and to
accumulate reliable research
findings of general relevance.
政策分析还试图发
展并检验关于公共政策因果的一般性命题，
以及积累具有普遍意
义的、可靠的研究成果。
P7-8
The limitations of policy analysis
公共政策的局限性
?
Limits on
government power
——
政府权力的有限性
?
Disagreement
over the problem
——
社会问题认定上的分歧
?
Subjectivity in
interpretation
——
政策解释的主观性
Policy
advocacy requires the skills
ii.
?
Limitations on design of human research
——
人类研究设计的局限性
?
Complexity of
human behavior
——
人类行为的复杂性
Translation
→
Understanding
public
policy
is
both
an
art
and
a
craft.
It
is
an
art
because
it
requires
insight,
creativity,
and
imagination
in
identifying
societal
problems
and
describing
them,
in
devising
public policies that might alleviate
them, and them in finding out whether these
policies end
up
making
things better or worse.
公共政策分析既是一门艺术，
也是一种技术。
说它是一门艺术，
是因为在
社会问题确认、
社
会问题描述、政策方案设计和政策效果评估时
，需要有洞察力、创造力和想象力。
Chapter 2
Models of politics
P11
Definition
of models for policy analysis
政策分析模型的定义
A model
is a simplified representation of some aspect of
some aspect of the real world.
模型是对现实世界某个方面进行简化的表现形式。
?
Conceptual
models/word models
概念性的模型
?
Actual physical
representation
真实物质表型形式
i.
ii.
iii.
Uses of
models
模型的运用
Simplify and clarify our thinking about
politics and public policy
简化并澄清我们对政治和公共政策的思考
Identify important aspects of policy
problems
识别政策问题的重要方面
Help
us to communicate with each
other by
focusing on essential features of
political
life
通过关注政治生活的主要特征，促进我们相互之间的沟通
Direct
our
efforts
to
understand
public
policy
better
by
suggesting
what
is
important
and
what is unimportant
指导我们更好地理解公共政策，鉴别重要与不重要的方面
Suggest explanations for public policy
and predict its consequences
解释公共政策并预测其结果
Selected policy models
?
Institutional
model
（制度主义模型）
?
Process model
（过程模型）
?
Rational model
（理性主义模型）
?
Incremental
model
（渐进主义模型）
?
Group model
（团体理论模型）
?
Elite model
（精英模型）
?
Public choice
model
（公共选择模型）
iv.
v.
?
Game theory
model
（博弈论模型）
P14
The policy process
政策过程
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Problem
identification
[
问题确认
]
——
The
identification
of
policy
problems
through
demand from
individuals and groups for government
action.
Agenda setting
[
议程设定
]
——
Focusing the
attention of the mass media and public officials
on specific public problems to decide
what will be decided.
Policy
formulation
[
政策形成
]
——
The
development of policy proposals by interest
groups,
White House staff,
congressional committees, and think tanks.
Policy
legitimating
[
政策合法化
]
——
The selection
and enactment of polices through actions
by Congress, the president, and the
courts.
Policy implementation
[
政策执行
]
——
The
implementation of policies through government
bureaucracies, public expenditures,
regulations, and other activities of executive
agencies.
Policy
evaluation
[
政策评估
]
——
The
evaluation
of
policies
by
government
agencies
themselves, outside consultants, the
media, and the general public.
?
问题确认
通过公民对政府行为的要求来确认政策问题；
?
议程设定
特定的公共问题引起媒体和政府官员的关注，促使其被提上政
策议程；
?
政策形成
由利益集团、白宫官员、国会议员和智囊团提出政策建议；
?
政策合法化
通过国会、总统和法院的政治活动，选择并制定政策；
?
政策执行
通过官僚组织、公共支出、行政机构的活动来推动政策实施；
?
政策评估
由政府机构本身，
政策外部的顾问、
咨询人员，
媒体和公众等来评价政策实
施的结果。
P15
To select a rational policy,
policymakers must
决策者如何选择合乎理性的政策
i.
Know all the
society
’
s value preferences
and their relative weights,
ii.
iii.
iv.
Know all the
policy alternatives available,
Know all
the consequences of each policy alternative,
Calculate the ratio of benefits to
costs for each policy alternative, and
v.
Select the
most efficient policy alternative.
?
了解所有的社会价值偏好及其相对权重；
?
了解可以获得的所有备选方案；
?
知道每一备选方案的所有结果；
?
计算每一备选方案的收益与成本之比；
?
选择其中最有效的政策方案；
P18-19
incrementalism:
policy as variations on the past?
i.
ii.
为什么说渐进主义中政策是过去改革的补充和修正？
Because
they
do
not
have
the
time,
information,
or
money
to
investigate
all
the
alternatives to existing
policy;
Policymakers
accept
the
legitimacy
of
previous
policies
because
of
the
uncertainty
about the
consequences of completely new or different
policies;
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