大隐静脉 小隐静脉

n

great saphenous vein

Structure

[

The great saphenous vein originates from where the dorsal vein of the

big toe

(the Hallux) merges with the

dorsal venous arch of the foot

. After

passing in front of the

medial malleolus

(where it often can be visualized

and

palpated

), it runs up the

medial

side of the leg. At the knee, it runs

over the posterior border of the

medial epicondyle

of the

femur

bone.

The GSV then courses anteriorly to lie on the anterior surface of the

thigh before entering an opening in the

fascia lata

called the

saphenous

opening

. It forms an arch, the saphenous arch, to join the

common

femoral vein

in the region of the

femoral triangle

at the sapheno-femoral

junction.

[

Tributaries

At the ankle it receives branches from the sole of the foot through the

medial marginal vein

; in the lower leg it anastomoses freely with the

small saphenous vein

, communicates by perforator veins (Cockett

perforators) with the

anterior

and

posterior tibial

veins and receives

many cutaneous veins; near the knee it communicates with the popliteal

vein by the Boyd perforator, in the thigh it communicates with the

femoral vein

by perforator veins (Dodd perforator) and receives

numerous tributaries; those from the medial and posterior parts of the

thigh

frequently unite to form a large

accessory saphenous vein

which

joins the main vein near the sapheno-femoral junction.

[2]

Near the

fossa ovalis

it is joined by the

superficial epigastric

,

superficial

iliac circumflex

, and

superficial external pudendal

veins.

The

thoracoepigastric vein

runs along the lateral aspect of the trunk

between the

superficial epigastric vein

below and the

lateral thoracic

vein

above and establishes an important communication between the

femoral vein

and the

axillary vein

.

small saphenous vein

The origin of the small saphenous vein, (SSV) is where the dorsal vein

from the

fifth digit

(smallest toe) merges with the

dorsal venous arch of

the foot

, which attaches to the

great saphenous vein

(GSV). It is a

superficial vein

being

subcutaneous

, (just under the skin).

From its origin, it courses around the lateral aspect of the foot (inferior

and posterior to the

lateral malleolus

) and runs along the posterior

aspect of the leg (with the

sural nerve

), where it passes between the

heads of the

gastrocnemius muscle

. This vein presents a number of

different draining points:

Usually it drains into the

popliteal vein

, at or above the level of the

knee

joint.

< br>解剖学上将

胆囊管

、肝总管及肝脏脏面三者构成的三角形 区域称为胆囊三

角

(

又叫

Calot

三角

、卡洛氏三角

Calot's triangle

、

hepatobiliary triangle

、

胆囊动脉三角）。肝总管、胆囊管其上方 的肝下面之间共同围成一三角区，

称为胆囊三角。三角内有胆囊动脉通过

The

hepatobiliary triangle

(or

cystohepatic triangle

) is an

anatomic

space

bordered by the

common hepatic duct

medially, the

cystic duct

laterally and inferior border of liver /cystic artery superiorly.

[1]

Another name used to refer to this region is

Calot's Triangle

.

Hepatic ligaments

Hepatic ligaments

may refer to:

?

Coronary ligament of the liver

：

The

coronary ligament

of the

liver

refers to parts of the

peritoneal

reflections

[

clarification needed

]

that hold the

liver to the inferior surface of the

diaphragm

.

?

Falciform

ligament

?

Hepatoduodenal ligament

：

The

hepatoduodenal ligament

is the

portion of the

lesser omentum

extending between the

porta hepatis

of the

liver

and the superior part of the

duodenum

.

?

Running inside it are the following structures collectively known as

the

portal triad

:

[1]

?

hepatic artery proper

?

hepatic portal vein

?

common bile duct

?

Manual compression of the hepatoduodenal ligament during

surgery is known as the

Pringle Maneuver

.

?

Hepatogastric

ligament

?

Hepatophrenic ligament

：

The

Hepatophrenic ligament

is a ligament

connecting the

liver

to the

diaphragm

.

?

It is sometimes considered part of the

lesser omentum

. It is also

sometimes considered part of the

coronary ligament

.

[1]

However, it is not

a term used by most anatomy resources.

?

Hepatorenal

ligament

?

Round ligament of liver

：

ligamentum teres hepatis

) is a degenerative

string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the

falciform ligament

of the liver

. Anatomically, the round ligament divides the left part of

the liver into medial and lateral sections.

The round ligament represents the remnant of the fetal

umbilical vein

.

The

clavipectoral fascia

clavipectoral fascia

is a strong

fascia

situated under cover of the

clavicular portion of the

pectoralis major

.

It occupies the interval between the

pectoralis minor

and

subclavius

, and

protects the

axillary

vessels and nerves.

Traced upward, it splits to enclose the subclavius, and its two layers are

attached to the

clavicle

, one in front of and the other behind the muscle;

the latter layer fuses with the

deep cervical fascia

and with the sheath of

the axillary vessels.

Medially, it blends with the fascia covering the first two

intercostal

spaces

, and is attached also to the first rib medial to the origin of the

subclavius.

Laterally, it is very thick and dense, and is attached to the

coracoid

process

.

The portion extending from the first rib to the coracoid process is often

whiter and denser than the rest, and is sometimes called the

costocoracoid membrane.

Below this it is thin, and at the upper border of the

pectoralis minor

it

splits into two layers to invest the muscle; from the lower border of the

pectoralis minor it is continued downward to join the axillary fascia, and

lateralward to join the fascia over the short head of the

biceps brachii

.

The coracoclavicular fascia is pierced by the

cephalic vein

,

thoracoacromial artery

and vein, lymphatics and

lateral pectoral nerve

.

The

femoral sheath

(

crural sheath

)

femoral sheath

is formed by a prolongation downward, behind the

inguinal ligament

, of the

fasciae

which line the

abdomen

, the

transverse

fascia

being continued down in front of the femoral vessels and the

iliac

fascia

behind them.

The sheath assumes the form of a short funnel, the wide end of which is

directed upward, while the lower, narrow end fuses with the fascial

investment of the vessels, about 4 cm. below the

inguinal ligament

.

It is strengthened in front by a band termed the

iliopubic tract

.

The lateral wall of the sheath is vertical and is perforated by the

lumboinguinal nerve

; the medial wall is directed obliquely downward and

lateralward, and is pierced by the

great saphenous vein

and by some

lymphatic

vessels.

The sheath is divided by two vertical partitions which stretch between its

anterior and posterior walls.

The lateral compartment contains the

femoral artery

and femoral branch

of genitofemoral nerve, and the intermediate the

femoral vein

, while the

medial and smallest compartment is named the

femoral canal

, and

contains some lymphatic vessels and a lymph gland embedded in a

small amount of

areolar

tissue.

The femoral canal is conical and measures about 1.25 cm. in length. Its

base, directed upward and named the

femoral ring

, is oval in form, its

long diameter being directed transversely and measuring about 1.25 cm.

The femoral ring is bounded in front by the

inguinal ligament

, behind by

the

pectineus

covered by the

pectineal fascia

, medially by the crescentic

base of the

lacunar ligament

, and laterally by the fibrous septum on the

medial side of the

femoral vein

. It is through this

femoral ring

, that the

intestines can protrude to form

femoral hernia

.

The

spermatic cord

in the male and the

round ligament

of the

uterus

in

the female lie immediately above the anterior margin of the ring, while

the

inferior epigastric

vessels are close to its upper and lateral angle.

The femoral ring is closed by a somewhat condensed portion of the

extraperitoneal fatty tissue, named the

septum femorale

(

crural septum

),

the abdominal surface of which supports a small

lymph gland

and is

covered by the

parietal peritoneum

.

The

septum femorale

is pierced by numerous lymphatic vessels passing

from the

deep inguinal

to the

external iliac lymph glands

, and the

parietal

peritoneum

immediately above it presents a slight depression named the

femoral fossa

.

A

synovial joint

joins bones with a fibrous

joint capsule

that is

continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer

boundary of a

synovial cavity

, and surrounds the bones' articulating

surfaces. The synovial (or joint) cavity is filled with

synovial fluid

. The

joint capsule is made up of an outer layer, the

articular capsule

, which

keeps the bones together structurally, and an inner layer, the

synovial

membrane

, which seals in the synovial fluid.

The blood supply of a synovial joint is derived from the arteries sharing

in the

anastomosis

around the joint.