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21世纪大学实用英语综合教程 第二册 Unit 8

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2021-03-01 11:30
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2021年3月1日发(作者:code是什么意思)


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Unit 8 Book 2



课堂讲授(√






实践课(






教学时数



6























< br>难



1. master the basic language and skills necessary to ask for and give reasons;


2.


understand


the


main


ideas


of


Text


A,


Text


B and


Text


C,


and


master


the


useful


sentence


structures


and


words


and


expressions


found


in


the



exercises relevant to the first two texts


3. know how to use the inverted order


4. know how to write an email


5. understand paragraph development



思考题










1


st


period


Text A (Global Reading)


2


nd


period


3


rd


period


4


th


period


5


th


period


6


th


period



实用文案


















In


the


Listening


and


Speaking


section,


learn


how


to


ask


for


and


give


reasons. In the Reading and Writing section, read three passages about science


and


technology.


Text


A


was


written


at


the


turn


of


the


21st


century


and


the


writer


predicted


the


top


five


scientific


developments


of


the


coming


century.


Text B concerns issues of safety that must be guaranteed when the frontier of


science and technology is being pushed back. Text C deals with the issue of


recycling.



1. What do you think of the writer



s predictions about the 21st century? Use


your


imagination


to


discuss


people



s


lives


in


the


future


when


the


writer



s


predictions may come true.



2.


Can


you


add


more


predictions


to


those


of


the


writer?


Make


your


own


predictions to your classmates and see if any of them coincides with (


与…


不谋而合


) your classmates.



教学内容与组织安排




Text A (Detailed Reading)


Grammar Review



Practical Writing



Text B


Improve Your Reading Skills



标准文档



Part 1 Text A Study



Background knowledge



1)


James Trefil



As


an


award- winning


author


and


physicist,


James


Trefil


has


written


more


than


25


books on a range of science topics. He’s a contributor to National Public Radio and


Smithsonian


Magazine,


and


a


physics


professor


at


Virginia’s


Geor


ge


Mason


University, U.S.A.


The


20th


century


produced


scientific


and


technological


change


at


a


dizzying


pace-greater than in any other century in history. But the 21st century, the dawn of the


new


millennium,


may


well


see


even


more


dramatic


change


driven


by


advances


in


science and technology.



On these pages are my predictions for the top scientific developments we’ll see in


the next 100 years, in the order I think they’ll happen.



2)


Modern Science (20th century)



a. Genetics








At the beginning of the 20th century, the life sciences entered a period of rapid


progress. Mendel’s work in genetics was rediscovered in 1900, and by 1910 biologists


had


become


convinced


that


genes


are


located


in


chromosomes,


the


threadlike


structures that contain proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). During the 1940s


American biochemists discovered that DNA taken from one kind of bacterium could


influence the characteristics of another. From these experiments, it became clear that


DNA


is


the


chemical


After


American


biochemist


James


Watson


and


British


biophysicist


Francis


Crick


established


the


structure


of


DNA


in


1953,


geneticists


became


able


to


understand


heredity


in


chemical


terms.


Since


then,


progress


in


this


field has been astounding. Scientists have identified the complete genome, or genetic


catalog, of the human body (see Human Genome Project). In many cases, scientists


now know how individual genes become activated and what effects they have in the


human body. Genes can now be transferred from one species to another, side-stepping


the normal processes of heredity and creating hybrid organisms that are unknown in


the natural world (see Transgenic Organism).



b. Medicine



At the turn of the 20th century, Dutch physician Christiaan Eijkman showed that


disease


can


be


caused


not


only


by


microorganisms


but


by


a


dietary


deficiency


of


certain substances now called vitamins.


In 1909 German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich


introduced the world



s first bactericide, a chemical designed to kill specific kinds of


bacteria


without


killing


the


patient



s


cells


as


well.


Following


the


discovery


of


penicillin in 1928 by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, antibiotics joined


medicine



s


chemical


armory,


making


the


fight


against


bacterial


infection


almost


a


routine matter. Antibiotics cannot act against viruses, but vaccines have been used to


great


effect


to


prevent


some


of


the


deadliest


viral


diseases.


Smallpox,


once


a


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标准文档



worldwide


killer,


was


completely


eradicated


by


the


late


1970s,


and


in


the


United


States the number of polio cases dropped from 38,000 in the 1950s to less than 10 a


year by the 21st century.


By the middle of the 20th century scientists believed they


were well on the way to treating, preventing, or eradicating many of the most deadly


infectious diseases that


had plagued humankind


for centuries.


But


by the 1980s the


medical community



s confidence in its ability to control infectious diseases had been


shaken by the emergence of new types of disease-causing microorganisms. New cases


of tuberculosis developed, caused by bacteria strains that were resistant to antibiotics.


New, deadly infections for which there was no known cure also appeared, including


the


viruses


that


cause


hemorrhagic


fever


and


the


human


immunodeficiency


virus


(HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.


In other fields of medicine, the diagnosis of disease has been revolutionized by


the


use


of


new


imaging


techniques,


including


magnetic


resonance


imaging


and


computed


tomography.


Scientists


were


also


on


the


verge


of


success


in


curing


some


diseases


using


gene


therapy,


in


which


the


insertion


of


normal


or


genetically


altered


genes into a patient



s cells replaces nonfunctional or missing genes.


Improved


drugs


and


new


tools


have


made


surgical


operations


that


were


once


considered


impossible


now


routine.


For


instance,


drugs


that


suppress


the


immune


system enable the transplant of organs or tissues with a reduced risk of rejection (see


Medical Transplantation). Endoscopy permits the diagnosis and surgical treatment of


a wide variety of ailments using minimally invasive surgery. Advances in high-speed


fiber- optic


connections


permit


surgery


on


a


patient


using


robotic


instruments


controlled


by


surgeons


at


another


location.


Known


as


telemedicine,


this


form


of


medicine makes it possible for skilled physicians to treat patients in remote locations


or places that lack medical help.



c. Social Sciences


In the 20th century the social sciences emerged from relative obscurity to become


prominent fields of research. Austrian physician Sigmund Freud founded the practice


of psychoanalysis, creating a revolution in psychology that led him to be called the



Copernicus of the mind.




In 1948 the American biologist Alfred Kinsey published


Sexual


Behavior


in


the


Human


Male


,


which


proved


to


be


one


of


the


best-selling


scientific works of all time. Although criticized for his methodology and conclusions,


Kinsey


succeeded


in


making


human


sexuality


an


acceptable


subject


for


scientific


research.


The


20th


century


also


brought


dramatic


discoveries


in


the


field


of


anthropology,


with


new


fossil


finds


helping


to


piece


together


the


story


of


human


evolution.


A


completely


new


and


surprising


source


of


anthropological


information


became


available


from


studies


of


the


DNA


in


mitochondria,


cell


structures


that


provide energy to fuel the cell



s activities. Mitochondrial DNA has been used to track


certain genetic diseases and to trace the ancestry of a variety of organisms, including


humans.






实用文案



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d.


Three Mile Island



Three


Mile


Island


is


an


island


in


the


Susquehanna


River


in


Dauphin


County,


Pennsylvania,


near


Harrisburg,


of


area


3.29


km2 (814 acres). The name is most commonly


associated with an accident at the Three Mile


Island


Nuclear


Generating


Station


on


March


28,


1979,


when


reactor


TMI-2


suffered


a


partial core meltdown.




No identifiable injuries due to radiation occurred (although a government report


by L. Battist et. al. stated that



the projected number of excess fatal cancers due to


the


accident




is


approximately


one.



)


It


was,


however,


a


serious


economic


and


public relations disaster. It also furthered a serious decline in the public popularity of


nuclear power.





e. The Chernobyl Accident


There


have


been


different


reports


about


the


consequences


of


the


accident.


Two


different versions have been presented below.


In 1986, an explosion and fire at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, near Kiev,


released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere.



Nuclear fallout


from the accident caused many health and environmental problems.




Soviet


officials


claimed


only


31


people


died


from


the


accident


and


about


200


were


seriously


injured.


But


in


the


early


1990



s,


Ukrainian


officials


estimated


that


6,000


to


8,000


people


died


as


a


result


of


the


explosion


and


its


aftermath.



The


disaster has caused high rates of cancer and other illnesses in Ukraine, Belarus, and


Russia.



Part 2. Text global reading



1)


Have


you


ever


thought


about


how


advances


in


science


and


technology


may


change our world in a hundred years? Can you predict what people will be able to do


then? Now talk to your classmates, make a list of the possible breakthroughs you can


think of and discuss the ways people may make use of them.



2. Reading Analysis





Part One



Introductory remarks about predictions for the 21st century



Part Two



5 predictions



Part 3. Detailed learning



1. top: most important; best


最重要的;最好的



eg.


Ours is one of the world’s top engineering companies


.


实用文案



标准文档




2. breakthrough n. important development or discovery, esp. in scientific knowledge



(尤指科学知识上的)重大进展


(


或发现


)


,突破




eg. Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.


eg.


Breakthroughs


in


nuclear


research


have


led


to


the


development


of


nuclear


bombs.




3.


technology


n.


(the


study


and


knowledge


of)


the


practical,


esp.


industrial,


use


of


scientific discoveries



技术


(< /p>



)


,工艺


(< /p>



)


;工业技术




eg. the Science and technology have caused major changes in the way we live.


eg. Modern technology has opened our eyes to many things.



4. millennium /


?????????


/: n. period of 1,000 years


一千年,千年期




eg. Ten decades are a century, and ten centuries are a millennium.


eg. events which took place at the turn of the last millennium



5. prediction: n. a statement about what is going to happen


预言,预测



eg. His prediction is no better than a wild guess.


eg. Many of his predictions are coming true.



6.


refine



vt.


remove


impurities


from


(sth.),


purify;


improve


(sth.)


by


removing


defects and attending to detail


提炼,精炼;提纯;使变得完善




eg. Oil must be refined before it can be used.


eg. Engineers are working on developing and refining the car engines.


eg. This theory still needs a little refining.



7. extraordinary



a. beyond what is ordinary; very unusual; remarkable


不平常的,

不普通的;非常的;特别的;非凡的




eg.


He’s the most extraordinary man I’ve ever met.



eg.


The man’s story


was so


extraordinary that


I


didn’t


know whether to


believe


him or not.



8. die of: die because





而死; 死于



eg. She died of cancer two years ago.


eg. The animals died of hunger in the snow.



9. thanks to: because of, owing to


因为,由



eg.


Today,


thanks


to


the


Internet,


you


can


do


your


Christmas


shopping


from


home.



eg. We had great success



thanks to a lot of hard work.



eg. The baby is awake, thanks to your shouting



10. damage



:



1). n. harm or destruction done to sb./sth.


损害;损坏;毁坏;破坏



实用文案



标准文档



eg. The flood has caused a lot of damage.




eg. Watching TV all the time may do damage to your eyes.




2) vt. cause damage to


损害;损坏;毁坏




eg. Smoking can severely damage your health.




eg. The building has been severely damaged by fire.



11. push sb. to do sth.:


催促某人做某事




eg. My parents keep pushing me to get a good job.



eg. They pushed him hard to take up science.




12. effect n. result; influence


结果;效果;影响




eg. To solve this problem, we must understand the relationship between cause and


effect.


eg.


This drug can have a serious effect on one’s health.




13. ecosystem /


?????????????


/: n. ecological unit consisting of a group of plants and


living creatures interacting with each other and with their surroundings


生态系统




eg. All animals are important for maintaining a healthy ecosystem.



14.


complex


/


?????????


/:


a.


difficult


to


understand


or


explain


because


there


are


many different parts


复杂的



eg. a complex system of highways


eg. This is a very complex issue.



eg. We have got a lot of complex problems to solve.




15. in operation: (of a machine, etc.) working; (of a plan, activity, organized process)


being


carried


out;


active


(机器等) 工作中;运转着;


(计划、活动、有组织


的程序)实施中;起作 用,生效



eg. The nuclear reactor has been in operation since 1985.



eg.


Over


20


programmers


are


in


operation


to


educate


the


young


people


in


this


country.


eg. Is this rule in operation yet?



16. and so on: and more of the same kind


等等






eg. If you were brought to a completely new country for a long-term stay,




eg. How would you cope with the language, the weather, the people, and so on?


eg. There was quite a lot to eat at the dinner party. We had meat, fish, vegetables


and so on.



17. come full circle: return to the starting point after a series of events, experiences,


etc.


兜了个圈子回到原处



eg. Sooner or later, fashion comes full circle.



实用文案


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