-
标准文档
教
案
授课单元
本(章)节
授课方式
Unit 8 Book
2
课堂讲授(√
)
实践课(
)
教学时数
6
授
课
要
点
本
(
p>
章
)
节
教
学
目
标
教
学
重
点
和
< br>难
点
1. master the basic
language and skills necessary to ask for and give
reasons;
2.
understand
the
main
ideas
of
Text
A,
Text
B and
Text
C,
and
master
the
useful
sentence
structures
and
words
and
expressions
found
in
the
exercises relevant to the first two
texts
3. know how to use the inverted
order
4. know how to write an email
5. understand paragraph development
思考题
或
作
业
1
st
period
Text A (Global Reading)
2
nd
period
3
rd
period
4
th
period
5
th
period
6
th
period
实用文案
In
the
Listening
and
Speaking
section,
learn
how
to
ask
for
and
give
reasons. In the Reading
and Writing section, read three passages about
science
and
technology.
Text
A
was
written
at
the
turn
of
the
21st
century
and
the
writer
predicted
the
top
five
scientific
developments
of
the
coming
century.
Text B concerns
issues of safety that must be guaranteed when the
frontier of
science and technology is
being pushed back. Text C deals with the issue of
recycling.
1.
What do you think of the
writer
’
s predictions about
the 21st century? Use
your
imagination
to
discuss
people
’
s
lives
in
the
future
when
the
writer
’
s
predictions may come true.
2.
Can
you
add
more
predictions
to
those
of
the
writer?
Make
your
own
predictions to your
classmates and see if any of them coincides with
(
与…
不谋而合
) your
classmates.
教学内容与组织安排
Text A (Detailed Reading)
Grammar Review
Practical Writing
Text B
Improve Your Reading
Skills
标准文档
Part 1 Text A Study
Background knowledge
1)
James Trefil
As
an
award-
winning
author
and
physicist,
James
Trefil
has
written
more
than
25
books on a range of
science topics. He’s a contributor to National
Public Radio and
Smithsonian
Magazine,
and
a
physics
professor
at
Virginia’s
Geor
ge
Mason
University, U.S.A.
The
20th
century
produced
scientific
and
technological
change
at
a
dizzying
pace-greater than
in any other century in history. But the 21st
century, the dawn of the
new
millennium,
may
well
see
even
more
dramatic
change
driven
by
advances
in
science and technology.
On these pages are my predictions for
the top scientific developments we’ll see in
the next 100 years, in the order I
think they’ll happen.
2)
Modern Science (20th century)
a. Genetics
At the beginning of the
20th century, the life sciences entered a period
of rapid
progress. Mendel’s work in
genetics was rediscovered in 1900, and by 1910
biologists
had
become
convinced
that
genes
are
located
in
chromosomes,
the
threadlike
structures that contain proteins and
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). During the 1940s
American biochemists discovered that
DNA taken from one kind of bacterium could
influence the characteristics of
another. From these experiments, it became clear
that
DNA
is
the
chemical
After
American
biochemist
James
Watson
and
British
biophysicist
Francis
Crick
established
the
structure
of
DNA
in
1953,
geneticists
became
able
to
understand
heredity
in
chemical
terms.
Since
then,
progress
in
this
field has been
astounding. Scientists have identified the
complete genome, or genetic
catalog, of
the human body (see Human Genome Project). In many
cases, scientists
now know how
individual genes become activated and what effects
they have in the
human body. Genes can
now be transferred from one species to another,
side-stepping
the normal processes of
heredity and creating hybrid organisms that are
unknown in
the natural world (see
Transgenic Organism).
b.
Medicine
At the turn of the
20th century, Dutch physician Christiaan Eijkman
showed that
disease
can
be
caused
not
only
by
microorganisms
but
by
a
dietary
deficiency
of
certain substances now called vitamins.
In 1909 German bacteriologist Paul
Ehrlich
introduced the
world
’
s first bactericide, a
chemical designed to kill specific kinds of
bacteria
without
killing
the
patient
’
s
cells
as
well.
Following
the
discovery
of
penicillin in 1928 by British
bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, antibiotics
joined
medicine
’
s
chemical
armory,
making
the
fight
against
bacterial
infection
almost
a
routine matter.
Antibiotics cannot act against viruses, but
vaccines have been used to
great
effect
to
prevent
some
of
the
deadliest
viral
diseases.
Smallpox,
once
a
实用文案
标准文档
worldwide
killer,
was
completely
eradicated
by
the
late
1970s,
and
in
the
United
States
the number of polio cases dropped from 38,000 in
the 1950s to less than 10 a
year by the
21st century.
By the middle of the 20th
century scientists believed they
were
well on the way to treating, preventing, or
eradicating many of the most deadly
infectious diseases that
had
plagued humankind
for centuries.
But
by the 1980s the
medical
community
’
s confidence in
its ability to control infectious diseases had
been
shaken by the emergence of new
types of disease-causing microorganisms. New cases
of tuberculosis developed, caused by
bacteria strains that were resistant to
antibiotics.
New, deadly infections for
which there was no known cure also appeared,
including
the
viruses
that
cause
hemorrhagic
fever
and
the
human
immunodeficiency
virus
(HIV), the cause of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome.
In other
fields of medicine, the diagnosis of disease has
been revolutionized by
the
use
of
new
imaging
techniques,
including
magnetic
resonance
imaging
and
computed
tomography.
Scientists
were
also
on
the
verge
of
success
in
curing
some
diseases
using
gene
therapy,
in
which
the
insertion
of
normal
or
genetically
altered
genes into a
patient
’
s cells replaces
nonfunctional or missing genes.
Improved
drugs
and
new
tools
have
made
surgical
operations
that
were
once
considered
impossible
now
routine.
For
instance,
drugs
that
suppress
the
immune
system enable the
transplant of organs or tissues with a reduced
risk of rejection (see
Medical
Transplantation). Endoscopy permits the diagnosis
and surgical treatment of
a wide
variety of ailments using minimally invasive
surgery. Advances in high-speed
fiber-
optic
connections
permit
surgery
on
a
patient
using
robotic
instruments
controlled
by
surgeons
at
another
location.
Known
as
telemedicine,
this
form
of
medicine
makes it possible for skilled physicians to treat
patients in remote locations
or places
that lack medical help.
c.
Social Sciences
In the 20th century the
social sciences emerged from relative obscurity to
become
prominent fields of research.
Austrian physician Sigmund Freud founded the
practice
of psychoanalysis, creating a
revolution in psychology that led him to be called
the
“
Copernicus of the
mind.
”
In 1948
the American biologist Alfred Kinsey published
Sexual
Behavior
in
the
Human
Male
,
which
proved
to
be
one
of
the
best-selling
scientific
works of all time. Although criticized for his
methodology and conclusions,
Kinsey
succeeded
in
making
human
sexuality
an
acceptable
subject
for
scientific
research.
The
20th
century
also
brought
dramatic
discoveries
in
the
field
of
anthropology,
with
new
fossil
finds
helping
to
piece
together
the
story
of
human
evolution.
A
completely
new
and
surprising
source
of
anthropological
information
became
available
from
studies
of
the
DNA
in
mitochondria,
cell
structures
that
provide energy to fuel the
cell
’
s activities.
Mitochondrial DNA has been used to track
certain genetic diseases and to trace
the ancestry of a variety of organisms, including
humans.
实用文案
标准文档
d.
Three Mile
Island
Three
Mile
Island
is
an
island
in
the
Susquehanna
River
in
Dauphin
County,
Pennsylvania,
near
Harrisburg,
of
area
3.29
km2 (814 acres). The name is most
commonly
associated with an accident at
the Three Mile
Island
Nuclear
Generating
Station
on
March
28,
1979,
when
reactor
TMI-2
suffered
a
partial core meltdown.
No identifiable injuries
due to radiation occurred (although a government
report
by L. Battist et. al. stated
that
“
the projected number
of excess fatal cancers due to
the
accident
…
is
approximately
one.
”
)
It
was,
however,
a
serious
economic
and
public relations disaster. It also
furthered a serious decline in the public
popularity of
nuclear power.
e.
The Chernobyl Accident
There
have
been
different
reports
about
the
consequences
of
the
accident.
Two
different versions have been presented
below.
In 1986, an explosion and fire
at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, near
Kiev,
released large amounts of
radioactive material into the atmosphere.
Nuclear fallout
from the accident caused many health
and environmental problems.
Soviet
officials
claimed
only
31
people
died
from
the
accident
and
about
200
were
seriously
injured.
But
in
the
early
1990
’
s,
Ukrainian
officials
estimated
that
6,000
to
8,000
people
died
as
a
result
of
the
explosion
and
its
aftermath.
The
disaster has caused high
rates of cancer and other illnesses in Ukraine,
Belarus, and
Russia.
Part 2. Text global reading
1)
Have
you
ever
thought
about
how
advances
in
science
and
technology
may
change our world in a hundred years?
Can you predict what people will be able to do
then? Now talk to your classmates, make
a list of the possible breakthroughs you can
think of and discuss the ways people
may make use of them.
2.
Reading Analysis
Part One
Introductory remarks about predictions
for the 21st century
Part
Two
5 predictions
Part 3. Detailed learning
1. top: most important;
best
最重要的;最好的
eg.
Ours is one of the world’s top
engineering companies
.
实用文案
标准文档
2. breakthrough n. important
development or discovery, esp. in scientific
knowledge
(尤指科学知识上的)重大进展
(
或发现
)
,突破
p>
eg. Scientists
have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of
cancer.
eg.
Breakthroughs
in
nuclear
research
have
led
to
the
development
of
nuclear
bombs.
3.
technology
n.
(the
study
and
knowledge
of)
the
practical,
esp.
industrial,
use
of
scientific
discoveries
技术
(<
/p>
学
)
,工艺
(<
/p>
学
)
;工业技术
eg. the Science and
technology have caused major changes in the way we
live.
eg. Modern technology has opened
our eyes to many things.
4.
millennium /
?????????
/: n.
period of 1,000 years
一千年,千年期
eg. Ten decades are a century, and ten
centuries are a millennium.
eg. events
which took place at the turn of the last
millennium
5. prediction:
n. a statement about what is going to happen
预言,预测
eg. His
prediction is no better than a wild guess.
eg. Many of his predictions are coming
true.
6.
refine
vt.
remove
impurities
from
(sth.),
purify;
improve
(sth.)
by
removing
defects and
attending to detail
提炼,精炼;提纯;使变得完善
eg. Oil must be refined before it can
be used.
eg. Engineers are working on
developing and refining the car engines.
eg. This theory still needs a little
refining.
7. extraordinary
a. beyond what is ordinary;
very unusual; remarkable
不平常的,
不普通的;非常的;特别的;非凡的
eg.
He’s the most
extraordinary man I’ve ever met.
eg.
The man’s story
was so
extraordinary that
I
didn’t
know
whether to
believe
him or
not.
8. die of: die because
因
…
而死;
死于
eg. She died of cancer
two years ago.
eg. The animals died of
hunger in the snow.
9.
thanks to: because of, owing to
因为,由
eg.
Today,
thanks
to
the
Internet,
you
can
do
your
Christmas
shopping
from
home.
eg. We had great success
—
thanks to a lot of hard
work.
eg. The baby is
awake, thanks to your shouting
10. damage
:
1). n. harm or destruction
done to sb./sth.
损害;损坏;毁坏;破坏
实用文案
标准文档
eg. The
flood has caused a lot of damage.
eg. Watching TV all the
time may do damage to your eyes.
2) vt. cause damage to
损害;损坏;毁坏
eg. Smoking can severely damage your
health.
eg. The
building has been severely damaged by fire.
11. push sb. to do sth.:
催促某人做某事
eg. My parents keep pushing me to get a
good job.
eg. They pushed
him hard to take up science.
12. effect n. result;
influence
结果;效果;影响
eg. To solve this problem,
we must understand the relationship between cause
and
effect.
eg.
This drug can have a serious effect on
one’s health.
13. ecosystem
/
?????????????
/: n.
ecological unit consisting of a group of plants
and
living creatures interacting with
each other and with their surroundings
生态系统
eg. All animals are important for
maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
14.
complex
/
?????????
/:
a.
difficult
to
understand
or
explain
because
there
are
many
different parts
复杂的
eg. a complex system of highways
eg. This is a very complex issue.
eg. We have got a lot of
complex problems to solve.
15. in operation: (of a machine, etc.)
working; (of a plan, activity, organized process)
being
carried
out;
active
(机器等)
工作中;运转着;
(计划、活动、有组织
的程序)实施中;起作
用,生效
eg. The nuclear reactor
has been in operation since 1985.
eg.
Over
20
programmers
are
in
operation
to
educate
the
young
people
in
this
country.
eg. Is this rule in
operation yet?
16. and so
on: and more of the same kind
等等
eg. If you were brought to
a completely new country for a long-term stay,
eg. How would
you cope with the language, the weather, the
people, and so on?
eg. There was quite
a lot to eat at the dinner party. We had meat,
fish, vegetables
and so on.
17. come full circle: return to the
starting point after a series of events,
experiences,
etc.
兜了个圈子回到原处
eg.
Sooner or later, fashion comes full circle.
实用文案