GRE填空教程31-76

Exercise 31

1.

The

Chinese,

who

began

systematic

astronomical

and

weather

observations

shortly

after

the

ancient

Egyptians,

were

assiduous

record-

keepers,

and

because

of

this,

can

claim

humanity’s

longest continuous _____ of natural events.

(A) defiance

(B) documentation

(C) maintenance

(D) theory

(E) domination

2.

Although the discovery of antibiotics led to great advances in clinical practice, it did not represent

a

_______

bacterial

illness,

for

there

are

some

bacteria

that

cannot

be

_________

treated

with

antibiotics.

(A) breakthrough in...consistently

(B) panacea for...effectively

(C) neglect of...efficiently

(D) reexamination of...conventionally

(E) resurgence of...entirely

3.

Many industries are so ________ by the impact of government sanctions, equipment failure, and

foreign competition that they are beginning to rely on industrial psychologists to_________ what

remains of employee morale.

(A) estranged...guard

(B) beleaguered...salvage

(C) overruled...undermine

(D) encouraged...determine

(E) restrained...confirm

4.

A human being is quite _________ creature, for the gloss of rationality that covers his or her fears

and _________ is thin and often easily breached.

(A) a logical...problems

(B) a frail...insecurity

(C) a valiant...phobias

(D) an ambitious...morality

(E) a ludicrous...laughter

5.

The current demand for quality in the schools seems to ask not for the development of informed

and active citizens, but for disciplined and productive workers with abilities that contribute to civic

life only _______, if at all.

(A) indirectly

(B) politically

(C) intellectually

(D) sensibly

(E) sequentially

6.

The

popularity

of

pseudoscience

and

quack

medicines

in

the

nineteenth

century

suggests

that

people were very_______, but the gullibility of the public today makes citizens of yesterday look

like hard-nosed _________

(A) cautious...educators

(B) sophisticated...realists

(C) rational...pragmatists

(D) naive...idealists

(E) credulous...skeptics

7.

Although

normally

_________,

Alison

felt

so

strongly

about

the

issue

that

she

put

aside

her

reserve and spoke up at the committee meeting.

(A) diffident

(B) contentious

(C) facetious

(D) presumptuous

(E) intrepid

Exercise 32

1.

According to the newspaper critic, the performances at the talent contest last night _______ from

acceptable to excellent.

(A) varied

(B) receded

(C) swept

(P) averaged

(E) declined

2.

Candidates

who

oppose

the

present

state

income

tax

must

be

able

to

propose

_______

ways

to

______ the financing of state operations.

(A) intelligent...initiate

(B) individual...diversify

(C) innovative...alleviate

(D) arbitrary...maintain

(E) alternate...continue

3.

Linguists have now confirmed what experienced users of ASL

—

American Sign Language

—

have

always

implicitly

known:

ASL

is

a

grammatically

_________

language

in

that

it

is

capable

of

expressing every possible syntactic relation.

(A) limited

(B) economical

(C) complete

(D) shifting

(E) abstract

5.

Experienced

and

proficient,

Susan

is

a

good,

________trumpeter,

her

music

is

often

more

satisfying than Carol’s brilliant but _________ playing.

(A) virtuoso...inimitable

(B) mediocre...eccentric

(C) competent...influential

(D) amateur...renowned

(E) reliable...erratic

7.

One virus strain that may help gene therapists cure genetic brain diseases can enter the peripheral

nervous system and travel to the brain, _________ the need to inject the therapeutic virus directly

into the brain.

(A) suggesting

(B) intensifying

(C) elucidating

(D) satisfying

(E) obviating

Exercise 33

1.

Artificial light________ the respiratory activity of some microorganisms in the winter but not in

the summer, in part because in the summer their respiration is already at its peak and thus cannot be

________

(A) stimulates...lessened

(B) inhibits...quickened

(C) reflects...expanded

(D) elevates...measured

(E) enhances...increased

2.

Foucault’s

rejection

of

the

concept

of

continuity

in

Western

thought,

though

radical,

was

not

unique;

he

had

_________

in

the

United

States

who,

without

knowledge

of

his

work,

developed

parallel ideas.

(A) critics

(B) counterparts

(C) disciples

(D) readers

(E) publishers

4.

Jones was unable to recognize the contradictions in his attitudes that were obvious to everyone else;

even

the

hint

of

an

untruth

was

_________

to

him,

but

he

________

serious

trouble

by

always

cheating on his taxes.

(A) acceptable. risked

(B) exciting...averted

(C) repugnant...courted

(D) anathema...evaded

(E) tempting...hazarded

5.

Despite

an

agreement

between

labor

and

management

to

keep

the

print

and

electronic

media

______ developments, the details of the negotiations were ______ all but a few journalists from the

major metropolitan newspapers.

(A) abreast of...disclosed to

(B) involved in...leaded to

(C) apprised of...withheld from

(D) speculating about...denied to

(E) ignorant of ...suppressed by

6.

Numerous

historical

examples

illustrate

both

the

overriding

influence

that

s

cientists’

________

have on their interpretation of data and the consequent_________of their intellectual objectivity.

(A) prejudices...impairment

(B) instruments...abandonment

(C) theories...independence

(D) conclusions...coloration

(E) suppositions...reinforcement

7.

Not

wishing

to

appear

____________,

the

junior

member

of

the

research

group

refrained

from

_________ any c

riticism of the senior members’ plan for dividing up responsibility for the entire

project.

(A) reluctant...evaluating

(B) inquisitive...offering

(C) presumptuous...venturing

(D) censorious...undercutting

(E) moralistic...observing

Exercise 34

2.

Wearing the latest fashions was exclusively the _________ of the wealthy until the 1850’s, when

mass production, aggressive entrepreneurs, and the availability of the sewing machine made them

_________ the middle class.

(A) aspiration...disagreeable to

(B) vexation...superfluous for

(C) bane...profitable to

(D) prerogative...accessible to

(E) obligation...popular with

3.

Although supernovas are among the most _________ of cosmic events, these stellar explosions are

often hard to _________, either because they are enormously far away or because they are dimmed

by intervening dust and gas clouds.

(A) remote...observe

(B) luminous...detect

(C) predictable...foresee

(D) ancient...determine

(E) violent...disregard

4.

As

is

often

the

case

with

collections

of

lectures

by

________

authors,

the

book

as

a

whole

is

________, although the individual contributions are outstanding in themselves.

(A) different...disconnected

(B) incompetent...abysmal

(C) famous...systematic

(D) mediocre...unexciting

(E) various...coherent

5.

The action and characters in a melodrama can be so immediately ________ that all observers can

hiss the villain with an air of smug but enjoyable _________

(A) spurned...boredom

(B) forgotten...condescension

(C) classified...self-righteousness

(D) plausible...guilt

(E) gripping...skepticism

6.

The theory of cosmic evolution states that the universe, having begun in a state of simplicity and

_________, has _________ into great variety.

(A) equilibrium...modulated

(B) homogeneity...differentiated

(C) contrast...metamorphosed

(D) proportion...accelerated

(E) intelligibility...developed

7.

The _________ with which the French aristocracy greeted the middle-class Rousseau was all the

more _________ because he showed so little respect for them.

(A) deference...remarkable

(B) suspicion...uncanny

(C) reserve...unexpected

(D) anger...ironic

(E) appreciation...deserved

Exercise 35

1.

My

family

often

found

others

laughable,

but

I

learned

quite

early

to

be

____________

while

people were present, laughing only later at what was funny and mocking what to us seemed______.

(A) polite...bizarre

(B) impatient...unfortunate

(C) facetious...enviable

(D) wistful...extraordinary

(E) superficial...deplorable

5.

Old age, even in cultures where it is _________, is often viewed with _________

(A) venerated...ambivalence

(B) rare...surprise

(C) ignored...condescension

(D) feared...dismay

(E) honored...respect

Exercise 36

1.

Because

they

had

expected

the

spacecraft

Voyager

2

to

be

able

to

gather

data

only

about

the

planets Jupiter and Saturn, scientists were _________ the wealth of information it sent back from

Neptune twelve years after leaving Earth.

(A) disappointed in

(B) concerned about

(C) confident in

(D) elated by

(E) anxious for

2.

The

insecticide

proved

_________;

by

killing

the

weak

adults

of

a

species,

it

assured

that

the

strong ones would mate among themselves and produce offspring still more ________ to its effects.

(A) ineffective...hostile

(B) cruel...vulnerable

(C) feasible...susceptible

(D) necessary...immune

(E) counterproductive...resistant

3.

Before the Second World War, academics still questioned whether the body of literature produced

in the United States truly _________ a _________ literature, or whether such literature was only a

provincial branch of English literature.

(A) symbolized...local

(B) constituted...national

(C) defined...historical

(D) outlined...good

(E) captured...meaningful

4.

Prior to the

work of Heckel, illustrations of

fish

were

often beautiful but rarely _________; this

fact, combined

with the ______ nature of

most

nine- teenth-century taxonomic descriptions, often

kept scientists from recognizing differences between species.

(A) impressive...inaccurate

(B) realistic...detailed

(C) traditional...progressive

(D) precise...inexact

(E) distinctive...sophisticated

6.

One of archaeology’s central dilemmas is how to reconstruct the _________ of complex ancient

societies from meager and often _________ physical evidence.

(A) riddles...obsolete

(B) details...irrefutable

(C) intricacies...equivocal

(D) patterns...flawless

(E) configurations...explicit

7.

The fortresslike facade of the Museum of Cartoon Art seems calculated to remind visitors that the

comic strip is an art form that has often been_______by critics.

(A) charmed

(B) assailed

(C) unnoticed

(D) exhilarated

(E) overwhelmed

Exercise 37

1.

In some cultures the essence of magic is its traditional integrity; it can be efficient only if it has

been _________without loss from primeval times to the present practitioner.

(A) conventionalized

(B) realized

(C) transmitted

(D) manipulated

(E) aggrandized

2.

Certain weeds that flourish among rice crops resist detection until maturity by ______ the seedling

stage in the rice plant’s life cycle, thereby remaining indis

tinguishable from the rice crop until the

flowering stage.

(A) deterring

(B) displacing

(C) augmenting

(D) imitating

(E) nurturing

3.

In small farming communities, accident victims rarely sue or demand compensation: transforming

a

personal

injury

into

a

_________

someone

else

is

viewed

as

an

attempt

to

_________

responsibility for one’s own actions.

(A) conspiracy against...assume

(B) claim against...elude

(C) boon for...minimize

(D) distinction for...shift

(E) trauma for...proclaim

5.

Although some consider forcefulness and _________ to be two traits desirable to the same degree,

I think that making a violent effort is much less useful than maintaining a steady one.

(A) promptness

(B) persistence

(C) aggression

(D) skillfulness

(E) lucidity

6.

The trick for Michael was to _______ his son an illusory orderliness; only alone at night, when the

boy was asleep, could Michael _______ the chaos he kept hidden from his son.

(A) explore with...demonstrate

(B) conjure for...acknowledge

(C) conceal from...dispel

(D) demystify for...escape

(E) endure with...abandon

Exercise 38

1.

If

those

large

publishers

that

respond

solely

to

popular

literary

trends

continue

to

dominate

the

publishing

market,

the

initial

publication

of

new

writers

will

depend

on

the

writers

willingness

to_________popular tastes.

(A) struggle against

(B) cater to

(C) admire

(D) flout

(E) elude

2.

Copyright and patent laws attempt to encourage innovation by ensuring that inventors are paid for

creative

work,

so

it

would

be________if

expanded

protection

under

these

laws

discouraged

entrepreneurial innovation by increasing fears of lawsuits.

(A) desirable

(B) coincidental

(C) ironic

(D) natural

(E) sensible

3.

The

widespread

public

shock

at

the

news

of

the

guilty

verdict

was

caused

partly

by

_________

news stories that had_________ acquittal.

(A) sensational...condemned

(B) buried...urged

(C) impartial...mentioned

(D) biased...predicted

(E) local...denounced

6.

Winsor McCay, the cartoonist, could draw with incredible_________: his comic strip about Little

Nemo was characterized by marvelous draftsmanship and sequencing.

(A) sincerity

(B) efficiency

(C) virtuosity

(D) rapidity

(E) energy

Exercise 39

1.

Nearly two-

thirds of the country’s mushroom crop is produced by 160 growers in a single county,

the greatest_________ growers anywhere.

(A) cause of

(B) agreement among

(C) indication of

(D) interaction between

(E) concentration of

2.

Despite many decades of research on the gasification of coal, the data accumulated are not directly

_____________to environmental questions; thus a new program of research specifically addressing

such questions is_______

(A) analogous...promising

(B) transferable...contradictory

(C) antithetical...unremarkable

(D) applicable...warranted

(E) pertinent...unnecessary

3.

The development of containers, possibly made from bark or the skins of animals, although this is a

matter of _________, allowed the extensive sharing of forage foods in prehistoric human societies.

(A) record

(B) fact

(C) degree

(D) importance

(E) conjecture

4.

Calculus,

though

still

indispensable

to

science

and

technology,

is

no

longer

_______

;

it

has

an

equal partner called discrete mathematics.

(A) preeminent

(B) pertinent

(C) beneficial

(D) essential

(E) pragmatic

5.

All _________ biological traits fall into one of two categories: those giving their possessors greater

_________ the environment and those rendering them more independent of it.

(A) widespread...detachment from

(B) beneficial...control over

(C) successful...freedom from

(D) neutral...compatibility with

(E) harmful...advantage in

6.

Unenlightened

authoritarian

managers

rarely

recognize

a

crucial

reason

for

the

low

levels

of

serious

conflict

among

members

of

democratically

run

work

groups:

a

modicum

of

tolerance

for

dissent often prevents _________.

(A) demur

(B) schism

(C) cooperation

(D) compliance

(E) shortsightedness

7.

The sea was not an ________the ________of the windmill; on the contrary, while the concept of

the new invention passed quickly from seaport to seaport, it made little headway inland.

(A) element in...evolution

(B) issue in ...acceptance

(C) aid to...designers

(D) obstacle to...diffusion

(E) impediment to...creation

Exercise 40

1.

The fact that a theory is _________ does not necessarily_________ its scientific truth,which must

be established by unbiased controlled studies.

(A) plausible...ensure

(B) popular...limit

(C) venerable...override

(D) cohesive...undermine

(E) cumbersome...alleviate

3.

Although

strong

legal

remedies

for

nonpayment

of

child

support

are

________,

the

delay

and

expense associated with these remedies make it _________ to develop other options.

(A) unpopular...useful

(B) required...impossible

(C) available...imperative

(D) unavailing...impractical

(E) nonexistent...ridiculous

5.

Because they have been so dazzled by the calendars and the knowledge of astronomy possessed by

the Mayan civilization, some anthropologists have _________ achievements like the sophisticated

carved calendar sticks of the Winnebago people.

(A) described

(B) acknowledged

(C) overlooked

(D) defended

(E) authenticated

6.

Manipulating laboratory tissue cultures with hormones is one thing; using hormones to treat human

beings,

however,

is

contingent

on

whether

hormones

that

_______

in

the

laboratory

can

affect

_________ organisms, and in predictable ways.

(A) develop...similar

(B) succeed...simple

(C) fail...cellular

(D) work...whole

(E) reproduce...unknown

7.

In

response

to

the

follies

of

today’s

commer

cial

and

political

worlds,

the

author

does

not

_________ inflamed indignation, but rather _________ the detachment and smooth aphoristic prose

of an eighteenth-century wit.

(A) display...rails at

(B) rely on...avoids

(C) suppress...clings to

(D) express...affects

(E) resort to...spurns

Exercise 41

1.

Contrary

to

the

popular

conception

that

it

is

powered

by

conscious

objectivity,

science

often

operates through error, happy accidents, ______ and persistence in spite of mistakes.

(A) facts

(B) controls

(C) hunches

(D) deductions

(E) calculations

2.

The well-trained engineer must understand fields as diverse as physics, economics, geology, and

sociology;thus, an overly _________engineering curriculum should be avoided.

(A) narrow

(B) innovative

(C) competitive

(D) rigorous

(E) academic

3.

Their ________ of loyalties is first to oneself, next to kin, then to fellow tribe members, and finally

to compa-triots.

(A) merging

(B) hierarchy

(C) definition

(D) judgment

(E) cognizance

5.

Art _________ science, but that does not mean that the artist must also be a scientist; an artist uses

the fruits of science but need not _________ the theories from which they derive.

(A) precedes...anticipate

(B) incorporates...understand

(C) transcends...abandon

(D) imitates...repudiate

(E) resembles...contest

7.

The natures of social history and lyric poetry are ________ , social history always recounting the

_________ and lyric poetry speaking for unchanging human nature, that timeless essence beyond

fashion and economics.

(A) predetermined...bygone

(B) antithetical...evanescent

(C) interdependent...unnoticed

(D) irreconcilable...unalterable

(E) indistinguishable...transitory

Exercise 42

1.

The corporation expects only _________ increases in sales next year despite a yearlong effort to

revive its retailing business.

(A) unquestionable

(B) sequential

(C) modest

(D) exaggerated

(E) groundless

2.

For more than a century, geologists have felt comfortable with the idea that geological processes,

although

very

_________,

are

also

_________

and

so

are

capable

of

shaping

the

Earth,

given

enough time.

(A) minute...sporadic

(B) slow...steady

(C) complex...discernible

(D) unpredictable...constant

(E) ponderous...intermittent

3.

To avoid annihilation by parasites, some caterpillars are able to _______ periods of active growth

by pre-maturely entering a dormant state, which is characterized by the ____________ of feeding.

(A) curtail...suspension

(B) foster...continuation

(C) prevent...stimulation

(D) mediate...synthesis

(E) invert...simulation

4.

The eradication of pollution is not merely a matter of ______, though the majestic beauty of nature

is indeed an important consideration.

(A) economics

(B) legislation

(C) cleanliness

(D) aesthetics

(E) restoration

5.

Even though the general’s carefully qualified public statement could hardly be _________, some

people took____________ it.

(A) respected...liberties with

(B) inoffensive...umbrage at

(C) faulted...exception to

(D) credited...potshots at

(E) dismissed...interest in

6.

The

_______

of

gamblers’

unsuccessful

decision

strategies

is

o

ne

_______ of

the

illusions

built

into games of chance in order to misguide players and take their money.

(A) distortion...outcome

(B) restriction...result

(C) maintenance...function

(D) prediction...accomplishment

(E) demonstration...prerequisite

7.

The

astronomer

and

feminist

Maria

Mitchell’s

own

prodigious

activity

and

the

vigor

of

the

Association

for

the

Advancement

of

Women

during

the

1870’s

________

any

assertion

that

feminism was ________ in that period.

(A) exclude...thriving

(B) contradict...prospering

(C) pervade...remote

(D) buttress...dormant

(E) belie...quiescent

Exercise 43

1.

By

idiosyncratically

refusing

to

dismiss

an

insubordinate

member

of

his

staff,

the

manager

not

only

_________

established

policy,

but

he

also

_________

his

heretofore

good

chances

for

promotion.

(A) instituted...bettered

(B) recognized...protected

(C) contravened...jeopardized

(D) reiterated...computed

(E) delimited...restricted

3.

It

is

_________

for

a

government

to

fail

to

do

whatever

it

can

to

eliminate

a

totally

________

disease.

(A) folly...innocuous

(B) irresponsible...preventable

(C) crucial...fatal

(D) instinctive...devastating

(E) detrimental...insignificant

4.

Fashion is partly a search for a new language to discredit the old, a way in which each generation

can________ its immediate predecessor and distinguish itself.

(A) honor

(B) repudiate

(C) condone

(D) placate

(E) emulate

5.

T

he “impostor syndrome” often afflicts those who fear that true self

-disclosure will lower them in

others’ esteem; rightly handled, however, _________ may actually ________ one’s standing.

(A) willfulness...consolidate

(B) imposture...undermine

(C) affectation...jeopardize

(D) candor...enhance

(E) mimicry...efface

6.

In the midst of so many evasive comments, this forthright statement, whatever its intrinsic merit,

plainly stands out as ____________

(A) a paradigm

(B) a misnomer

(C) a profundity

(D) an inaccuracy.

(E) an anomaly

7.

Although a few delegates gave the opposition’s suggestions a ______ response, most greeted the

statement of a counterposition with ______.

(A) favorable...approval

(B) dispirited...reluctance

(C) surly...resentment

(D) halfhearted...composure

(E) vitriolic...civility

Exercise 44

1.

The senator’s reputation, though _

________ by false allegations of misconduct, emerged from the

ordeal _________

(A) shaken...unscathed

(B) destroyed...intact

(C) damaged...impaired

(D) impugned...unclear

(E) tarnished...sullied

3.

Unlike other creatures, who are shaped largely by their _________ environment, human beings are

products

of

a

culture

accumulated

over

centuries,

yet

one

that

is

constantly

being

_______

by

massive infusions of new information from everywhere.

(A) harsh...unconfirmed

(B) surrounding...upheld

(C) immediate...transformed

(D) natural...mechanized

(E) limited...superseded

4.

The belief that science destroys the arts appears to be supported by historical evidence that the arts

have _______only when the sciences have been _________.

(A) declined...attacked

(B) flourished...neglected

(C) matured...unconcerned

(D) succeeded...developed

(E) floundered...constrained

5.

The influence of the

Timaeus

among early philosophical thinkers was _________, if only because

it was the sole dialogue ________ in Europe for almost 1,000 years.

(A) pervasive...available

(B) inestimable...suppressed

(C) unnoteworthy...abridged

(D) underestimated...studied

(E) circumscribed...translated

6.

Scientists

who

are

on

the

cutting

edge

of

research

must

often

violate

common

sense

and

make

seem- ingly_________assumptions

because

existing

theories

simply

do

not

_________newly

observed phenomena.

(A) radical...confirm

(B) vague...incorporate

(C) absurd...explain

(D) mistaken...reveal

(E) inexact...corroborate

Exercise 45

1.

Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that has constantly refused

to _________ its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be ____________

(A) acknowledge...ignored

(B) decrease...verified

(C) tolerate...accepted

(D) address...eliminated

(E) explain...discussed

2.

Eric was frustrated because, although he was adept at making lies sound _______, when telling the

truth, he _______ the power to make himself believed.

(A) plausible...lacked

(B) convincing...held

(C) honest...found

(D) true...acquired

(E) logical...claimed

3.

While nurturing parents can compensate for adversity, cold or inconsistent parents may ________

it.

(A) exacerbate

(B) neutralize

(C) eradicate

(D) ameliorate

(E) relieve

4.

The architects of New York’s early skyscrapers, hinting here at a twelfth

-century cathedral, there

at a fifteenth-

century palace, sought to legitimize the city’s social strivings by _______ a history the

city did not truly _______.

(A) revealing...deserve

(B) displaying...desire

(C) evoking...possess

(D) preserving...experience

(E) flouting...believe

5.

She writes across generational lines, making the past so _________ that our belief that the present

is the true locus of experience is undermined.

(A) complex

(B) distant

(C) vivid

(D) mysterious

(E) mundane

6.

Although

some

of

her

fellow

scientists

________

the

unorthodox

laboratory

methodology

that

others found innovative, unanimous praise greeted her experimental results: at once pioneering and

_________.

(A) ignored...untrustworthy

(B) complimented...foreseeable

(C) welcomed...mundane

(D) decried...unexceptionable

(E) attacked...inconclusive

7.

Even after _________ against the _________ of popular sovereignty were included, major figures

in

the

humanistic

disciplines

remained

skeptical

about

the

proposal

to

extend

suffrage

to

the

masses.

(A) recommendations...continuation

(B) safeguards...excesses

(C) arguments...introduction

(D) provisions...advantages

(E) laws...creation

Exercise 46

1.

Only

by

ignoring

decades

of

mismanagement

and

inefficiency

could

investors

conclude

that

a

fresh infusion of cash would provide anything more than a _________ solution to the company’s

financial woes.

(A) fair

(B) temporary

(C) genuine

(D) realistic

(E) complete

2.

No

computer

system

is

immune

to

a

virus,

a

particularly

malicious

program

that

is

designed

to

_________and electronically ____________ the disks on which data are stored.

(A) prepare...improve

(B) restore...disable

(C) infect...damage

(D) preserve...secure

(E) invade...repair

3.

In

retrospect,

Gordon’s

students

appreciated

her_______

assignments,

realizing

that

such

assignments

were

specifically

designed

to

_______

original

thought

rather

than

to

review

the

content of her course.

(A) didactic...ingrain

(B) intimidating...thwart

(C) difficult...discourage

(D) conventional...explicate

(E) enigmatic...stimulate

4.

Dominant interests often benefit most from _________ of governmental interference in business,

since they are able to take care of themselves if left alone.

(A) intensification

(B) authorization

(C) centralization

(D) improvisation

(E) elimination

5.

Even

though

political

editorializing

was

not

_________

under

the

new

regime,

journalists

still

experienced _______, though perceptible, governmental pressure to limit dissent.

(A) restricted...clear

(B) encouraged...strong

(C) forbidden...discreet

(D) commended...overt

(E) permitted...regular

6.

It is no accident that most people find Davis’ book d

isturbing, for it is ________ to undermine a

number of beliefs they have long _________.

(A) calculated...cherished

(B) annotated...assimilated

(C) intended...denied

(D) anxious...misunderstood

(E) reputed...anticipated

7.

Just as the authors’ book on eels is often a key text for courses in marine vertebrate zoology, their

ideas on animal development and phylogeny _________ teaching in this area.

(A) prevent

(B) defy

(C) replicate

(D) inform

(E) use

Exercise 47

1.

What is most important to the monkeys in the sanctuary is that they are a group; this is so because

primates are inveterately _______ and build their lives around each other.

(A) independent

(B) stable

(C) curious

(D) social

(E) proprietary

2.

Although Harry Stack Sullivan is one of the most influential social scientists of this century, his

ideas are now so _______ in our society that they seem almost ____________

(A) novel...antiquated

(B) revolutionary...fundamental

(C) commonplace ...banal

(D) disputed...esoteric

(E) obscure...familiar

3.

Given the failure of independent laboratories to r

eplicate the results of Dr. Johnson’s experiment,

only the most _________ supporters of her hypothesis would be foolish enough to claim that it had

been adequately _________

(A) fastidious...defined

(B) partisan...verified

(C) vigilant...publicized

(D) enlightened...researched

(E) fervent...undermined

4.

A

number

of

writers

who

once

greatly

_________

the

literary

critic

have

recently

recanted,

substituting _________ for their former criticism.

(A) lauded...censure

(B) influenced...analysis

(C) simulated...ambivalence

(D) disparaged...approbation

(E) honored...adulation

5.

In

their

preface,

the

collection’s

editors

plead

that

certain

of

the

important

articles

they

_____________

were

published

too

recently

for

inclusion,

but

in

the

case

of

many

such

articles,

this _________ is not valid.

(A) discussed...replacement

(B) omitted...excuse

(C) revised...clarification

(D) disparaged...justification

(E) ignored...endorsement

6.

Word

order

in

a

sentence

was

much

freer

in

old

French

than

it

is

in

French

today,

this

_______disappeared as the French language gradually lost its case distinctions.

(A) restriction

(B) license

(C) similarity

(D) rigidity

(E) imperative

7.

The

actual

_________

of

Wilson’s

position

was

always

________by

his

refusal

to

compromise

after having initially agreed to negotiate a settlement.

(A) outcome...foreshadowed

(B) logic...enhanced

(C) rigidity...betrayed

(D) uncertainty...alleviated

(E) cowardice...highlighted

Exercise 48

1.

Even though formidable winters are the norm in the Dakotas, many people were unprepared for the

_________ of the blizzard of 1888.

(A) inevitability

(B) ferocity

(C) importance

(D) probability

(E) mildness

2.

Congress is having great difficulty developing a consensus on energy policy, primarily because the

policy objectives of various members of Congress rest on such _________assumptions.

(A) commonplace

(B) trivial

(C) explicit

(D) divergent

(E) fundamental

3.

Salazar’s presence in the group was so _____ the others that they lost most of their earlier ______;

failure, for them, became all but unthinkable.

(A) reassuring to ...trepidation

(B) unnoticed by...curiosity

(C) unusual to...harmony

(D) endearing to...confidence

(E) unexpected by...exhilaration

4.

In

sharp

contrast

to

the

intense

_________

of

the

young

republic,

with

its

utopian

faith

in

democracy and hopes for eternal human progress, recent developments suggest a mood of almost

unrelieved ________

(A) idealism...cynicism

(B) individualism...escapism

(C) sectarianism...recklessness

(D) assertiveness...ambition

(E) righteousness...egalitarianism

5.

Although the passage of

years

has

softened the initially hostile reaction to his poetry, even

now

only a few independent observers _________ his works.

(A) praise

(B) revile

(C) scrutinize

(D) criticize

(E) neglect

6.

Any

population

increase

beyond

a

certain

level

necessitates

greater

_________

vegetable

foods;

thus, the ability of a society to choose meat over cereals always arises, in part, from ________ the

number of people.

(A) reliance on...replenishing

(B) production of...estimating

(C) spending on...concealing

(D) recourse to...limiting

(E) attention to...varying

Exercise 49

1.

A

recent

survey

shows

that,

while

ninety-four

percent

of

companies

conducting

management- training

programs

open

them

to

women,

women

are

_________

only

seventy-four

percent of those programs.

(A) protesting against

(B) participating in

(C) displeased by

(D) allowed in

(E) refused by

2.

This poetry is not _________; it is more likely to appeal to an international audience than is poetry

with strictly regional themes.

(A) familiar

(B) democratic

(C) technical

(D) complex

(E) provincial

3.

Although

the

architect’s

concept

at

first

sounded

too

_____

to

be

____

,

his

careful

analysis

of

every aspect of the project convinced the panel that the proposed building was indeed, structurally

feasible.

(A) mundane...attractive

(B) eclectic...appealing

(C) grandiose...affordable

(D) innovative...ignored

(E) visionary...practicable

4.

Dramatic literature often _________ the history of a culture in that it takes as its subject matter the

important events that have shaped and guided the culture.

(A) confounds

(B) repudiates

(C) recapitulates

(D) anticipates

(E) polarizes

5.

It was her view that the country’s problems had been________ by foreign technocrats, so that to

invite them to come back would be counterproductive.

(A) foreseen

(B) attacked

(C) ascertained

(D) exacerbated

(E) analyzed

6.

Unlike the easily studied neutral and ionized ________ that compose the primary disk of the Milky

Way itself, the components of the _________ surrounding our galaxy have proved more resistant to

study.

(A) figments...envelope

(B) essences...fluctuations

(C) elements...problems

(D) calculations...perimeter

(E) materials...region

7.

Their

_______

was

expressed

in

quotidian

behavior:

they

worshipped

regularly,

______

all

the

regenerative processes of nature respect, and even awe.

(A) selflessness...reserving to

(B) moderation...extending to

(C) reverence...exacting from

(D) piety...according

(E) serenity...refusing

Exercise 50

1.

Exposure

to

low- intensity

gamma

radiation

slows

the

rate

of

growth

of

the

spoilage

microorganisms in food in much the same way that the low heat used in pasteurization _________

the spoilage action of the microorganisms in milk.

(A) precludes

(B) initiates

(C) inhibits

(D) isolates

(E) purifies

2.

It

is

difficult

to

distinguish

between

the

things

that

charismatic

figures

do

_________

and

those

that are carefully contrived for effect.

(A) formally

(B) publicly

(C) prolifically

(D) spontaneously

(E) willfully

3.

A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought: the

more convoluted the structure, the more _________ the ideas.

(A) complicated

(B) inconsequential

(C) elementary

(D) fanciful

(E) blatant

4.

He was regarded by his followers, as something of _________, not only because of his insistence

on strict discipline, but also because of his _________ adherence to formal details.

(A) a martinet...rigid

(B) an authority...sporadic

(C) a tyrant...reluctant

(D) a fraud...conscientious

(E) an acolyte...maniacal

5.

The

techniques

now

available

to

livestock

breeders

will

continue

to

be

________,

but

will

probably be _______ by new ones under development.

(A) fruitful...reversed

(B) refined...upgraded

(C) inconvenient...reassessed

(D) used...supplemented

(E) harmless...improved

6.

Unlike

philosophers

who

constructed

theoretically

ideal

states,

she

built

a

theory

based

on

_________; thus, although her constructs may have been inelegant, they were ________sound.

(A) reality...aesthetically

(B) intuition...intellectually

(C) surmise...scientifically

(D) experience...empirically

(E) conjecture...factually

7.

The chances that a species will _________ are reduced if any vital function is restricted to a single

kind of organ; ________ by itself possesses an enormous survival advantage.

(A) degenerate...complexity

(B) expire...size

(C) disappear...variety

(D) flourish...symmetry

(E) persist...redundancy

Exercise 51

1.

Read’s apology to Hefl

in was not exactly abject and did little to _____their decades-long quarrel,

which had been as _____ as the academic etiquette of scholarly journals permitted.

(A) encourage...sporadic

(B) dampen...courteous

(C) obscure...ceremonious

(D) resolve...acrimonious

(E) blur...sarcastic

2.

The

technical

know-how,

if

not

the

political

_________

,appears

already

at

hand

to

feed

the

world’s

exploding

population

and

so

to

_______

at

last

the

ancient

scourges

of

malnutrition

and

famine.

(A) will...weaken

(B) expertise...articulate

(C) doubt...banish

(D) power...denounce

(E) commitment...eradicate

3.

While

not

_________

with

the

colorfully

obvious

forms

of

life

that

are

found

in

a

tropical

rain

forest, the desert is _________ to a surprisingly large number of species.

(A) brimming...foreign

(B) endowed...detrimental

(C) imbued...hostile

(D) teeming...host

(E) confronted...home

4.

Roman historians who study the period 30 B.C. to A.D. 180 can _________ the “Augustan peace”

only by failing to recognize that this peace in many respects resembled that of death.

(A) decry

(B) applaud

(C) ridicule

(D) demand

(E) disprove

5.

Although _______ is usually thought to spring from regret for having done something

wrong, it

may be that it

s origin is the realization that one’s own nature is irremediably ________.

(A) contrition...resilient

(B) certitude...confident

(C) skepticism...innocent

(D) remorse...flawed

(E) resignation...frivolous

6.

The labor union and the company’s management, despite their long history of unfailingly acerbic

disagreement on nearly every issue, have nevertheless reached an unexpectedly _________, albeit

still te

ntative, agreement on next year’s contract.

(A) swift

(B) onerous

(C) hesitant

(D) reluctant

(E) conclusive

7.

Marshall’s

confrontational

style

could

alien

ate

almost

anyone:

he

even

antagonized

a

board

of

directors

that

included

a

number

of

his

supporters

and

that

had

a

reputation

for

not

being

easily

________

(A) intimidated

(B) mollified

(C) reconciled

(D) provoked

(E) motivated

Exercise 52

2.

To believe that a culture’s achievement can be measured by the _________ of its written material

requires one to accept that a page of junk mail is as _________ as a page of great literature.

(A) nature...readable

(B) quality...prevalent

(C) timelessness...understandable

(D) applicability...eloquent

(E) volume...valuable

3.

The valedictory address, as it has developed in American colleges and universities over the years,

has become a very strict form, a literary _________ that permits very little_________.

(A) text...clarity

(B) work...tradition

(C) genre...deviation

(D) oration...grandiloquence

(E) achievement...rigidity

4.

Poe’s

_________

reviews

of

contemporary

fiction,

which

often

find

great

merit

in

otherwise

________ literary gems, must make us respect his critical judgment in addition to his well-known

literary talent.

(A) thorough...completed

(B) petulant...unpopular

(C) insightful...unappreciated

(D) enthusiastic...acclaimed

(E) harsh...undeserving

5.

Actual events in the history of life on Earth are accidental in that any outcome embodies just one

_______ among millions; yet each out come can be _______ interpreted.

(A) coincidence...randomly

(B) relationship...predictably

(C) fact ...readily

(D) happening...uniquely

(E)possibility...rationally

6.

If

efficacious

new

medicines

have

side

effects

that

are

commonly

observed

and

____,

such

medicines are too often considered _____, even when laboratory tests suggest caution.

(A) unremarkable...safe

(B) unpredictable...reliable

(C) frequent...outdated

(D) salutary...experimental

(E) complicated...useful

7.

From

the

outset,

the

concept

of

freedom

of

the

seas

from

the

proprietary

claims

of

nations

was

challenged

by

a

contrary

notion

—

that

of

the

________

of

the

oceans

for

reasons

of

national

security and profit.

(A) promotion

(B) exploration

(C) surveying

(D) conservation

(E) enclosure

Exercise 53

1.

Having

sufficient

income

of

her

own

constituted

for

Alice________

independence

that

made

possible a degree of________ in her emotional life as well.

(A) a material...security

(B) a profound...conformity

(C) a financial...economy

(D) a psychological...extravagance

(E) an unexpected...uncertainty

2.

Doreen

justifiably

felt

she

deserved

recognition

for

the

fact

that

the

research

institute

had

been

________a position of preeminence, since it was she who had ________ the transformation.

(A) reduced to...controlled

(B) raised to...observed

(C) mired in...imagined

(D) maintained in...created

(E) returned to...directed

3.

Experienced

employers

recognize

that

business

students

who

can

_________

different

points

of

view

are

ultimately

more

effective

as

managers

than

are

the

brilliant

and

original

students

who

________ dogmatically to their own formulations.

(A) discredit...revert

(B) assimilate...adhere

(C) impose...refer

(D) disregard...incline

(E) advocate...relate

4.

Under ethical guidelines recently adopted by the National Institutes of Health, human genes are to

be manipulated only to correct diseases for which _________ treatments are unsatisfactory.

(A) similar

(B) most

(C) dangerous

(D) uncommon

(E) alternative

5.

Some paleontologists debate whether the diversity of species has _________ since the Cambrian

period, or whether imperfections in the fossil record only suggest greater diversity today, while

in

actuality there has been either____________ or decreased diversity.

(A) changed...escalation

(B) increased...stasis

(C) expanded...discontinuity

(D) declined...reduction

(E) improved...deviation

6.

Imposing

steep

fines

on

employers

for

on- the-job

injuries

to

workers

could

be

an

effective

_________

to

creating

a

safer

workplace,

especially

in

the

case

of

employers

with

poor

safety

records.

(A) antidote

(B) alternative

(C) addition

(D) deterrent

(E) incentive

Exercise 54

1.

Though

environmentalists

have

targeted

some

herbicides

as

potentially

dangerous,

the

manu-

facturers, to the environmentalists’ dismay, ________the use of these herbicides on lawns.

(A) defy

(B) defer

(C) defend

(D) assail

(E) disparage

2.

The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era is viewed by most art historians as a ____,

because, instead of an increasingly ______ pictorial art, we find degeneration.

(A) milestone...debased

(B) consolidation...diverse

(C) calamity...aberrant

(D) regression...sophisticated

(E) continuation...improved

3.

There are, as yet, no vegetation types or ecosystems whose study has been_________ to the extent

that they no longer_________ ecologists.

(A) perfected...hinder