-
包含
16
、
17
、
18
、
22
、
23
、
27
单元
As
the arbiter of quality via the deviation from
drawing procedure,
quality
planning
has
the
database
to
evaluate
performance
of
the
various
shop and support functions.
作
为
产品设计与制造偏差的评判者，质量规划部
门可以通过数据库
对产品的各个加工工序及制造情况进行评估
Annealing is a
generic term denoting a heat treatment
that consists of heating to and
holding
at
a
suitable
temperature
followed
by
cooling
at
a
suitable
rate
退火
：
热处理的一个通用术语，
指的是加热到一定温度并保温，
然后以合适的速
度
冷却
Apart from the smoothenss of
operation thus obtained, a great
improvement is usually found in the
surface finish on the work and the
tool
can make heavier cuts without detriment and will
last considerably
longer without regrin
ding
除了
能使机床运行平稳之外，液压驱动在机床上还
有许多其他优越之处。
例如，
可以改善工件
表面的光洁度；
可以在不损坏刀具的
前提下增大刀具上的作用载
荷；
可以进行长时间的切削加工，
而无需再次刃磨刀
具等
A
robot
is
an
automatically
controlled,
reprogrammable,
multipurpose,
manipulating
machine
with
several
reprogrammable
axes,
which
may
be
either
fixed
in
place
or
mobile
for
used
in
industrial
automation
applications
机器人
是一种自动控制，可编程，多功能的，由几个可重复编程
的坐标系来操纵的机器装置，可固定或移动的方式应用于工业自动化中
An
d,
whether you know it or not, many
papers are rejected by journal editors
because of a faulty Discussion, even
though the data of the peper might
be
both valid and interesting.
不知你
是否知道，尽管许多论文中的数据正确
而有根据，
且能够引
起人们的兴趣，
但讨论部分写得不好也会使其遭到期刊编辑
的拒
绝
Because robots can perform certain
basic tasks more quickly and
accurately
than humans, they are being increasingly used
in various
manufacturing ind
ustries.
因为
机器人可以比人更快更准确地完成某些基
本任
务，所以广泛地用于制造业
By comparing
those feedback signals with the
values
set by the programmer, the close-loop controller
can conduct the
robot to move to the
precise position and assume the desired attitude,
and
effector
can
perform
with
very
high
accuracy
as
the
close-loop
control
system
can
minimize
the
discrepancy
between
the
controlled
object
and
the
predetermined references.
通过<
/p>
将反馈信号与程序设定值相对比，闭环控制器
能引导机器人向准确
的位置运动并实现期望的状态。
闭环控制系统可以使被控目
标与
预定值之间的误差达到最小，
终端执行机构可以高度精确的运作
Because
it
is not a
sentence, with the usual subject, verb, object
arrangement, it
is
really
simpler
than
a
sentence(or,
at
least,
usually
shorter),
but
the
order of the words becomes even more im
portant.
它不必
像通常的句子那样
具有主语、谓语动词和宾语结构。它确实比句子简单（或者，至少通常比较短，
但是
也正因如此，词的排列顺序显得更为重要
Don
’
t be shy;discuss the
theoretical
implications
of
your
work,
as
well
as
any
possible
practical
applicatons.
大
胆
地
论
述
研
究
工
作
的
理
论
意
义
以
及
任
何
可
< br>能
的
实
际
应
用
Electrically driven oil
pressure pumps establish an oil flow for energy
transmission, which is fed to hydraulic
motors or hydraulic cylinders,
converting it into mechanical energy.
电力
驱动的油泵驱使油液流动，进行
能量传
递，将能量传递给液压电动机或油缸，从而将液压能转换成机械能
For
example , new cab or shovel
configurations for each Caterpillar moving
equipment
are
tested
by
real
drivers
for
possible
imbalances
while
handing
virtual bulldozers and trucks.
例如
，
Caterpillar
公
司生产的每一辆汽车和
每一台推土机都要经过实际驾驶人员的检测，
目的是检测在它们在实际使用过程
中是否出现运动不平衡的问题，
< br>而这种检测通常就是利用虚拟制造技术在计算机
中完成
F
or this reason, a test of the completed product is
often nothing
more than a contractual
requirement that must be performed before the
customer accepts the product.
因此
，产品质量的总体测试只不过是客户取货
之前必须履行的
合同要求
First, you should give some kind of
overall
description
of
the
experiments,
providing
the
“
big
picture
”
,
without,
however,
repeating
the
experimental
details
previously
provided
in
Materials and , you
should present the data.
首先
，应
对实
验进行全面描述，给一个“大的轮廓”
，但不要重复已经在
“材料与方法”一节
中提到的实验细节。其次应该提供数据
It
allows for gathering data that
support
the
design
theory
of
the
product,
for
interpretations to
be
made
for
further
improvements
in
design
so
that
future
products
will
be
better
than present ones,
and for evaluation of design evolution toward
better
performance
and
costs.
通过
产品检验能收集数据，这些数据
可支持、验证产品
设计理论；
能为以后产品的改进设计提供依据
，
使产品的性能更加优越；
能对产
品的
更新换代进行性能和成本评估
It gives the company a
high degree of
confidence that the
product will perform as the customer expects it
to,
and
this
is
a
valuable
marketing
tool
as
it
helps
to
establish
the
proper
reputation
with
the
customer
s.
它为
公司提供了较高的可信度，使产品达到了
客户所希望的性能。由于产品测试能帮助公司在客户中建立良好的声誉，因此，
它
是
一
个
极
有
价
值
的
市
场
调
控
工
具
It
is
known
that
the
eutectoid
steel(T8)under
equilibrium
conditions
contains,all
austenite
above
727
?
C
,whereas below,It is pearlite.
知道
共析钢（
T8
）在
平衡条件下，在
727
?
C
以上时全为奥氏体，低于此温度则为珠光体
If the quality
plan is
adequate
and
carried
out
properly,
then
the
product
’
s
performance
should
have been verified and a total test is
redundant.
如果
产品质量控制计划
< br>制定合理，
执行情况良好，
那么其性能就会有保障，
不需要对其进行总体性能测
试
It is
also the nerves of the robot; it is reprogrammable
to send out
sequences of instructions
for all movements and actions to be taken by
robot.
它也
是机器人的神经系统，
对机器人的所有运动及动作所发送的指令序列
是可重复编程的
If
there
is
serious
doubt
that
your
experiments could,
be
repeated, the reviewer will recommend
rejection of your manuscript no
matter
how awe-inspiring your results.
如果
他对于实验是否再现这一点很怀
疑，
不管研究成果多
么令人信服，
这个审稿人都会建议退回稿件
Lin
et
al.[1995]
defined
a
Virtual
Enterprise
as
“
rapidly
configured
multi
—
disciplinary
network of
small, process specific firms configured to meet a
window of
opportunity to design and
produce a specific product.
”
1995
年
Lin et al
把虚拟
企业定义为为了完成某种产品的设计和生产，
快速组建的，
多学
科联合的，
有
特
定
目
的
的
小
型
网
络
化
公<
/p>
司
Many
factors
affect
geometric
errors
including:
surface
straightness
(as
shown
in
Fig.19.1),
surface
roughness,
bearing
preload,
kinematics
versus
elastic
design
principles
and
structural design philos
ophies.
影响
零件几何误差的因素很多，如表面直线
度（图
19.1
）
、表面粗糙度、轴承的预加载荷、弹性运动设计方法和结构设计原
理
< br>等
Many
industrial
organizations
have
chosen
to
establish
an
independent
quality
assurance
sub-function
within
the
manufacturing
function
and
have
placed
the
technical
responsibilities
of
quality
control, namely
process control, within the manufacturing
engineering
organization.
许多<
/p>
工厂企业已经有选择地建立了独立的产品质量控制功能，也
设置了
相应的质量控制技术职责，
也就是在本企业内部实行独立的产品质量控制
体系
Mech
recently,
with
spectacular
advancements
in
the
ares of
control
and
communications,
the
word
mechatronics
has
been
adapted
as
the
synergetic
integration
of
three
disciplines:
mechanics,
control
and
electronics and is aimed
at the study of mainly manufacturing machines
controlled
by
ele
ctronics.
但是
最近随着控制工程和通信领域的快速发
展，机
电一体化这个术语已经用于描述机械工程学、
控制工程学
和电子学三大学科的集
成，
其目标主要是研究由电子学所控制的
机械产品的制造。
Mechatronics
is
also
defined
as
the
synergetic
integration
of
machnical
engineering
with
electronics
and
intelligent
computer
control
in
the
design
and
manufacture of products
and processes.
机电
一体化也可以定义为在工业
产品
的设计和制造加工过程中，
应用了电子学技术、
智能计算机控制技术与机械工程
学等的集成学科
M
echatronics is an intergrated comprehensive study
of
intelligent
and
high
performance
electromechanical
system(mechanisms
and
processes), intelligent and motion
control through the use of advanced
microprocessors
and
DSPs,
power
electronics
and
ICs,
design
and
optimization,
modeling
and
simulation,
analysis
and
virtual
prototyping,
ect.
机电
一体化使用高性能的微处理器和
DSP
芯片、驱动电子元件和
IC
集成电
路来进行系统设计、优化、建模、仿真、分析和建立有效的模型等工作
，是一种
可以获得智能化、高性能机电系统（包括机械和加工）
，实现智能化和运动控制
的综合
性研究
Mechatronics, as a breakthrough concept in
design and
analysis
of
conventional,
micro-and
nano-scale
eletromechanical
system,
was
introduced
to
attack,
integrate
and
solve
a
great
variety
of
emerging
problems.
机电
一体化在传统的微型和纳米规模的电子系统中是一个突破性的概
< br>念，已经用于破译、集成和解决大量的工程问题
Normalizing
usually is used
as
a
conditioning
treatment,notably
for
refining
the
grains
of
steels
that
have
been
subjected
to
high
temperatures
for
foring
or
other
hot
working
opera
tions.
正火
一般作为起调节作用的热处理工艺，特别是用
于细化在锻造或
其他热加工工艺中经受了高温的钢的晶粒
One
of them is that it can give
infinitely-
variable
speed
control
over
wide
ranges.
In
addition,
they
can
change the direction of
drive as easily as they can vary the speed.
例
如
，
采用液压驱动可以在较
大的速度范围内向机床提供无级变速。
此外，
它还能
像变速一样非常方便地改变驱动方向
Other application
ares discussed in
Larijani
[1994]
include
machine
—
vision
applications
for
diagnosis,fault
detection
and preventive maintenance, safety and maintenance
training,
ergonomic analysis.
1994
年
Larijani
还介绍
了虚拟制造技术在其他领域应用
的例子，
包括机器的故障诊断和
检测、
安全、
维护培训及环境分析设计等
One
of
the most challenging
problems in mechatronics systems design is the
development
of
system
architecture,
e.g.,
selection
of
hardware(actuators,
sensors,
devices,
power
electronics,
IC,
microcontrollers,
and
DSP)
and
software(environment
and
computation
algorithms to
perform sensing and control, information flow and
data
acquisition, simulation,
visualization, and virtual prototyping).
在机
电一体化系统设计中，
具有重要意义的问题是系统结构的
开发设计，
包括硬件
（执
行器、传感器
、装备、电子产品、集成电路、微控制器和
DSP
等）和软件（
实现
传感与控制、
信息流与数据采集、
模拟仿真、
可视化处理和建立有效模型等的软
件坏境和计算机算
法）的选择
Pneumatic actuators have been used
for high
speed, nonservo robots used
for powering tooling such as grippers.
气
动
应用于高速、非伺服机器人，也应用于驱动工具，如手爪
Pe
rhaps few people,
if any, will read the
entire paper, but many people will read the title,
either in the original journal or in
one of the secondary (abstracting
and
indexing) services.
但会
阅读整篇论文的
人只是少几个人，而多数读者或
通过原始期刊，或通过二次文献（文摘或索引）来阅读论
文的题目
Quality
control
traditionally
monitors
manufacturing
losses
by
setting
a
negative
budget
that
is
not
to
be
exceeded,
and
establishes
routines
for
measurement
and
corrective
action.
传统
的质量控制方法是通过设置不允许超
出的负预算来控制产
品的制造损耗，并以此建立产品检测和维修的准则。
Quenching
is
the
rapid
cooling
of
a
steel
or
alloy
from
the
austenitizing
temperature by
immersing the workpiece in a liquid or gaseous med
ium.
淬火
：把钢或合金浸没在液体或气体介质中，从奥氏体
化温度下快速冷却
Quenching
media
commonly
used
include
water,5%brine,5%caustic
in
aqueous
solution,oil,polymer
solutions ,or gas(usually air or nitrogen).
常用
的
淬火介质有水、
5%<
/p>
的盐水、
5%
的碱性水溶液、油、聚合物
溶液或气体（常为空气
或氮气）
The generally
accepted definition for heat treating metals and
metal alloys is
“
heating and cooling a solid
metal or alloy in a way so
as to obtain
specific conditions and/or properties.
”
普通
认同的对金属
热处理的定义为：以
一定的方式加热或冷却固态金属或合金以达到一定条件和
/
或<
/p>
获
得
某
些
性
能
The
basis
for
heat
treatment
is
the
time-temperature-transformation curves
or TTT curves where,in a single
diagram
all the three parameters are plotted.
热处
理的基础分别是时间
-
温度
-
相变曲线，即
TTT
曲
线，
3
个参数都绘制在一个图中
The
curve
at
extreme
left
represents
the
time
required
for
the
transformation
of
austenite
to
pearlite
to
start
at
any
given
rly,the
curve
at
extreme
right represents the
time required for completing the transformation.
左边
的曲线表示任一给定温度下奥氏体开始转变为珠光体所需的时间
。类似的，
右
边
的
曲
线
表
示
相
变
完
成
所<
/p>
需
的
时
间
。
The
primary
purpose
of
stress
relieving
is
to
relieve
stresses
that
have
been
imparted
to
the
workpiece
form such
processes as forming, rolling, machining or
welding.
去应
力退
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