-
APA
论文资料引用格式包括文献引用(
ref
erence citations
)与参考文献
(
reference list
)两部分。
1.
文献引用
1.1
间接引用(
< br>citations
)
:
间接引
用需在论文主体部分引用作者姓名和文献出版年份。读者可以在
references
list
中
看到所引用文献完整的信息
。
A
.<
/p>
如果引用文献只涉及一位作者的某本专著或文章,
而作家的名字在
自己的行文中没有出
现
,
将该作家的
姓氏和所引用文献出版的时间用括弧括起来,放在句子结尾,注意该括
弧算作句子的一部
分,标点符号应放在括弧之后。
例
:
I
t
has
been
argued
that
teachers?
role
is
to
provide
the
students
with
optimal
conditions
which can facilitate learning so that
students can achieve similar results (Bloom,
1976).
B.
如果引用文献涉及的一位作者的
名字在行文中已出现,隶属句子的一部分,
则只需在
名字后加上括弧,将引用文献的出版日期放于此括号内。
例:
Gould (
1988)
attributes Darwin?s success to his gift for making
the appropriate metaphor.
<
/p>
C
.
如果引用文献涉及到的作者和著作的
出版时间在行文中已出现,那就不再需要单独的夹
注了。
例:
In a 1988 article, Gould
explores some of Darwin?s most effective
metaphors.
D
.
如果引用涉及到的著作是由两位作者合著,
则
每次引用时都需把两位作者的姓氏注出来,
在夹注中用“
&
p>
”
,在行文中则用“
and
”连接两个作者。
例:
The disadvantages of the
multiple regression analysis is that it cannot
show the complex
interrelations between
independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990).
Bryman and Cramer
also pointed out
that…
E
.
如涉及到的作者超过两人,少于六人,第一次加夹注时,写出所有作者的姓氏,以
后每
次引用,只需写出第一作者的姓氏,其后加上“
et
al
”即可。
例:
Scientists have isolated a
gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants
(Millar, Straum,
Chory, Chua, & Kay,
1995) . . . . They identified the mutations that
activated light-dependent
pathways
(Millar, et al., 1995)
F
.如果引用涉及到的著作由六位以上的作者合著,加注时只需写出第一作者的姓氏,其后
加上“
et
al.
”即可。
例:
Naiman et al.
(
1978
)
found a
similar relationship, although I this case effort?
on the part
of the learners was also
associated with instrumental motivation
(subsequent citations) (Ellis,
1954).
G
.
p>
如涉及到的同姓的主要作者为两个或两个以上,即使引用文献出版日期不同,加注时需
写出作者全名,名可用首字母缩写的形式写出。
例:
R. D. Luce (1959) and P.
A. Luce (1986) also found…
..
1
J.
M.
Goldberg
and
Neff
(1961)
and
M.
E.
Goldberg
and
Wurtz
(1972)
studied……
H
.
如果引
用涉及到一位作者的多篇文献,
只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份
(最早到最晚
依序排列)
。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,则在
年份后面加上
a
、
b
< br>、
c
??等标注。
(按:
abc
的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名
称的字母来决定。
)
例:
A
recent
study
found
a
possible
genetic
cause
of
alcoholism
(Pauling,
2004,
2005a,
2005b).
Pauling
(2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that
discovered a possible genetic cause of
alcoholism
I
.
如引用
涉及到多位作者,多篇文献,根据上一个的规则,用分号将主要作者与其
他作者分隔开,
分号后写
see
also
,
再写剩下的其他作者,而这些作者的排序先依
照作者姓氏的字母顺序,接
着是发表年份。
例:
(Minor,
2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997)
J
.
p>
原则上应引用已读到过的文献。如有必要引用未曾读过的文献(如下面例句中的
“Grayson”
)
,而其
内容由
你读到
过的文
献(如下
面例句
中的
“Murzynski
&
Degelman”
)
转引,
你需以下面的方式引用。
参考文献中只需列
出你已读过的文献。
例:
Grayson (as cited in
Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) suggested …
K
.
p>
如果涉及到出版于同一年的两份文献,需引用第一作者的姓氏,后面其余作者名
字引用的个数应足够区分这两个引用,随后打逗号,写出
“et al.”
例:
Bradley, Soo and Ramirez,
(1994) and Bradley, Soo, et al. (1994)
Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996)
and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1996)
L
.
p>
如涉及到引用非英语作品的翻译本,需同时引用原著和翻译作品的出版时间。
例:
Laplace
(1814/1951)…
M
.
如涉及
到引用个人通讯(包括信件,邮件,电话采访),加注时需写出作者名字
的首字母缩写形
式以及姓氏,尽可能地精确到具体时间。由于个人通讯不是可以
重新获得的信息,不需要
列在参考文献中。
例:
B. F.
Skinner (personal communication, February 12,
1978) claimed . . . .
注:如果引
文作者是中国人,引文是中文,作者名字写姓的汉语拼音即可。其余格
式符合上述规则。
如:
Liu (2005)
said that ....
2
1.2
直接引用(
Quotations
)<
/p>
如果直接引用了某文献中的内容,需写出引用文献的作者,引用
文献出版日期,
以及引用部分在原文的页码。
A
.如果原著作者的姓氏在自己的行文中没有提到,那你需要把作者的姓氏,出
版时间和引
文出自的页码用括弧括起,
放在引文的后面
,
引文用双引号。
如果引文中原来就有引号,
将有引号的部分改为单引号。
例:
Conce
ptually,
motivation is seen as “the combination of effort
plus desire to achieve the
goal
of
learning
the
language
plus
favorable
attitude
toward
learning
language”
(Gardner,
1985, p.10).
Based on
different findings, it is proposed that “the type
of motiva
tion and its strength
are likely to be determined less by
some generalized principle and more by ?who learns
what
in what milieu?”
(Laser
-Freeman & Long, 1993, p. 174).
B
.
如果你
自己的行文中已经提到原著作者的姓氏,
则只需在引文的后面用括弧加上页码即
可。
例:
Gardner (1985) sees
motivation as “the combination of effort plus
desire to achieve the
goal of learning
the language plus favorable attitude toward
learning language” (p. 10).
C
.
如果直
接引用所涉及到的作者有多位,除遵守以上
A
,
B
两条外,其他规则与间接引用
相同。
D
.
直接引
文的字数如少于
40
英文单词或
4
p>
行,引文用双引号括起来直接放到段落中,作
为段落的一部分。
p>
例:
Patients
receiving prayer had “less congestive heart
failure, required less diuretic
and
antibiotic
therapy,
had
fewer
episodes
of
pneumonia,
had
fewer
cardiac
arrests,
and
were
less frequently in
tubated and
ventilated” (Byrd, 1988, p.829).
E
.
p>
直接引文的字数如多于
40
英文单词或
p>
4
行,引文单独成段,段落用“齐头式”
,
整个段
落缩进
5
个空格
(
如果引文还有第二段或更多段落,那么每一段第一行还需要再缩进
5
个空格
)
,整个段落
行间距是双倍行距,引文不需引号。如引文中已有引号,保留原来
的引号。
例:
Raymond William
explains that the word career has all but lost its
original
meaning.
Career
is
now
so
regularly
used
to
describe
a
person?s
progress
in
life,
or,
by
derivation
from this, his profession or vocation that it is
difficult to remember, in
the same
context, its original meaning of a recourse and a
gallop
—
though in some
contexts,
as in the phrase
“Careering about,” these survive.
3
Career
appeared in English .
. .
F
.
引用诗歌
,
如少于两行
,
直接引入行文中,两行间用斜线分开
,
行首的大写应保持
,
引
用部分加双引
号
;
如超过两行
,
则按直接引用规则
E
处理。
例:
In
his
“Hymn
to
Intellectual
Beauty,”
Shelly
personifies
the
immaterial,
spiritual
world: “The awful
shadow of some unseen Power / Floats though unseen
among us.”
In “Song of
Myself,” Walt Whitman uses the dictation and
rhythm of natural speech.
A
child said
What is the
grass
? fetching it to me with
full hands;
How
could I answer the child? I do not know what it
is any more than he.
I guess it must be the flag of my
disposition,
out hopeful
green stuff woven.
G
.引用小说
如果论文是有关小说评论,因一般都需从同一小说中反复引用,为方便起见,在第一次
引用后用圆括弧注明页码,再加一个尾注,用上标标出。尾注说明格式如下例。以后每
次
从该小说引用后,
只注明页码即可
,
毋需再加尾注。
例:
In six months? time, he
was tramped into marriage with her, though “he had
no respect for
her.” (p.
40)
1
尾注格式
:
1.
All the
quotations from the novel are taken from : Thomas
Hardy.
1991.
Jude
the Obscure.
Oxford: OUP.
H
.如要
对直接引文进行某些省略,省略部分如在引文中间,用英语省略号表示;如省略
发生在一
个完整句之后
,
除非后面还有引文,否则毋需省略号,如下面第二例。
例:
原文
:
In
the
western
farm
states
the
Granger
movement,
organized
in
1869
as
The
Patron of
Husbandry, was able to force regulatory
legislation through some state
legislatures.
省略后的引用
:
According
to Margaret G
. Meyers, “the Granger
movement . . . was able
to force
regulatory legislation through some states
legislatures.”
原文
:
A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little
minds, adored by little statesmen,
philosophers and divine.
省略后的引用
:
Emerson advocated the courage to change
one?s mind when he said that
“a little
foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little
minds.”
(原文中的逗号也省去)
I
.
为了合
乎语法的需要,
可以改变引文句首的大小写,
当然也可保持原来
的大小写不变。
例:
Kitto
asserts, “the Greek instinct was the opposite, to
take the widest view.”
(
引文中的第
一个冠词大写的
T
< br>改为小写
t)
J
.
除上述
规则
H
外,如要对直接引语做任何你认为是必要的改动,都必须
加以说明,
说明加方括弧。一般有以下几种情况:
4
a.
如引文中本身有错误,可以在错误的后面立即加方括弧来改正错误,或是在引文结
束的地
方用方括弧加“
sic
”
,
(
“
sic
”在拉丁文中
是“原文如此”的意思)
例:
D
oe added, “the
affects [effects] of radiation exceeded our
estimates.”
John Doe
explained, “The results of the 1988 experiment
were quite amassing [sic].”
(原文
< br>中的时间上出错,正确的时间应是
1986
年。
)
b.
用方括弧加说明表示是原文中就有斜体的强调部分或是自己加上的斜体以示强调:
例:
Rubin (1987) more
explicitly sta
tes the
importance of studying students?
beliefs in her
review of the research
on learner strategy:
. . . to better
understand how learner strategies come to be used,
it is essential that we
account
for
a
Learner?s
knowledge
about
language
and
his/her
beli
efs
about
the
learning process because his knowledge
can
form the basis for selecting and
activating
one strategy over
another
[italics added] (p. 19).
c.
如果担心读者对引文中的代词
指代不清楚,可以用方括弧加以说明:
例:
In
the
preface,
the
author
claims
“This
[“The
Three
Languages”]
is
the
story
of
an
adolescent whose needs
are not understood by his father.”
1.3
转引
(the quotation
from a source other than the original)
如果你的引用不是从原著中获得,而是来自二手资料,你就需要在引用完后用圆括弧注<
/p>
明来源,在来源前加上“
qtd
in
”
的字样。在参考文献目录部分
,你就按引用的实际出
处撰写条目。
例:
Gothe wrote that “it takes
more culture to perceive the virtues of
The Magic Flute
than to
point out its defects” (qtd in Newman,
1958, p. 104).
(
参
考文献目录部分
:
Newman,
E.
(1958).
Great
operas:
The
definitive
treatment
of
their
history,
stories, and music.
(V
ol.2).
New York: Vintage.
2.
参考文献(
< br>References
)
<
/p>
必须注意的是,
参考文献部分与文献引用部分息息相关,
引用过的文献必须出现在参
考文献中,而且参考文献中的每一笔文献都被
引用过,两者的作者姓氏(名)以及年
代也必须完全一致。在引用英文文献时,仅写出作
者姓氏,但在参考文献中则需同时
写出姓氏已及名字(字首),中文文献则需写出全名。
A.
分页:参考文献列表需另起一页。
B.
标题:
References<
/p>
(一页纸页眉下的第一行居中)
C
p>
.格式:参考文献(
References
)(悬挂缩进)从标题下的第一行开始排列。按照第
一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
D
.作者:作者的排列顺序以引文中原来的
顺序为准。使用作者姓氏和名的首字母缩
写形式。用逗号分隔所有作者。当作者个数为两
至六名,在逗号后使用“符号(&)
连接最后一个作者。当有
7
个或更多的作者时,列出前
6
个作者,然后用“
et al.
p>
”代
表其余作者。如果没有作者,以引文的标题当作者。
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇:常用引文索引
下一篇:参考文献及文内引用格式要求